Forage diversity – an essential resource to support forage development

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Forage diversity is an essential resource for selection and breeding of superior forages for use in smallholder farming to alleviate these constraints. The forages collection maintained at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) includes about 19,000 accessions of forages from over 1400 species of forage grasses, legumes, fodder trees and shrubs as a global public good, held in trust under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

Science

Forage
diversity
–
an
essen0al
resource
to
support
forage
development
Jean
Hanson
Introduc3on
September
2014
Poor-‐quality
feed,
fluctua3ng
feed
supplies
and
seasonal
feed
shortages
are
the
major
constraints
to
increasing
livestock
produc3vity
in
many
tropical
countries.
Forage
diversity
is
an
essen3al
resource
for
selec3on
and
breeding
of
superior
forages
for
use
in
smallholder
farming
to
alleviate
these
constraints.
Forages
have
a
key
role
in
natural
resource
management
through
posi3ve
effects
on
soil
fer3lity
and
carbon
sequestra3on
for
improving
system
resilience
and
sustainable
land
management
in
crop-‐livestock
systems.
The
collec3on
maintained
at
the
Interna3onal
Livestock
Research
Ins3tute
(ILRI)
includes
about
19,000
accessions
of
forages
from
over
1400
species
of
forage
grasses,
legumes,
fodder
trees
and
shrubs
as
a
global
public
good,
held
in
trust
under
the
Interna3onal
Treaty
on
Plant
Gene3c
Resources
for
Food
and
Agriculture.
This
is
one
of
the
most
diverse
global
collec3ons
of
forages
and
includes
the
world’s
major
collec3on
of
African
grasses
and
tropical
highland
forages.
Ac3vi3es
Monitoring
seed
viability
during
storage
• Legume
seeds
monitored
aier
10
years
• Grass
seeds
monitored
aier
5
years
• Accessions
with
low
viability
targeted
for
regenera3on
• Germina3on
regimes
iden3fied
for
breaking
dormancy
Monitoring
germplasm
health
• Legume
seedlings
tested
for
virus
• Napier
grass
tested
for
Napier
stunt
disease
• Infected
plants
removed
from
field
• Virus
elimina3on
by
thermotherapy
and
meristem
culture
• Disease
screening
for
anthracnose
for
Stylosanthes
Research
into
use
Agronomic
evalua0on
• Diversity
in
yield,
plant
components
and
adapta3on
• Disease
tolerance
and
drought
traits
in
Napier
Nutri0onal
evalua0on
•
Studies
in
varia3on
in
nutri3onal
parameters
In
trust
forage
collec3on
Phenotypic
characteriza3on
Agronomic
evalua3on
Nutri3onal
evalua3on
Diversity
assessment
Best
bet
forages
Seed
produc3on
capacity
Environmental
adapta3on
In
order
to
promote
use
and
adop3on
of
forages,
ILRI
is
a
partner
in
the
development
of
online
knowledge
tools
and
informa3on
sheets
and
is
suppor3ng
capacity
development
efforts
in
forage
diversity.
Jene
Hanson
j.hanson@cgiar.org
●
P.O.
Box
5689
Addis
Ababa,
Ethiopia
●
Tel
+251
116
172351
●
www.ilri.org
Acknowledgements:
The
CGIAR
Research
Program
on
Genebanks
and
the
Interna3onal
Livestock
Research
Ins3tute
(ILRI)
Funding:
CGIAR
Consor3um,
Global
Crop
Diversity
Trust,
GIZ
This
document
is
licensed
for
use
under
a
Crea3ve
Commons
Abribu3on
–Non
commercial-‐Share
Alike
3.0
Unported
License
September
2014
Save
Study
Germplasm
conserva0on
• Medium
term
orthodox
seed
storage
at
8°C
• Most
original
collec3on
and
long
term
orthodox
seed
storage
at
-‐20
°C
• Field
genebank
for
grasses
with
short-‐lived
seeds
or
low
seed
produc3on
• Safety
backup
of
original
collec3ons
Regenera0on
•
Seeds
regenerated
when
viability
or
stocks
are
low
Phenotypic
characteriza0on
• Morphological
characteriza3on
using
standard
descriptors
Diversity
assessment
• Approaches
and
molecular
methodologies
for
quan3fying
varia3on
and
gene3c
rela3onships
• Developing
core
collec3ons,
iden3fying
duplicates
and
confirming
taxonomic
iden3ty
Forage
Number
of
accessions
Grasses
4564
Herbaceous
legumes
10859
Fodder
trees
3517
Other
forages
270
Total
19210
Produc3ve
and
adapted
forages
for
smallholder
farmers

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The ICRISAT genebank conserves over 120,000 plant genetic resources accessions of sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, and small millets from 144 countries. It has safely duplicated over 86,000 accessions at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway for long-term conservation. The genebank supports crop improvement research by characterizing accessions, developing core and mini core collections, and sharing over 1.4 million germplasm samples with researchers globally. Utilizing ICRISAT resources, national partners have released over 800 new varieties in 79 countries.

