Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that normally lives inside the intestines of a human body. These common bacteria are usually harmless, that means it doesn’t cause disease in that area, but if Klebsiella pneumoniae moves to other areas of the body, it can cause a range of different illnesses.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that normally lives inside the intestines of a human body. These common bacteria are usually harmless, that means it doesn’t cause disease in that area, but if Klebsiella pneumoniae moves to other areas of the body, it can cause a range of different illnesses.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
This presentation includes introduction, properties, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, immunity and hypersensitivity, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
15. RUNYON GROUPS I,II,III: Slow growing mycobacterium Visible colonies on solid media After more than 5 days incubation GROUP I: PHOTOCHROMOGENS Produce pigment When grown in the light but not the dark EXAMPLES: M. kansasii ; M. marinum ; M. simiae GROUP II: SCOTOCHROMOGENS Pigment when grown in both light and dark EXAMPLES: M. scrofulaceum ; M. szulgai ; M. xenopi GROUP III: NONCHROMOGENS No pigment when grown in both light and dark EXAMPLES: M. avium-intracellulare ; M. genevense M. ulcerans and M. leprae do not fit in this scheme
16. RUNYON GROUP IV: Rapidly growing mycobacterium Visible colonies on solid medium In less than 5 days incubation EXAMPLES: M. fortuitum ; M. chelonae ; M. abscessus
18. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Prototypic facultative intracellular pathogen Primary human pathogen Transmitted from human to human Closely related to M. bovis It is an intracellular pathogen (typically inside alveolar macrophages). This organism does not secrete an identifiable exotoxin. Host immunity to M tuberculosis appears to be cell mediated (CMI).
19. CELL ASSOCIATED TOXINS MAY BE IMPORTANT VIRULENCE FACTORS FOR MANY MYCOBACTERIA The glycolipids, such as trehalose dimycolates, of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related organisms appear to be related to their virulence .
45. Chest Radiograph Abnormalities often seen in apical or posterior segments of upper lobe or superior segments of lower lobe May have unusual appearance in HIV-positive persons Cannot confirm diagnosis of TB Arrow points to cavity in patient's right upper lobe.
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49. Factors that affect the PPD Reaction Type of Reaction Possible Cause False-positive Nontuberculous mycobacteria BCG vaccination Anergy False-negative Recent TB infection Very young age (< 6 months old) Live-virus vaccination Overwhelming TB disease
59. DNA fingerprinting Steps: 1. Digest DNA into smaller fragments 2. Separate fragments by size 3. Visualize bands 4. Each band corresponds to 1 fragment size 5. Unique pattern of bands identifies donor of DNA
64. Tuberculosis and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
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71. Prevention and control of tuberculosis 1. Prompt and effective treatment of patients with active TB 2. Careful follow-up of contacts – tuberculin test, X-rays etc 3. Prophylaxis of asymptomatics, tuberculin positives 4. Correct underlying cause of immune suppression 5. Immunization with live-attenuated tubercle bacilli e.g. BCG 6. Eradication of TB in cattle and pasteurization of milk
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78. HANSEN’S DISEASE (Leprosy) caused by M. leprae Hansen’s disease is a chronic, slowly progressive Granulomatous Disease involve ectodermally derived tissues e.g. skin and peripheral nerves. Usually limited to the cooler parts of the body e.g. skin, nose and upper respiratory tract. It rarely affects internal organs such as the brain, liver, spleen, kidneys, and bones. It has a specific predilection for peripheral nerves.
79. Mycobacterium leprae is an acid-fast rod that grows in macrophages, nerve cells, the foot pads of thymectimized mice, and the nine banded armadillo. It has never been grown in artificial medium, an obligate intracellular pathogen. has a generation time of 12 to 14 days, the incubation period for onset of disease is prolonged, therapy must also be prolonged (perhaps the lifetime of the individual).
3 The global burden of tuberculosis is truly enormous with some 1.9 million deaths per year according to the most detailed country-based analysis yet carried out and reported last year by the surveillance and monitoring unit of WHO's Communicable Disease Operational and Epidemiological Research Unit. Some 380,000 of these deaths occur in HIV infected individuals largely, but not solely, in Africa. And 98% of these deaths occur in the developing world. Staggeringly, for a disease many of us believed would disappear in our lifetime, TB is estimated to be the commonest cause of death of young women worldwide. Worse still, but at the same time providing cause for hope, these deaths are preventable. However, persistent poor practice in many countries is raising the spectre of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB. This form of TB, if it became widely established, would make the control of the disease beyond the financial capacity of many countries.
3 The global burden of tuberculosis is truly enormous with some 1.9 million deaths per year according to the most detailed country-based analysis yet carried out and reported last year by the surveillance and monitoring unit of WHO's Communicable Disease Operational and Epidemiological Research Unit. Some 380,000 of these deaths occur in HIV infected individuals largely, but not solely, in Africa. And 98% of these deaths occur in the developing world. Staggeringly, for a disease many of us believed would disappear in our lifetime, TB is estimated to be the commonest cause of death of young women worldwide. Worse still, but at the same time providing cause for hope, these deaths are preventable. However, persistent poor practice in many countries is raising the spectre of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB. This form of TB, if it became widely established, would make the control of the disease beyond the financial capacity of many countries.
With decreasing CD4 T cells, the clinical manifestation changes from pulmonary to more severe forms of TB Like disseminated tuberculosis With increasing immunosuppression not only the risk of tuberculosis increases, but also the clinical manifestation of the disease changes as this compilation of several studies demonstrates. Early in the course of immunosuppression, pulmonary tuberculosis is the most frequent manifestation. At the other extreme with very low CD4 cell counts, disseminated forms of tuberculosis are frequent.
Period 1984 –2000 Death rate between 5% and 10% failure rate between 1% and 5% Study - HIV positive patients had higher mortality rate. 35% in HIV positive, and 13% in HIV negative patients. Mortality was strongly related to HIV infection, during treatment and three years after treatment.
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