Pathophysiology Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs and is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium genus, most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2011, there were an estimated 8.7 million new cases of TB globally, with over half occurring in Asia. TB spreads through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, sneeze, or spit. Diagnosis involves bacteriological tests of sputum samples, chest x-rays, and the tuberculin skin test. Preventive measures include proper ventilation, sunlight, isolation of patients, vaccination with BCG, and regular medical follow-ups.
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Pathophysiology of tuberculosis
types, etiological factors, risk factors, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and fate of granuloma of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. Risk factors include malnutrition, poverty, crowding, and immunocompromised states. Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from the lungs of active cases. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, molecular tests, chest imaging and the Mantoux skin test. Complications include cavitary lesions, caseous pneumonia, and disseminated disease. Treatment requires long-term antibiotic therapy.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
SYPHILIS & GONORRHOEA
This document provides information about syphilis and gonorrhea. It discusses the causative agents, modes of transmission, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria and spreads through sexual contact, presenting initially as a painless sore and later potentially causing cardiovascular or neurological complications if left untreated. Gonorrhea is an infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria that commonly infects the genital tract but can also infect the throat, eyes, and bloodstream. It spreads through sexual contact and vaginal fluid. Both infections are diagnosed through tests and treated with antibiotics like penicillin or cephalosporins.
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Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
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Pathophysiology of tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. Risk factors include malnutrition, poverty, crowding, and immunocompromised states. Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from the lungs of active cases. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, molecular tests, chest imaging and the Mantoux skin test. Complications include cavitary lesions, caseous pneumonia, and disseminated disease. Treatment requires long-term antibiotic therapy.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. India has a high burden of TB cases, with 0.37 million people dying from the disease annually. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered under direct observation to prevent drug resistance, with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide given for 2 months followed by continued treatment for at least 4 more months. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring treatment adherence to prevent spread, and managing nutrition to aid recovery.
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This document provides information about syphilis and gonorrhea. It discusses the causative agents, modes of transmission, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria and spreads through sexual contact, presenting initially as a painless sore and later potentially causing cardiovascular or neurological complications if left untreated. Gonorrhea is an infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria that commonly infects the genital tract but can also infect the throat, eyes, and bloodstream. It spreads through sexual contact and vaginal fluid. Both infections are diagnosed through tests and treated with antibiotics like penicillin or cephalosporins.
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Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads when the feces of an infected person come into contact with food or water. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Prevention emphasizes basic hygiene, provision of safe water and sanitation, and vaccination programs. With prompt treatment, mortality rates from cholera can be reduced to about 1%.
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- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and kills over 1.6 million people worldwide each year. It is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries.
- Pulmonary TB affects the lungs and is the most common type. Extra-pulmonary TB can affect other organs. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin testing.
- Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure patient adherence
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2. Symptoms of gonorrhea vary between men and women. Men typically experience painful urination while infections in women are often asymptomatic, leading to untreated pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
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Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and typically affects the lungs. It remains a major global health problem, especially in poorer countries. Risk factors include malnutrition, inadequate healthcare, poverty, and conditions that weaken the immune system. It is transmitted via airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux test and culturing sputum samples. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a long period to prevent resistance. First-line drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
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Tuberculosis is a major global health problem, killing over 3 million people annually worldwide including 75 Filipinos each day. The Philippines has a high burden of TB and is one of 22 countries prioritized by the WHO for TB control efforts. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted via airborne droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze or speak. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest x-ray, and microscopic examination of sputum samples to look for acid-fast bacilli. Strategies to control TB in the Philippines include BCG vaccination of infants, directly observed treatment to ensure compliance, and use of fixed-dose drug combinations.
tuberculosis-150808111627-lva1-app6891.pdf
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
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This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
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- Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure patient adherence
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This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, types, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, nursing management, and prevention. Key points include: TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling droplets; it is the second leading infectious cause of death globally; types include pulmonary, avian, and bovine TB; India has the highest global TB burden; diagnosis involves tests like sputum culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin test; treatment involves multiple antibiotic drugs over 6-12 months, often directly observed; nursing focuses on preventing spread, managing symptoms, and ensuring compliance.
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Raj, a 10-year-old boy, presented with vomiting, fever, and yellow urine for 5 days. Several other children in his locality had similar symptoms and sought native treatment. The boy likely has a gastrointestinal infection with an incubation period of 14-180 days. Proper management includes oral rehydration therapy with appropriate antibiotics. Gastrointestinal infections can be caused by bacteria like Vibrio cholerae (causing cholera) and Salmonella typhi (causing typhoid fever). Effective control relies on prevention measures like water safety, sanitation, and vaccination.
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This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs.
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This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs outlined in the World Health Organization's Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan.
13.Tuberculosis... management
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. There are several drug regimens used to treat TB, with the primary first-line drugs being isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Treatment must continue for a sufficient time, such as 6-9 months, to fully cure the infection and prevent relapse or development of drug resistance. Second-line drugs are used for cases of drug-resistant TB or in cases where patients cannot tolerate first-line drugs. The goals of TB treatment are to cure the patient, prevent death, prevent relapse
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Pathophysiology Tuberculosis
- 1. Dreamz College of Pharmacy Tuberculosis Mrinal Assistant Professor Pharmacology
- 2. Introduction • Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs. • Neo-latin word : Tubercle - Round nodule/Swelling Osis – Condition • Causative Organisms Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Hman Mycobacterium Bovis – Animal • Other causative organisms - Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium microti • Non-Mycobacterium Genus - Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium asiaticum
- 5. Epidemiology • In 2011,there were an estimated 8.7million incidence cases of TB globally. • Its equivalent to 125 cases in 1,00,000 population. • Asian : 59% • African : 26% • Eastern Mediterranean Region: 7.7% • The European Region : 4.3% • Region of the America : 3% • India is the highest TB burden country
- 7. Severe Symptoms • Persistent cough • Chest pain • Coughing with bloody sputum • Shortness of breath • Urine discoloration • Cloudy & reddish urine • Fever with chills. Fatigue
- 8. Pathogenesis
- 9. Diagnosis 1.Bacteriological test: a. Zeihl-Neelsen stain b. Auramine stain(fluorescence microscopy) 2. Sputum culture test: a. Lowenstein –Jensen(LJ) solid medium: 4-18 weeks b. Liquid medium : 8-14 days c. Agar medium : 7 to 14 days 3. Radiography: Chest X-Ray(CXR) 4.Nucleic acid amplification 5.Tuberculin skin test (PPD) : 1 dose = 0.1 ml contains 0.04µg Tuberculin PPD 6. Other biological examinations Cell count(lymphocytes) Protein(Pandy and Rivalta tests) – Ascites, pleural effusion and meningitis.
- 10. Preventive measures 1) Mask 2) BCG vaccine 3) Regular medical follow up 4) Isolation of Patient 5) Ventilation 6) Natural sunlight 7) UV germicidal irradiation
- 11. BCG vaccine • Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). • First used in 1921. • Only vaccine available today for protection against tuberculosis. • It is most effective in protecting children from the disease. • Given 0.1 ml intradermally. • Duration of Protection 15 to 20 years • Efficacy 0 to 80%. • Should be given to all healthy infants as soon as possible after birth unless the child presented with symptomatic HIV infection. IMMUNIZATION