Presented by Chris Jones and Alieu Sartie at the Class IV of the University of California, Davis African Plant Breeding Academy Workshop, ILRI, Nairobi, 28 November 2018
This document provides information on the feeding and nutrition of mithun. Some key points:
- Mithun are primarily reared in Northeast India and thrive on grazing various jungle forages, tree fodders, shrubs and herbs. They have an efficient ability to graze on steep slopes.
- Tree leaves provide a cheap source of nutrients for mithun, though some leaves contain anti-nutritional factors. Studies have identified several tree leaves and shrubs in Northeast India that are high in protein and nutrients.
- Mithun performance on various feeding regimens has been compared to cattle. Mithun generally have higher growth potential and meat/milk quality than cattle when fed similar diets
This document discusses feed conservation, storage, and quality control. It covers objectives like understanding methods to determine nutrient composition of feeds. It describes how to properly collect and report on feed samples. Various preservation methods are outlined, including drying, salting, freezing and changing pH. Physical and sensory evaluation methods for hay and silage are also summarized. Key factors that influence hay quality like maturity, leafiness, color and odors are defined.
This document discusses balancing rations for small ruminants. Balancing rations ensures nutritional requirements are met in a cost effective way to maximize performance and profits. The key steps involve gathering data on animal needs based on factors like age, stage of production, and environmental conditions. Feeds are then selected based on availability and costs. Critical times like late gestation and early lactation when needs are highest are identified. Animal requirements are determined using resources like the NRC guidelines. Rations are then balanced to meet the identified protein and energy needs in a least cost manner. Software tools can help in calculating balanced rations.
PPT Grazing Management Principles for Rangelands.pptxjahanzaibkhalid15
This document discusses four key principles of grazing management: stocking rate, season of grazing, distribution of grazing across the landscape, and matching animal kinds and classes to rangeland vegetation. It provides details on monitoring grazing intensity using methods like the key species approach and key area monitoring. Factors that influence grazing distribution like distance from water, vegetation type, topography, and improvements to distribution through prescribed burning and infrastructure are also examined. The document emphasizes matching the sustainable level of forage use to rangeland productivity.
The document discusses feedstuff classification systems and important feedstuff types for large animal nutrition. It describes an international system that categorizes feedstuffs into 8 classes based on their main nutrient component. The classes include dry roughages, pastures/grasses, silages, high energy concentrates, protein sources, minerals, vitamins, and additives. Examples are provided for common feedstuffs that fall into each class. Key nutrients, properties and uses of different feedstuffs are also summarized.
This document discusses dairy cattle herd management and includes the following key points:
1. Herds can be divided into pregnant, breeding, heifer, steer/feeder, and bull herds to ensure appropriate nutrition and prevent issues like premature breeding.
2. Breeding females like lactating/pregnant cows and open cows/replacement heifers require specific management including separation during pregnancy and provision of proper feed.
3. Calves, growers, and fatteners have distinct management needs depending on their stage such as colostrum intake for calves and grazing for growers.
4. Herd health management involves hygiene, vaccination programs, parasite control, and prevention of common
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY FOR RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Dr. Abhishek Sharma
Evaluation of feeds is concerned with the assessment of the quantities in which nutrients are supplied by feeds as well as the assessment of the quantities in which they are required by different classes of farm animals.
The major organic nutrients i.e. energy and protein are required by animals as materials for the construction of body tissues, the synthesis of milk and eggs and for work production. A unifying feature of these diverse functions is that they all involve a transfer of energy from chemical energy to heat energy (when nutrients are oxidized) or when chemical energy is converted from one form to another (when body fat is synthesized from carbohydrate). The ability of a feed to supply energy is therefore of great importance in determining its nutritive value
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY
FORM OF ENERGY-
The original source of energy, the sun, or solar energy is stored in plants in the form of carbohydrates, lipids and protein through photosynthesis. This stored chemical energy becomes available to man and animals.
Definition of Energy-
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. As we know, heat is measurement in some units know as calories.
According to the first law of thermodynamics all forms of energy can be quantitatively converted into heat energy. It is convenient to express heat energy in the body as heat units.
Basic Terms
Calorie (cal): A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 10C ( from 14.5°C to 15.5°C).
*1 Cal= 4.184 Joule
* 1 joule = 0.239 calories
Kilo calorie (Kcal): A kilo calorie is the heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. A kilo calorie is equal to 1000 calories.
Mega calorie (Mcal): A mega calorie is equivalent to 1000 Kcal or Therm. But Mcal is the preferred term.
