Transactional analysis was founded by Eric Berne in the late 1950s. It is effectively a language within a language that helps understand communication patterns between people. There are three ego states - Parent, Adult, and Child - that represent different thought and behavior patterns. Effective communication occurs through complementary transactions when different ego states respond appropriately to each other. Ineffective communication happens through crossed or ulterior transactions when unexpected responses activate inappropriate ego states. Modern transactional analysis expanded the model to seven elements to better analyze interpersonal dynamics.

1. MBA- MS- 5 Yrs-7th Semester

2. • Transactional Analysis was Founded
Transactional by Eric Berne.
• During the late 1950’s.
Analysis
• Clinical, organizational and
personal development.
• Encompassing communications.
Applications: • Management, personality.
• Relationships and behavior.

3. • Transactional Analysis is
Transactional effectively a language within
a language;
Analysis • A language of true meaning,
feeling and motive.
• To understand more clearly
what is going on.
• Secondly, we give ourselves
It helps us in choices of what ego states to
3 ways: adopt.
• Which signals to send, and
where to send them.

4. According to Transactional Analysis
there are 3 types of Ego States-

5. EGO STATES
Parent Ego Stage- Adult Ego Stage- Child Ego Stage-
Behaviors, thou Behaviors, thoug Behaviors, thou
ghts and hts and feelings ghts and
feelings copied which are direct feelings replayed
from parent or responses to the
parent figures. from childhood.
here and now.

6. Parent:
Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on messages or lessons
learned from parents and authoritarian
sources.
PARENT
EGO STATE

7. Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on objective analysis of
information(data, facts).
Make decisions based on logic, computations,
probabilities, etc.(not emotion).
ADULT EGO
STATE

8. Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral
patterns based on child-like
emotions, impulses, feelings we have
experienced.
Example- Impulsive
happy, curious, angry, Self-center, pleasure
CHILD seeking , fearful.
EGO STATE

9. In Simple Words:
Parent is our 'Taught'
concept of life
Adult is our 'Thought'
concept of life
Child is our 'Felt' concept
of life

11. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS MECHANISM
• Berne’s starting-point was that when
two people encounter each other, one
of them will speak to the other. This he
called the Transaction Stimulus
• The reaction from the other person
is called the Transaction
Response.
• The person sending the Stimulus is called
the Agent.
• The person who responds is called the
Respondent.

12. • We can interact with each
other from any ego state.
• Anytime one person recognizes another with
a smile, a nod, a frown, a verbal greeting,
etc., this recognition, in TA language, is
called a “Stroke".
• Two or more strokes make a transaction.

13. Transactions:
Complementary
Crossed
Ulterior

14. Complementary
transactions
• A complementary transaction occurs when a
message, sent from a specific ego state, gets the
predicted response from a specific ego state in
the other person.
• For example, if a wife who is grieving her lost
friend is comforted by a sympathetic
husband, her momentary dependency is
answered appropriately.

15. A wife in child state being relieved by her
husband in parent state.

16. Crossed Transactions
A crossed transaction occurs when an unexpected
response is made to the stimulus. An inappropriate ego
state is activated, and the lines of communication between
people are crossed.
At this point people tend to withdraw, turn away from
each other or switch the conversation in another direction.
For example, Agent's Adult: "Do you know where my
cuff links are?" (note that this stimuli is directed at the
Respondents Adult).
Respondent's Child: "You always blame me for
everything!"

17. Crossed transactions are a frequent source of
pain between people

18. Ulterior Transactions
Ulterior transactions are the most complex.
They differ from complementary and crossed
transactions in that they always involve two
or more ego states.
Only one ego state controls the body; but
another ego state is operating in the
background.

19. Ulterior transaction contd…
If a car salesman says to his customer, "This is our
finest sports car...but maybe too racy for you," he
is sending a message that can be heard by either
the customer’s adult or child ego state.
If the customer’s Adult hears, the response may
be... "yes, you’re right, considering the
requirements of my job." If the customer’s Child
hears, the response may be "I’ll take it. It’s just
what I want."