Genetic resources for food security

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ICRISAT's genebank conserves over 120,000 plant genetic resources accessions from 144 countries to support global crop improvement efforts. The genebank maintains the largest collections of sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut. ICRISAT has safely duplicated over 86,000 accessions in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault for long-term preservation. Scientists evaluate accessions for traits like stress resistance and nutrition to identify new sources for crop breeding and share characterization data with global researchers.

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The documents discuss the need for nutrient efficient rice varieties in India. Modern agriculture is increasingly taxing on nature and fertilizer sources are becoming depleted. While yields have increased through fertilizer use, productivity must now rise through nutrient efficient varieties. Rice is a particularly important crop for India. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties that can grow well with less fertilizer input by efficiently acquiring and utilizing nutrients. Traits related to deficiency sensing, tolerance and nutrient recycling are priorities. Evaluating landraces and wild relatives may provide useful genes for nutrient efficiency. Both conventional and molecular breeding approaches can contribute to producing varieties suited for the future of sustainable agriculture.

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This document discusses genetic resources, including their definition as genetic material with actual or potential value. It describes genetic resources for food and agriculture as the raw materials relied on to improve crop and livestock productivity. The principles of conserving genetic resources according to the Convention on Biological Diversity and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources are outlined. Commercial and non-commercial uses of genetic resources are examined, along with a case study of a bioprospecting program in Panama.

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1. Forage diversity – an essen0al resource to support forage development Jean Hanson Introduc3on September 2014 Poor-‐quality feed, fluctua3ng feed supplies and seasonal feed shortages are the major constraints to increasing livestock produc3vity in many tropical countries. Forage diversity is an essen3al resource for selec3on and breeding of superior forages for use in smallholder farming to alleviate these constraints. Forages have a key role in natural resource management through posi3ve effects on soil fer3lity and carbon sequestra3on for improving system resilience and sustainable land management in crop-‐livestock systems. The collec3on maintained at the Interna3onal Livestock Research Ins3tute (ILRI) includes about 19,000 accessions of forages from over 1400 species of forage grasses, legumes, fodder trees and shrubs as a global public good, held in trust under the Interna3onal Treaty on Plant Gene3c Resources for Food and Agriculture. This is one of the most diverse global collec3ons of forages and includes the world’s major collec3on of African grasses and tropical highland forages. Ac3vi3es Monitoring seed viability during storage • Legume seeds monitored aier 10 years • Grass seeds monitored aier 5 years • Accessions with low viability targeted for regenera3on • Germina3on regimes iden3fied for breaking dormancy Monitoring germplasm health • Legume seedlings tested for virus • Napier grass tested for Napier stunt disease • Infected plants removed from field • Virus elimina3on by thermotherapy and meristem culture • Disease screening for anthracnose for Stylosanthes Research into use Agronomic evalua0on • Diversity in yield, plant components and adapta3on • Disease tolerance and drought traits in Napier Nutri0onal evalua0on • Studies in varia3on in nutri3onal parameters In trust forage collec3on Phenotypic characteriza3on Agronomic evalua3on Nutri3onal evalua3on Diversity assessment Best bet forages Seed produc3on capacity Environmental adapta3on In order to promote use and adop3on of forages, ILRI is a partner in the development of online knowledge tools and informa3on sheets and is suppor3ng capacity development efforts in forage diversity. Jene Hanson j.hanson@cgiar.org ● P.O. Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ● Tel +251 116 172351 ● www.ilri.org Acknowledgements: The CGIAR Research Program on Genebanks and the Interna3onal Livestock Research Ins3tute (ILRI) Funding: CGIAR Consor3um, Global Crop Diversity Trust, GIZ This document is licensed for use under a Crea3ve Commons Abribu3on –Non commercial-‐Share Alike 3.0 Unported License September 2014 Save Study Germplasm conserva0on • Medium term orthodox seed storage at 8°C • Most original collec3on and long term orthodox seed storage at -‐20 °C • Field genebank for grasses with short-‐lived seeds or low seed produc3on • Safety backup of original collec3ons Regenera0on • Seeds regenerated when viability or stocks are low Phenotypic characteriza0on • Morphological characteriza3on using standard descriptors Diversity assessment • Approaches and molecular methodologies for quan3fying varia3on and gene3c rela3onships • Developing core collec3ons, iden3fying duplicates and confirming taxonomic iden3ty Forage Number of accessions Grasses 4564 Herbaceous legumes 10859 Fodder trees 3517 Other forages 270 Total 19210 Produc3ve and adapted forages for smallholder farmers

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