British Thermal Unit (BTU): A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water by 1°F. One kilo calorie approximately equals 4 BTU.
1 Kilo Calories= 4 BTU
1 Kilo Calories = 4.184 KJ
1 KJ = 0.239 KCal
Method for measuring the value of any feed is to determine the amount of digestible nutrients that is supplied to the animals following systems are used.
Gross energy (GE)
Digestible energy (DE)
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Net energy (NE)
Total digestible nutrient (TDN)
Starch equivalent (SE)
Scandinavian feed unit
Physiological fuel value (PFV)
Nutritive ratio (NR)
This document provides information on the feeding and nutrition of mithun. Some key points:
- Mithun are primarily reared in Northeast India and thrive on grazing various jungle forages, tree fodders, shrubs and herbs. They have an efficient ability to graze on steep slopes.
- Tree leaves provide a cheap source of nutrients for mithun, though some leaves contain anti-nutritional factors. Studies have identified several tree leaves and shrubs in Northeast India that are high in protein and nutrients.
- Mithun performance on various feeding regimens has been compared to cattle. Mithun generally have higher growth potential and meat/milk quality than cattle when fed similar diets
This document discusses feed conservation, storage, and quality control. It covers objectives like understanding methods to determine nutrient composition of feeds. It describes how to properly collect and report on feed samples. Various preservation methods are outlined, including drying, salting, freezing and changing pH. Physical and sensory evaluation methods for hay and silage are also summarized. Key factors that influence hay quality like maturity, leafiness, color and odors are defined.
This document discusses balancing rations for small ruminants. Balancing rations ensures nutritional requirements are met in a cost effective way to maximize performance and profits. The key steps involve gathering data on animal needs based on factors like age, stage of production, and environmental conditions. Feeds are then selected based on availability and costs. Critical times like late gestation and early lactation when needs are highest are identified. Animal requirements are determined using resources like the NRC guidelines. Rations are then balanced to meet the identified protein and energy needs in a least cost manner. Software tools can help in calculating balanced rations.
PPT Grazing Management Principles for Rangelands.pptxjahanzaibkhalid15
This document discusses four key principles of grazing management: stocking rate, season of grazing, distribution of grazing across the landscape, and matching animal kinds and classes to rangeland vegetation. It provides details on monitoring grazing intensity using methods like the key species approach and key area monitoring. Factors that influence grazing distribution like distance from water, vegetation type, topography, and improvements to distribution through prescribed burning and infrastructure are also examined. The document emphasizes matching the sustainable level of forage use to rangeland productivity.
The document discusses feedstuff classification systems and important feedstuff types for large animal nutrition. It describes an international system that categorizes feedstuffs into 8 classes based on their main nutrient component. The classes include dry roughages, pastures/grasses, silages, high energy concentrates, protein sources, minerals, vitamins, and additives. Examples are provided for common feedstuffs that fall into each class. Key nutrients, properties and uses of different feedstuffs are also summarized.
This document discusses dairy cattle herd management and includes the following key points:
1. Herds can be divided into pregnant, breeding, heifer, steer/feeder, and bull herds to ensure appropriate nutrition and prevent issues like premature breeding.
2. Breeding females like lactating/pregnant cows and open cows/replacement heifers require specific management including separation during pregnancy and provision of proper feed.
3. Calves, growers, and fatteners have distinct management needs depending on their stage such as colostrum intake for calves and grazing for growers.
4. Herd health management involves hygiene, vaccination programs, parasite control, and prevention of common
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY FOR RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Dr. Abhishek Sharma
Evaluation of feeds is concerned with the assessment of the quantities in which nutrients are supplied by feeds as well as the assessment of the quantities in which they are required by different classes of farm animals.
The major organic nutrients i.e. energy and protein are required by animals as materials for the construction of body tissues, the synthesis of milk and eggs and for work production. A unifying feature of these diverse functions is that they all involve a transfer of energy from chemical energy to heat energy (when nutrients are oxidized) or when chemical energy is converted from one form to another (when body fat is synthesized from carbohydrate). The ability of a feed to supply energy is therefore of great importance in determining its nutritive value
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY
FORM OF ENERGY-
The original source of energy, the sun, or solar energy is stored in plants in the form of carbohydrates, lipids and protein through photosynthesis. This stored chemical energy becomes available to man and animals.
Definition of Energy-
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. As we know, heat is measurement in some units know as calories.