20. Thus ulterior transactions help us to get the
desired response from the respondent.

21. The original three Parent Adult Child components
were sub-divided by Wagner, Joines and
Mountain to form seven element model.
Modern
Traditional
Transactional
Transactional
Analysis
Analysis
Original 3 parental
Modified into 7
adult child
elements.
components

22. Modern TA established 2 parental elements:
Parent
Nurturing Controlling
* Nurturing (positive) * Structuring (positive)
* Spoiling (negative) * Critical (negative)

23. Adult
Represents an
Adult remains as a 'accounting'
single entity function or mode
Which can draw on
The resources of
both Parent and
Child.

24. Child
Child is now commonly represented as
circle with four quadrants:
Adapted - Co-operative (positive) and
Compliant/Resistant (negative).
Free - Spontaneous (positive) and Immature
(negative).

26. INEFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
MODES MODES
 Negative Controlling
 Positive Controlling
Parent
Parent
 Negative Nurturing
 Positive Nurturing
Parent
Parent
 Negative Adapted
 Positive Adapted
Child
Child
 Negative Free Child
 Positive Free Child
ACCOUNTING MODES

27. Negative Controlling Parent
communicates a "You're not OK" message, and is punitive.
Negative Nurturing Parent
communicates a "You're not OK" message. When in this
mode the person is engulfing and overprotective
Negative Adapted Child
expresses an "I'm not OK" message. When in this mode
the person tends to experience such emotions as
depression, unrealistic fear and anxiety.
Negative Free Child
in this mode the person runs wild with no restrictions or
boundaries. In this mode they express a "You're not OK"
message.

28. Positive Nurturing Parent
communicates the message "You're OK". When in this
mode the person is caring and affirming.
Positive Controlling Parent
communicates the message "You're OK". It offers
constructive criticism, while being caring but firm.
Positive Adapted Child
communicates an "I'm OK" message. From this mode we
learn the rules to help us live with others.
Positive Free Child
communicates an "I'm OK" message. This is the
creative, fun loving, curious and energetic mode.

29. It communicates "We're OK" messages.
The Adult is able to assess reality in the here and
now.
It is possible to choose which of the other effective
modes to go into, dependent on the situation. This is
then called Accounting Mode.
When stable in this Accounting Mode we are taking
account of the present context and situation and
deciding the most appropriate mode to come from
We are able to respond appropriately rather than flipping into historic ways of
thinking and behaving which are likely to be inappropriate and unhelpful..

31. INEFFECTIVE MODES
• Criticizing Mode - communicates a "You're
not OK" message. If you lead from this position
you are unlikely to develop a loyal supportive
team or culture.
• Over-Indulging / Inconsistent Mode -
communicates "You're not OK". When in this
mode we often 'rescue' others, that is, do things
for them which they are capable of doing for
themselves.

32. • Compliant / Resistant Mode - expresses an
"I'm not OK" or "I'm not OK and You're Not OK"
message.
When in this mode we over-adapt to others and
tend to experience such emotions as depression or
unrealistic fear and anxiety.
 When in this mode we are unlikely to make good
team members and will be highly stressed if we
have to manage others.

33. • Immature Mode - in this mode we run
wild with no boundaries. Here we express a
"You're not OK" message.
 At work we tend to not to take responsibility
for our actions and are unlikely to progress as
we need a great deal of management in order
to focus our energy and keep boundaries.

34. EFFECTIVE MODES
• Incorporated Aspects of the Accounting
Mode - All of the different incorporated aspects
communicate "I'm OK and You're OK".
• Nurturing - When in this aspect we are caring
and affirming.
• Structuring - This is the boundary setting
aspect, offering constructive criticism. In this
aspect we are caring and firm.

35. • Cooperative - From this aspect we learn the
rules to help us live with others.
• Playful - This is the creative, fun loving,
curious and energetic aspect. We can
confront people playfully as a way of dealing
with a difficult situation. This can diffuse a
potential problem and get the message
across.

36. CONCLUSION
Transactional analysis is a rational and easy-to-
understand method of clarifying and managing
human relationships and behaviors.

37. THANK YOU

38. Submitted by-
• Anjali Patel
• Roma Gajbhiye
• Seema Vishvakarma
• Uzma Hussain