The document provides an overview of Transactional Analysis (TA), a theory developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s. Some key points: - TA focuses on analyzing interactions (transactions) between individuals and identifying the ego states (Parent, Adult, Child) behind each transaction. - Complementary transactions are healthy, while crossed and ulterior transactions can be problematic. Ulterior transactions convey a hidden message. - Repeating problematic transaction patterns form "games" people play. Berne identified a common game formula of Con-Gimmick-Response-Switch-Crossup-Payoff. - Script analysis examines unconscious life decisions formed in childhood that influence one's behavior and decisions as an adult

1. ERICBERNE
BY
SABITHACK
Assistant professor
Cutec,nattika

2.  Proposed by the Canadian psychologist Eric
Berne (1910-70) in his 1964 book 'Games
People Play
 Berne's theory was based on the ideas
of Freud but was distinctly different.
 Dr. Berne defined Transactional Analysis is
the method for studying interactions
between individuals

3.  According to TA, a transaction is a stimulus
plus a response.
 For example, if you say to one of your
student, "You really did a good job on that
project" that is stimulus: and he says,
"Thanks", that is a response. Thus,
transactions take place between people.

4.  The theory outlines how we have developed
and treat ourselves, how we relate and
communicate with others, and offers
suggestions and interventions which will
enable us to change and grow

5.  In addition to the analysis of the interactions
between individuals, Transactional Analysis
also involves the identification of the ego
states behind each and every transaction.
Berne defined an ego state as “a consistent
pattern of feeling and experience directly
related to a corresponding consistent
pattern of behavior.”4

6.  Transactional analysis involves four types of
analysis namely
 Structural analysis
 Transactional analysis
 Game analysis
 script

7.  Structural analysis speak of the psychological
structure of personality which comprises of a
group of ego states namely
 1. the parent ego state,
 2.adult ego state and
 3.child ego state

8.  The personality of a person is the collection
of behaviour patterns developed over a
period of time.
 these behaviour patterns are evolved in
differing degrees from three ego states -
Parent, Adult and Child.
 a parent (mother or father) has parent, adult
and child ego states; and a child (son or
daughter) also has parent, adult and child
ego states.

9.  The parent ego state is a result of the "messages"
(conditioning) people receive from their parents,
elder sisters and brothers, school teachers and others
during their childhood
 the majority of the external events experienced by a
child are actions of the parent, the ego state was
appropriately called Parent.
 events perceived by the child from individuals that
are NOT parents (but who are often in parent-like
roles) are also recorded in the Parent.
 Examples of recordings in the Parent include:
 “Never talk to strangers”
 “Always chew with your mouth closed”
 “Look both ways before you cross the street”

10.  There are two kinds of Parent ego states :
 (i) Nurturing Parent and
 (ii) Critical parent.
 The Nurturing parent is that part of a person
which is understanding and caring about
other people. Behaviour coming from the
nurturing parent may set limits on and
provide direction for people behaviour. It will
not put the people down and make then feel
not OK as individual.

11.  Critical parent behaviour attacks people's
personalities as well as their behaviour.
 Critical parent makes people feel that they
are not OK.
 When people are in their critical parent ego
state they are very evaluative and
judgmental.
 They are always ready to respond with a
'should' or 'ought' to almost anything people
tell them.

12.  The Adult ego state evokes behaviour that
could be described simply as logical,
reasonable, rationale and unemotional.
 Behaviour from the adult ego state is
characterized by problem solving analysis
and rationale decision-making.
 .

13.  People operating from the adult ego state
are taking emotional content of their child
ego state, the value-laden content of their
parent ego state and checking them out in
the reality of the external world.
 These people are examining alternatives,
probabilities and values prior to engaging in
behaviour

14.  The child ego state is associated with
behaviours that appear when a person is
responding emotionally.
 A person's child contains the 'natural'
impulses and attitudes learned from child
experiences.
 the Child represents the recordings in the
brain of internal events associated with
external events the child perceives.