According to the first law of thermodynamics all forms of energy can be quantitatively converted into heat energy. It is convenient to express heat energy in the body as heat units.
Basic Terms
Calorie (cal): A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 10C ( from 14.5°C to 15.5°C).
*1 Cal= 4.184 Joule
* 1 joule = 0.239 calories
Kilo calorie (Kcal): A kilo calorie is the heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. A kilo calorie is equal to 1000 calories.
Mega calorie (Mcal): A mega calorie is equivalent to 1000 Kcal or Therm. But Mcal is the preferred term.
British Thermal Unit (BTU): A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water by 1°F. One kilo calorie approximately equals 4 BTU.
1 Kilo Calories= 4 BTU
1 Kilo Calories = 4.184 KJ
1 KJ = 0.239 KCal
Method for measuring the value of any feed is to determine the amount of digestible nutrients that is supplied to the animals following systems are used.
Gross energy (GE)
Digestible energy (DE)
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Net energy (NE)
Total digestible nutrient (TDN)
Starch equivalent (SE)
Scandinavian feed unit
Physiological fuel value (PFV)
Nutritive ratio (NR)
2015 Winter Webinar Series,Pasture management for small ruminant producers. This is the second session in a five part series on presented for small ruminant producers by the University of Maryland Extension Small Ruminant Team.
This document discusses precision feeding in dairy cattle. It defines precision feeding as meeting nutrient requirements with maximum precision to ensure efficient and safe production while minimizing environmental pollution. Precision feeding involves phase feeding, with different dietary formulations for early, mid, and late lactation. Key aspects of precision feeding discussed include improving nitrogen use efficiency, reducing methane emissions, and using additives to maintain rumen health and increase nutrient utilization.
Sheep and goats housing management It is a system in which sheep goats are continuously kept under housing in confinement with limited access in which they are stall-fed. It implies a system where goats are not left to fend for themselves with only minimum care.
This document provides information on animal nutrition including the classification and composition of various feeds and fodders. It discusses summer and winter fodders as well as dry fodders. Several ration formulas are presented for dairy animals with different milk production levels. Feeding recommendations for calves including milk replacers and calf starters are also covered. The document concludes with discussions on feed supplements, mineral mixtures, baled rations, and health products.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document summarizes a seminar on production problems in dairy animals. It discusses statistics on livestock populations and milk production in India. It notes that feed and fodder availability is a major issue, with demand exceeding supply. Common production problems discussed include low milk yields, calf mortality, ketosis around calving, milk fever, udder edema, grass tetany, and displaced abomasum. Prevention strategies are outlined such as balanced rations, calcium supplementation, and avoiding sudden diet changes around calving. The conclusion emphasizes addressing India's core issue of limited fodder availability to help solve many dairy production problems.
This document discusses recent trends in forage production, quality, and preservation in India. It begins with an introduction to the importance of forage and livestock in India's economy. It then covers classifications of forage crops, challenges in forage production, and the supply and demand scenario. Recent approaches to improve forage production through intensified systems, quality varieties, and nutrient management are described. Methods of conserving forage through hay, silage, and recent trends are outlined. Research studies on hydroponic fodder production, variety trials, and micronutrient application are summarized.
Presented by Adugna Tolera at the Inception workshop for the ‘Fodder and feed in livestock value chains in Ethiopia’ project, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 21-22 February 2012
Climate Smart Livestock Production, by Dr Adil Rasool ParayAdil Rasool Paray
Climate smart livestock production aims to sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gases, and achieve food security. Livestock accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP and emits about 12-18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. As the world population grows, demand for livestock products is projected to more than double by 2050. Climate change negatively impacts livestock through increased heat stress, changing feed availability, and disease emergence. Impacts include reduced intake, reproduction and immunity, posing challenges to global food security. Adaptation strategies are needed to ensure sustainable livestock production.
This document discusses feeding of swine, including their nutrient requirements and different diets. Some key points:
- Pigs have high feed efficiency and are classified as omnivores. About 70-75% of production costs come from feed.
- Nutrient requirements vary by age and function. Creep feed for piglets contains 24% protein while finishing pig diets contain 13% protein.
- Common diets include starter, grower, and finisher. Piglets may get anemia without supplemental iron in the creep feed.
- Breeding pigs are fed lower protein (12%) to avoid fattening. Flushing increases ovulation for higher piglet production.
