Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease caused by bacteria that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include coughing, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves skin tests, chest x-rays and sputum cultures. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for at least 6 months to cure active cases and prevent latent cases from becoming active. Drug-resistant strains are a growing problem when treatment is not properly followed.

1. Tuberculosis
&
It’s therapy
Presented by
Pharmacism

2. What is tuberculosis?
• TB is a disease caused by infection with a
bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• It can also be a crippling and deadly disease,
and is on the rise in both developed and
developing worlds.
• Currently it kills “three million people” a year.

3. How can you catch TB?
 TB droplets are more easily
spread in areas with poor air
circulation.
 TB is not visible, and can only be
seen under a microscope.

4. How can you catch TB?
 TB is spread through tiny drops sprayed into the air
when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or
speaks, or another person breathes the air into their
lungs containing the TB bacteria.
 By sharing utensils or food
 By sharing cigarettes.
 By exchanging body fluids.
 By shaking hands.
 Using public telephones.

5. TB Infection and Disease
 The lungs are the most common place for
TB. This is known as pulmonary TB.
 TB of the voice box is the second most
common and is usually called laryngeal TB.
 TB can infect the brain, kidneys, bones, and
other areas.
 TB can also spread through the blood to
other organs; this is called miliary TB.

7. TB Infection and Disease
 TB infection of the lungs can fall into 2
categories of disease: Latent TB or Active
TB.
 Latent TB means a person is infected by TB
bacteria and the body’s immune system has
contained the infection but cannot infect
others, and is not coughing or appearing
sick.

8. TB Infection and Disease
 Active pulmonary and laryngeal TB means a
person infected with the TB bacteria is sick and
can infect others unless they are taking medicine
prescribed by their physician to treat TB.
 TB disease varies with age and the ability of your
body to fight off bacteria.
 HIV is the strongest risk factor for the progression
of Latent TB to Active TB infection

9. Sign and symptom
• The primary stage of the disease may be symptom-free,
or the individual may experience a flu-like illness. This
is called the “inactive stage.”
• Within the active stage of the disease, there might be-
A slight fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Fatigue
Chest pain
Cough (2-3 weeks or more)
Coughing up blood
Feeling weak and tired
Decreased or no appetite

11. Diagnosis
• Tools for Diagnosing TB Infection
– Mantoux skin test (PPD)
– Chest x-ray
– Sputum cultures

12. Prevention

13. Treatment
Treatment of Latent TB
 Medication, usually Isoniazid (INH) should
be taken as prescribed by the physician.
 INH is an antibiotic that kills the TB
bacteria.
 The duration of treatment is usually 6-12
months.

14. Treatment
Treatment of Active TB
 When a person with active TB is
diagnosed, they should be isolated from
other people until the medication begins.
 Usually 2 weeks, but sometimes longer.

15. Treatment
 First Line: Most effective and have lowest toxicity.
o Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin,
and Pyrazinamide.
 Second Line: Less effective and more toxic.
o p-amino salicylic acid, Streptomycin, Ethambutol
 Third Line: Least effective and most toxic.
o Amikacin, Kanamycin, Capreomycin, Viomycin.

16. Treatment
Multidrug-resistant TB is on the rise.
• MDR TB means that some TB bacteria have developed
resistance, so that traditional antibiotics no longer kill the
bacteria.
• Due to people not taking their medication properly