4 rs of nutrient stewardship A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

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4 RS Nutrients Stewadship
By
Allah Dad Khan

4Rs stewardship
 4R nutrient stewardship provides a framework to achieve
cropping system goals, such as increased production,
increased farmer profitability, enhanced environmental
protection and improved sustainability.
 To achieve those goals, the 4R concept incorporates the:
 Right fertilizer source at the
 Right rate, at the
 Right time and in the
 Right place

 4R nutrient stewardship requires the
implementation of best management practices
(BMPs) that optimize the efficiency of fertilizer use.
The goal of fertilizer BMPs is to match nutrient
supply with crop requirements and to minimize
nutrient losses from fields. Selection of BMPs varies
by location, and those chosen for a given farm are
dependent on local soil and climatic conditions, crop,
management conditions and other site specific
factors.

THE 4R MISSION

 Fertilizer is a component of sustainable crop production
systems, and the fertilizer industry recognizes the need to
efficiently utilize these nutrients. This site provides
science-based information for stakeholders to utilize for
education, advocacy, and implementation of crop
nutrient stewardship. It provides information on
fertilizer best management practices that benefit the
environment and the producer’s bottom line. The site is a
collaborative effort of the fertilizer industry.

4 rs of nutrient stewardship A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.

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Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.

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Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.

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1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components. 2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability. 3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.

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Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation. Aims of Balanced Fertilization: a) Increasing crop yield, b) Improving quality of the produce , c) Increasing farm income, d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,. f) Reduces environmental hazards

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Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants that exists in soil in various organic and inorganic forms. The processes of mineralization and immobilization control nitrogen availability. Mineralization converts organic nitrogen into plant-available inorganic forms like ammonium and nitrate through aminization, ammonification, and nitrification carried out by soil microbes. Immobilization occurs when carbon-rich residues cause microbes to use inorganic nitrogen, decreasing availability for plants. Maintaining a proper carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in soil is important to promote nitrogen mineralization while avoiding immobilization.

Nitrogen use efficiency is often low for crops, ranging from 30-50% due to nitrogen losses through mechanisms like ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, and denitrification. Methods to improve nitrogen use efficiency include proper fertilizer, soil, and crop management practices as well as modifying fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to coat or add chemicals to fertilizers to reduce nitrogen losses and allow for more efficient nitrogen uptake by crops.

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Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.

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Dry farming refers to cultivation in areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually. It is practiced in arid regions where moisture conservation is important. Dry land farming receives between 750mm-1150mm annually and is practiced in semi-arid regions. Rainfed farming receives over 1150mm and is practiced in humid regions where drainage is a bigger problem than moisture shortage. Dry farming crops must be drought resistant and complete their lifecycle without irrigation, while dry land farming can include intercropping and rainfed farming double cropping. Problems of dry farming in India include moisture stress, ineffective rainwater storage, low soil fertility and uneven rainfall distribution.

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Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.

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