This document discusses selecting replacement females and culling underperforming females. It covers determining breeding goals, identifying strengths and weaknesses, selecting replacement females using performance evaluation of individual animals and their relatives, and estimated breeding values. Traits like birth weight, growth rates, litter weight, and parasite resistance are important. Record keeping tools to evaluate performance include spreadsheets from universities and software. National programs provide estimated breeding values to compare genetically superior breeding stock.
Urea and other non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources can be used to improve the nutritive value of low-quality roughages fed to livestock in parts of Pakistan and AJ&K. Urea is the most commonly used NPN source and can increase the crude protein content of straw from 2-4% to 7-12% when applied correctly. Proper urea treatment methods involve dissolving urea in water and spraying it onto stacked straw layers, which are then sealed for 3-4 weeks to allow chemical reactions to occur. Ammonia can also be used but requires specialized equipment. Feeding urea-treated straw can meet livestock nutrient needs and reduce concentrate requirements. Precautions must be taken to avoid
This document discusses the importance of balanced diets for optimizing animal production. It defines key terms like balanced diet and animal productivity. It explains that animals cannot synthesize minerals and must obtain them through diet, but feed and fodders alone do not provide all required minerals. The document outlines various nutrients needed in animal diets and how balanced rations are necessary to meet nutritional needs as sole feeding of one ingredient is insufficient. Balanced rations can lead to greater returns through improved health, fertility and productivity. The consequences of imbalanced feeding like reduced growth and milk production are also described.
This document discusses the proximate analysis method of feed and fodder composition developed at the Weende Experimental Station in Germany in 1865. It outlines the major components analyzed in proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and ash. The procedures for determining each fraction are described. Both the merits and limitations of proximate analysis are discussed, noting it provides a basic analysis but does not characterize specific nutrients or account for all components like fiber.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
Dairy feed needs to provide Energy: It is as the fuel for a machine and it is needed for milk production.
Protein: The material to build up the muscles, fetus and the milk production.
Minerals: They are needed for growth of the bone and the fetus as well as for the milk production.
Vitamins: Intervene in the metabolism and the digestion of feeds.
Water: Water is needed for maintenance and to produce milk. Water contains about 90% in the milk.
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Pan-tropical perspective of recent developments in pasture research and devel...ILRI
Presented by Chris Jones, Alan Duncan, Sita Ghimire, Ben Lukuyu, Michael Peters, Melkamu Derseh, Alieu Sartie and Michael Blummel at the Tropical Pastures Workshop, CATIE, Turrialba, 24-26 April 2019
2015 Winter Webinar Series,Pasture management for small ruminant producers. This is the second session in a five part series on presented for small ruminant producers by the University of Maryland Extension Small Ruminant Team.
This document discusses precision feeding in dairy cattle. It defines precision feeding as meeting nutrient requirements with maximum precision to ensure efficient and safe production while minimizing environmental pollution. Precision feeding involves phase feeding, with different dietary formulations for early, mid, and late lactation. Key aspects of precision feeding discussed include improving nitrogen use efficiency, reducing methane emissions, and using additives to maintain rumen health and increase nutrient utilization.
Sheep and goats housing management It is a system in which sheep goats are continuously kept under housing in confinement with limited access in which they are stall-fed. It implies a system where goats are not left to fend for themselves with only minimum care.
This document provides information on animal nutrition including the classification and composition of various feeds and fodders. It discusses summer and winter fodders as well as dry fodders. Several ration formulas are presented for dairy animals with different milk production levels. Feeding recommendations for calves including milk replacers and calf starters are also covered. The document concludes with discussions on feed supplements, mineral mixtures, baled rations, and health products.
This document discusses the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. It begins by describing the ruminant digestive system and how it processes different types of feeds. It then discusses the five essential nutrients required by sheep and goats: water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For each nutrient, it provides details on sources, requirements, and factors that can affect requirements. The document emphasizes that nutrient requirements vary based on species, size, stage of production, production level, and other environmental factors. It concludes with steps for balancing rations to meet animal nutrient needs.
This document summarizes a seminar on production problems in dairy animals. It discusses statistics on livestock populations and milk production in India. It notes that feed and fodder availability is a major issue, with demand exceeding supply. Common production problems discussed include low milk yields, calf mortality, ketosis around calving, milk fever, udder edema, grass tetany, and displaced abomasum. Prevention strategies are outlined such as balanced rations, calcium supplementation, and avoiding sudden diet changes around calving. The conclusion emphasizes addressing India's core issue of limited fodder availability to help solve many dairy production problems.
