It is concerned with the interaction of two persons at a time. In this interaction the individual behaves in a particular way which may be either cooperative or conflicting. To analyze and improve interpersonal behavior, transactional analysis technique has been developed. This theory was given by Eric Berne. TA offers a model of personality and the dynamics of self and its relationship to others. When people interact, there is social transaction in which one person respond to another. The study of these transactions among people is called transaction analysis. This analysis can be understood by using Johari Window, that tries to evaluate concept of self with respect to others. Ego states are a person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time. Berne has defined ego state as a consistent pattern of feeling and experience which is directly related to a respective consistent pattern of behavior. He has given 3 ego states which are as follows: Parent Ego State: It is a state where the individual behave, feel and think in response to an unconscious imitation or mimicking of how their parents have acted in the past and how they interpreted the actions of their parents. This is also called ‘exteropsyche’ state. e.g. An individual may yell because of frustration because they have experienced the same in their childhood. Adult ego state: Here, the adult is directed towards an objective appraisal of reality. Here, he processes information and make predictions about various emotions that can influence his behavior. This is also known as ‘neopsyche’ State. Child ego state: Here, the individuals behave, think and feel in the same manner as they used to think in their childhood. Thus, the child is a source of intimacy, spontaneity, recreation, creation and emotions. Thus, according to Berner, parental figures are either more criticizing or more nurturing and childhood behaviors are either adapted or more natural, i.e. free. A person of any age may have any of these states in varying degrees.

1. Transactional Analysis
MENTOR: DR. MEENU SAINI
PRESENT BY: KOMAL SINGH
42010037

2. Interpersonal Behavior
It is concerned with the interaction of two persons at a
time. In this interaction the individual behaves in a
particular way which may be either cooperative or
conflicting. To analyze and improve interpersonal
behavior, transactional analysis technique has been
developed.

3. Transactional Analysis:
 This theory was given by Eric Berne. TA offers a model of
personality and the dynamics of self and its relationship to
others. When people interact, there is social transaction in
which one person respond to another. The study of these
transactions among people is called transaction analysis.
This analysis can be understood by using Johari Window,
that tries to evaluate concept of self with respect to others.

4. Ego States of Transactional Analysis(TA)
Ego states are a person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at
any time.
Berne has defined ego state as a consistent pattern of feeling and
experience which is directly related to a respective consistent pattern
of behavior.
He has given 3 ego states which are as follows:
Parent Ego State: It is a state where the individual behave, feel and
think in response to an unconscious imitation or mimicking of how

5. their parents have acted in the past and how they interpreted
the actions of their parents. This is also called ‘exteropsyche’
state. e.g. An individual may yell because of frustration
because they have experienced the same in their childhood.
Adult ego state: Here, the adult is directed towards an
objective appraisal of reality. Here, he processes information
and make predictions about various emotions that can
influence his behavior. This is also known as ‘neopsyche’

6. State.
Child ego state: Here, the individuals behave, think and
feel in the same manner as they used to think in their
childhood. Thus, the child is a source of intimacy,
spontaneity, recreation, creation and emotions.
Thus, according to Berner, parental figures are either more
criticizing or more nurturing and childhood behaviors are
either adapted or more natural, i.e. free. A person of any age
may have any of these states in varying degrees.

7. Analysis of Transactions
 Definition: The interactions between people give rise to the
Social Transactions, i.e. how people respond and interact with each other
depends on their ego states. The transactions routed through ego states of
persons can be classified as complementary, crossed and ulterior.
 Complementary Transactions: A transaction is said to be
complementary when the person sending the message gets the predicted
response from the other person. Thus, the stimulus and response patterns
from one ego state to another are parallel. These are:

8. Adult-Adult Transaction:
The manager acts with the adult ego state, who tries to clarify and inform
employees about the issues and has a concern for the human needs and
facts and figures. I am O.K. you are O.K is his life position. This is an
ideal transaction.

9. Adult- Parent Transaction:
 Here, the manager tries to implement the information being processed by him, but
rather the employees with the parent ego stick to the clichés and the rules of the past.
The employee tries to control the manager with his parent ego but is temporary.

10. Adult-Child Transaction:
 Here the employee possesses the child ego state, and this can be
effective only if the manager knows about it and let his employees
to be in this state to be creative.

11. Parent- Parent Transaction:
 Here the manager is in the parent ego, and his life position is I am
O.K. you are not O.K. Reprimand, reward, criticism, rules, praise,
etc. will be the sources used by him. This transaction is effective
only if the employee supports him and join forces with him.

12. Parent-Adult Transaction:
 Here, both manager and employee might be frustrated. The
manager may feel devastated if the employee does not perform as
directed while, the employee may feel irritated because the manager
is not acting with the adult ego.

13. Parent-Child Transaction:
 This is the ideal situation if the manager acts with parent ego while
the employee is in child ego. The employee may find this
transaction advantageous as it eliminates the responsibility and
pressure on them.

14. Child-Parent Transaction:
 The manager in the child ego might not contribute efficiently
towards the effectiveness of management. Although the child ego is
characterized by creativity, it does not suffice the role of a manager.
Here, the employee controls the manager.

15. Child-Adult Transaction:
 There is a lack of rationality when a manager acts with a child ego. Here,
the employee in the adult ego gets discouraged as he wants to make
logical and realistic decisions, but the manager may land up to the
unrealistic decisions made on the basis of whims, fancies and emotions.

16. Child-Child Transaction:
 The manager acting with child-child ego is inefficient to lead his
employees successfully and hence turn out to be the liability to the
firm.

17. Non-Complementary Transactions:
 A transaction is said to be non-complimentary or crossed when the
person sending the message does not get the predicted response, or
the stimulus and response lines are not parallel.

18.  In the above transaction, The manager is trying to interact on an adult-
to-adult basis, but the employee responds on the child-to-parent basis,
this would block the communication, and no further transaction could
be done.
 Ulterior Transaction: This is the most complex transaction because the
communication has the double meaning. Such as, on the surface level
the communication may have a clear adult message, but it may carry
some hidden message on the psychological level and gets
misinterpreted.