This document discusses recent trends in forage production, quality, and preservation in India. It begins with an introduction to the importance of forage and livestock in India's economy. It then covers classifications of forage crops, challenges in forage production, and the supply and demand scenario. Recent approaches to improve forage production through intensified systems, quality varieties, and nutrient management are described. Methods of conserving forage through hay, silage, and recent trends are outlined. Research studies on hydroponic fodder production, variety trials, and micronutrient application are summarized.
Presented by Adugna Tolera at the Inception workshop for the ‘Fodder and feed in livestock value chains in Ethiopia’ project, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 21-22 February 2012
Climate Smart Livestock Production, by Dr Adil Rasool ParayAdil Rasool Paray
Climate smart livestock production aims to sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gases, and achieve food security. Livestock accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP and emits about 12-18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. As the world population grows, demand for livestock products is projected to more than double by 2050. Climate change negatively impacts livestock through increased heat stress, changing feed availability, and disease emergence. Impacts include reduced intake, reproduction and immunity, posing challenges to global food security. Adaptation strategies are needed to ensure sustainable livestock production.
This document discusses feeding of swine, including their nutrient requirements and different diets. Some key points:
- Pigs have high feed efficiency and are classified as omnivores. About 70-75% of production costs come from feed.
- Nutrient requirements vary by age and function. Creep feed for piglets contains 24% protein while finishing pig diets contain 13% protein.
- Common diets include starter, grower, and finisher. Piglets may get anemia without supplemental iron in the creep feed.
- Breeding pigs are fed lower protein (12%) to avoid fattening. Flushing increases ovulation for higher piglet production.
This document discusses selecting replacement females and culling underperforming females. It covers determining breeding goals, identifying strengths and weaknesses, selecting replacement females using performance evaluation of individual animals and their relatives, and estimated breeding values. Traits like birth weight, growth rates, litter weight, and parasite resistance are important. Record keeping tools to evaluate performance include spreadsheets from universities and software. National programs provide estimated breeding values to compare genetically superior breeding stock.
Urea and other non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources can be used to improve the nutritive value of low-quality roughages fed to livestock in parts of Pakistan and AJ&K. Urea is the most commonly used NPN source and can increase the crude protein content of straw from 2-4% to 7-12% when applied correctly. Proper urea treatment methods involve dissolving urea in water and spraying it onto stacked straw layers, which are then sealed for 3-4 weeks to allow chemical reactions to occur. Ammonia can also be used but requires specialized equipment. Feeding urea-treated straw can meet livestock nutrient needs and reduce concentrate requirements. Precautions must be taken to avoid
This document discusses the importance of balanced diets for optimizing animal production. It defines key terms like balanced diet and animal productivity. It explains that animals cannot synthesize minerals and must obtain them through diet, but feed and fodders alone do not provide all required minerals. The document outlines various nutrients needed in animal diets and how balanced rations are necessary to meet nutritional needs as sole feeding of one ingredient is insufficient. Balanced rations can lead to greater returns through improved health, fertility and productivity. The consequences of imbalanced feeding like reduced growth and milk production are also described.
This document discusses the proximate analysis method of feed and fodder composition developed at the Weende Experimental Station in Germany in 1865. It outlines the major components analyzed in proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and ash. The procedures for determining each fraction are described. Both the merits and limitations of proximate analysis are discussed, noting it provides a basic analysis but does not characterize specific nutrients or account for all components like fiber.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
Dairy feed needs to provide Energy: It is as the fuel for a machine and it is needed for milk production.
Protein: The material to build up the muscles, fetus and the milk production.
Minerals: They are needed for growth of the bone and the fetus as well as for the milk production.
Vitamins: Intervene in the metabolism and the digestion of feeds.
Water: Water is needed for maintenance and to produce milk. Water contains about 90% in the milk.
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Pan-tropical perspective of recent developments in pasture research and devel...ILRI
Presented by Chris Jones, Alan Duncan, Sita Ghimire, Ben Lukuyu, Michael Peters, Melkamu Derseh, Alieu Sartie and Michael Blummel at the Tropical Pastures Workshop, CATIE, Turrialba, 24-26 April 2019
Opportunities for improved forages and utilization practices to intensify the...ckmtraining
The document summarizes the Africa RISING project in the Ethiopian highlands which aimed to address feed constraints through an integrated approach. Key achievements included implementing action research with farmer participation, enhancing knowledge and skills of farmers, generating interest in improved forages, and creating strong knowledge sharing networks. A variety of forage technologies were tested and shown to provide economic and environmental benefits. The project has now embarked on larger-scale dissemination of validated technologies together with development partners across multiple regions.
Opportunities for improved forages and utilization practices to intensify the...africa-rising
The document summarizes the Africa RISING project in the Ethiopian highlands which aimed to address feed constraints through an integrated approach. Key achievements included implementing action research with farmer participation, enhancing knowledge and skills of farmers, generating interest in improved forages, and creating strong farmer-researcher interactions for knowledge sharing. A suite of forage technologies were tested and shown to provide economic and environmental benefits. The project has now embarked on scaling the validated technologies through partnerships with various organizations.
A multi-discipline effort to provide options for sustainable intensification ...africa-rising
This document summarizes a multi-disciplinary effort between the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute to promote sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in Africa. The goal is to create pathways out of poverty for smallholder families. Key activities include advancing production, improving nutrition and food safety, and transforming production systems. The document provides details on situation analysis conducted in Babati district of Tanzania that identified challenges like poor agricultural practices, high crop losses, and livestock malnutrition. It outlines prioritized intervention niches being tested, like fodder banks and intercropping, as well as expected outputs which include identifying suitable forage species and describing integrated packages to farmers.
Lessons from pilot trials with small-scale irrigated forage production in the...ILRI
Presented by A. Adie, A. Yitayew, B. Demeke, Y. Ferede, L. Yeheyis, M. Bezabih, P. Schmitter and M. Blümmel at The second Amhara Agricultural Forum, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 16 January 2018
This document discusses knowledge gaps related to dryland production systems and the role of trees. It notes that while trees provide many benefits like increasing water and nutrient availability, their contributions are not well quantified. Trees can positively impact crop and livestock production through water redistribution and fixation, but competition also exists. The optimal design of integrated tree-crop and tree-livestock systems requires more research. There is also a need to consider both green and blue water management and the social benefits of trees in Sahelian landscapes to better develop sustainable agricultural systems in these dryland regions.
demonstration farm for protected area.pptxTahirNura
This manual provides guidance on establishing and managing demonstration farms and field gene banks to conserve agrobiodiversity in Ethiopia. It outlines approaches for ex situ conservation including field gene banks and community seed banks. Standards are provided for collecting and storing germplasm and managing field gene banks. The manual also describes how to select host farmers and crops for demonstration sites, and recommended practices for agronomy, participation, knowledge sharing, monitoring, and ensuring sustainability.
This document discusses agroecology and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). It provides:
1) A definition of agroecology as a discipline based on managing plants, soil, water, and nutrients to capitalize on genetic potentials through ecological interactions and dynamics, rather than external inputs.
2) Five agroecological principles including supporting nutrient recycling, providing favorable soil conditions, minimizing losses, diversifying species and genetics, and enhancing biological interactions.
3) An overview of SRI as a set of concepts changing management to produce larger root systems and enrich soil life for more productive phenotypes from any genotype, using less water, with higher yields.
20 September 2019. Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry (ICRAF). The meeting on the future of agriculture in Somalia, was attended by donors EU, USAID, JICA, UN agency FAO, and CG centres CIFOR, ICRAF, CIAT, CIP, CIMMYT, ICRISAT, IITA, ILRI and IRRI with ICARDA and IFPRI interested and on remote.
Feeds and forage action research in the Africa RISING sites of the Ethiopian ...africa-rising
The document summarizes research on improving livestock feeds and forage production in Ethiopia. Over three years, more than 600 farmers participated in action research on various forage crops. Key findings included identifying optimal growing and harvesting techniques for tree lucerne, high yields and nutritional value from oat-vetch mixtures, and reduced wastage of feeds through improved storage and feeding methods. Partnerships were formed with various government, university, NGO and private sector organizations to facilitate wider adoption and scaling of improved livestock feeding practices.
Africa RISING in the Ethiopian highlands: Research for development driving su...africa-rising
The Africa RISING project in Ethiopia's highlands is a five-year research initiative nearing completion. It aims to sustainably intensify mixed crop-livestock farming through 17 action research protocols. This involves improving yields, closing seasonal feed gaps, enhancing water management, reducing soil loss, and fine-tuning fertilizer recommendations. Key outcomes include doubled wheat yields, increased fodder production, expanded irrigation, and restored landscapes. Capacity building activities have engaged thousands of farmers, students, and local partners in knowledge exchange. Continued support may scale proven innovations to millions of households through development partnerships.
This document summarizes research on irrigated forage cultivation in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Annual crops like oats and vetch and perennial grasses like Napier and Desho grew well with irrigation, yielding 8-23 tons of dry matter per hectare.
2) Double harvesting of oats and vetch outperformed single harvesting and yielded more than sole crops.
3) Irrigated forages can provide enough fodder to produce 280kg of milk from 100m2 but market opportunities also exist.
4) Further research is needed to scale irrigation forages and develop value chains while ensuring sustainable use of land and water resources.
Genetic Enhancement of Lentil for Adaptation to Various Cropping Systems an...ICARDA
Genetic Enhancement of Lentil for Adaptation to Various Cropping Systems and Nutritional Security in South Asia
2-13 September 2019. New Delhi, India. Over 8,000 participants from all over the world participated in COP14.
Presentation by Ashutosh Sarker
Poster prepared by Ben Lukuyu, Fred Kizito, Peter Thorne and Bekunda Mateete for the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
Planting perennial trees and grasses for food security and climate change ada...FAO
Planting perennial trees and grasses in Mali can help address food security and climate change by increasing resilience. Projects in Mopti and Sikasso regions are testing agroforestry practices like farmer managed natural regeneration of trees, improved fruit tree varieties, leafy vegetable "food banks", and fodder/fertilizer trees. Technologies being evaluated include grafting to improve indigenous trees, using species like baobab, tamarind, and shea for their nutritional benefits. Andropogon grass is being studied for its effects on soil conservation, livestock fodder, and carbon sequestration. Farmer field schools are providing a learning process to test and scale up perennial systems for improved nutrition
The document discusses international collaboration to improve crop productivity and food security in Central Asia in the context of climate change. It summarizes efforts by ICARDA, CIMMYT, and national agricultural research systems to develop climate-resilient crop varieties through germplasm exchange and breeding. New wheat, barley, and legume varieties have been released that are tolerant to drought, heat, salinity, and diseases. Capacity building activities are also discussed. While progress has been made, policy reforms are still needed to promote the adoption of improved varieties and cropping practices.
New dryland legume and cereal varieties for genetic intensification in semi-a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Wills Munthali, Peter Ngowi, Elirehema Swai, James Mwololo, Bekunda Mateete and Patrick Okori for the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3–5 October 2018.
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Opportunities for forage improvement through the ILRI Genebank
1. Opportunities for forage improvement through
the ILRI genebank
Chris Jones and Alieu Sartie
African Plant Breeding Academy,
Nairobi,
28th November 2018
2. Overview of smallholder feeding systems
• Feed quantity and quality - a key limitation
to livestock production in the tropics
• Estimated to be 50 to 80% of total production
costs
• Particularly an issue during the dry season
• Poor quality feeds (crop residues)
constitute the major component the diet
• Pasture lands/rangelands declining in size
and fertility
• Land tenure issues and lack of enabling
policies
3. Strategies to meet feed demands
Optimizing feeding practices
• Prioritizing and targeting forage interventions using
decision-support tools
• Making better use of existing feed resources
• Developing new feed and forage options
• Exploiting inherent natural resource management
characteristics
• More and higher quality feeds and forages
4. Planted forages
• Increase livestock production by alleviating feed
constraints/shortages
• Improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation/leaf drop
• Reduce erosion through increased ground cover,
especially on slopes
• Help control insect pests
• Provide environmental services - carbon sequestration,
enhanced system water productivity
• Improve system resilience - alternative land use strategy
for marginal lands and steep slopes
5. Livestock production benefits
• Modelling increases in milk yields in response to
different interventions in Ethiopia
(Herrero et al., 2016)
6. Demand for forages is growing
This is linked to:
• Market intensification for milk and meat
• Global food prices making grain an expensive feed
• Feed scarcity from competition, biofuels, reducing rangelands
and natural pastures and drought incidence
• Rising feed prices
• Demands for re-vegetation, soil and water management
• Alternative income generation opportunities
7. ILRI Facilities
• Nutrition analysis platform
• Proximate and in vitro feed analysis (S Asia, E and W Africa)
• ILRI shares NIRS equations for all key cereal and legume crops
(residues and grains)
• Genebank and four field sites
• Forage Seed Unit:
provides basic
seeds and promote
national seed
systems
8. Qualitative trait prediction based on Near
Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Non-invasive
c. 200 samples/day
>30 traits
Physico-chemical
c. $60 000
Calibration
Validation
Establishing an International NIRS feed analysis platform
9. The ILRI forage genebank
• A unique resource for exploring and capturing forage
diversity
• 1,400 species representing over 600 genera
• Around 2,000 accessions distributed annually
Forage
type
Total
accessions
Accessions
under Treaty
Annex 1
accessions
Forage
cultivars
Browse 3,720 3,684 45 25
Grasses 4,397 4,377 313 11
Legumes 10,518 10,440 2,646 275
Total 18,635 18,501 3,004 311
10. Four forage field genebanks
Site Altitude
(m.a.s.l.)
Rainfall
(mm)
Soil Compatibility
Highland
(Gurd Shola)
2400 1000 Vertisol, rainfed Tropical highland and
temperate species
Mid-altitude
(Bishoftu)
1800 800 Alfisol/Vertisol,
irrigated
Tropical highland and
temperate species
Mid-altitude
(Soddo)
1800 1200 Acid Nitosol,
rainfed
Acid soil adapted species
Lowland
(Zwai)
1650 500 Sandy alkaline,
irrigated
Tropical lowland species,
especially grasses
14. Perennial forage grasses
Napier grass
• The major forage species for smallholder dairy
in East Africa
• High yielding lines produce 5 times more
biomass than natural pastures in Tanzania1
• Yield shown to increase by intercropping with
legumes and can be harvested 6 to 9 times per
year under irrigation in Ethiopia2
• Smut and stunt disease resistant lines
identified from the in trust collection at ILRI
and being adopted by farmers
1Lukuyu et al. High yielding improved forages. 7th Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Meeting of the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8–12
May 2017.
2Adie et al. Lessons from pilot trials with small-scale irrigated forage production in the Amhara Region: potential of integrating the perennial forage Napier grass with
Desmodium and Pigeon Pea in cropping systems. The second Amhara Agricultural Forum. 16 January 2018, Bahir Dar.
15. Development of new cultivars and varieties
Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) of Napier grass performance under
drought
• Tapping into the substantial amount of variation held in the ILRI
genebank collection to develop improved varieties by MAS
Manhattan plot showing marker associated
with dry weight under limited water
Cluster analysis of 104 Napier
grass accessions
16. Water use efficiency trial - assessing
agronomic and nutritional characteristics
CP (%) 5.9 to 23.6 6.4 to 20. 9
IVOMD (%) 53.7 to 68.0 54.1 to 73.0
ME (MJ/kg DM) 7.8 to 9.7 7.8 to 10.4
18. Perennial forage grasses
Buffel grass
• One of the best pasture grasses for the Africa subtropics
• An apomictic, perennial C4 grass
• Good forage potential, and particularly a candidate for drought
tolerance
• Also helps to prevent soil erosion
GBS analysis of 185 accessions of the genebank collection
19. Agronomic and nutritional characteristics
Wet Season
Group I
(49)
Group II
(11)
Group III
(25)
Group IV
(23)
Group V
(7)
Group VI
(10)
Y (kg/ha) 2378 3789 4831 2743 2328 4540
PH 71 94 102 84 84 114
LL (cm) 24 34 36 26 24 34
CP (%) 13.5 11.0 12.0 12.8 11.6 9.9
NDF (%) 69.2 70.2 71.4 71.0 72.3 73.9
ADF (%) 38.3 40.4 41.7 41.1 42.6 45.2
IVOMD (%) 72.6 65.6 70.2 71.5 66.3 63.0
20. Rhodes grass,
• A major forage in the tropics and subtropics.
• Cross-pollinating C4, with diploid and tetraploid forms, usually
propagated by seed
• Known for its wide adaptability and ease of establishment
Perennial forage grasses
GBS analysis of 94 accessions of the genebank collection
21. Perennial forage grasses
Desho
• Well adapted and widely
used in the highlands
Ethiopia along with natural
resource management
practices
• Roots splits and forage
biomass traded as source of
cash
23. Lessons learnt on forage adoption
Forage adoption and use has been
slow. Adoption is improved when:
• Use of improved feeds linked to
market opportunities, with on-
farm multiple benefits
• Good match to production
system niche
• Easy to manage and match skills
of farmers
• Strong partnerships between
farmers and extension
• Supported by innovation
platforms, enabling policies and
environment
24. Potential ways forward
• Opportunities are significant to improve the feed
resource base in the smallholder systems
• Adoption of improved forage technologies can be
accelerated if the right type of approach and technology
is presented to smallholders
• Integrating improved forages with NRM efforts creates
synergies
• Strong public and private investment in the feed sector
and enabling policies are needed to meet feed demands
• Integrated breeding solutions: livestock, forages and
crops
25. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
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