15.  , recordings in the Child occur from
childbirth all the way up to the age of
approximately 5 years old.
 “There are several forms of the child ego
state. However, two kinds of ego states viz.
happy child and destructive child are
commonly relevant in behaviour

16.  People behaving from their happy child are
doing things they want to do it but it is not
destructive to others.
 people in their destructive child are also
doing things but their behaviour is either
destructive to others or to themselves, or to
their environment

17.  The three ego states are usually diagrammed
as shown in figure below:.

18. 
 PARENT EGO(p)
 ADULT EGO (A)

 CHILD EGO STATE(C)
P
A
C

19. A structural diagram represents the
complete personality of any
individual. It includes the Parent,
Adult, and Child ego states, all
separate and distinct from each
other. The diagram was developed by
Eric

20.  The application of ego state model to
analyze sequence of transaction is called
transactional analysis.
 is attempted to determine correctly is the
ego state in which each individual is at that
moment.
 When two individual confront each other, the
number of ego state involved in transactional
situation will be three plus three ie,six

21.  Ego state of one may act as transactional
stimulus and ego state of other person may
be act as transactional response.
 Transaction consist of two or more
component of behaviour known as strokes
eg:-hellow,hi

22. P
A
C
P
A
C
INTERACTION
STIMULUS
RESPONSE

23.  Berne identifies three types of transactions:
 1. Complementary Transactions
 2.Crossed transaction
 3.Ulterior transaction

24.  In a complementary transaction, the
response must go back from the receiving
ego state to the sending ego state.

25. p
C
P
A
C
A

26.  According to Dr. Berne, these transactions
are healthy and represent normal human
interactions.
 As Berne says in Games People
Play “communication will proceed as long as
transactions are complementary.”9

27.  Examples of Complementary Transactions
Parent-Parent, Adult-Adult, Child-Child,
Child-Parent, Parent-Child, Child-Adult,
Adult-Child, Adult-Parent, Parent-Adult
 First Rule of Communication We have the
first rule of communication in TA : "When TS
and TR on the P-A-C diagram make parallel
lines, the transaction can go on indefinitely."

28. p
C
P
A
C
A

29.  When two people communicate, one person
initiates a transaction with the transactional
stimulus . The person at whom the stimulus
is directed will respond with
the transactional response. Simple
Transactional Analysis involves identifying
which ego state directed the stimulus and
which ego state in the other person executed
the response

30.  According to Dr. Berne, the simplest
transactions are between Adults ego states.

31.  healthy person has a personality that
maintains a balance among all three –
according to Abewagner, "Nurturing Parent,
Adult and Happy Child". This means that
these people are able to lead the adult ego
state take over and think very rationally and
engage in problem solving

32.  A crossed transaction is one in which the
sender sends a message, a behaviour, on the
basis of his ego state but the response is
from the unexpected ego state of the
respondent.

33. p
C
P
A
C
A

34.  Examples of Crossed Transactions Adult-Adult
and Parent-Child; Adult-Adult and Child-
Parent; Parent-Child and Parent-Child; Child-
Parent and Child-Parent

35.  Here we have the second rule of
communication in TA: "When TS and TR in the
P-A-C diagram cross each other,
communication stops."

36.  There is a social and an ulterior level
transaction. The social level is a socially
acceptable stimulus, for example, do you
know what time it is? Ulterior transactions
are by definition out of the person’s
awareness... it is an unconscious process.

37.  In an ulterior transaction, two messages are
conveyed at the same time. One of these is
an overt or social level message. The other is
a covert or psychological level message. •
Most often, the social level content is Adult-
Adult. The psychological level messages are
usually either Parent –Child or Child –Parent.

38. p
C
P
A
C
A

39.  The ulterior transaction is shown as a broken
line in the transactional diagram and the
meaning will be made clear to the receiver
by the use of non-verbal language clues... a
wagging finger for example along with a
stern look will usually mean a Parent > Child
ulterior.

40.  Berne says that we can communicate on two
levels. There is the social message – what
we say, and the psychological message – what
we mean. Sometimes the two things do not
match.
 Ulterior transactions can be of two types
angular and duplex


41.  Angular transaction involves three ego
states. Salesmen are particularly adapt this
kind of transaction. They convey their
message in social level as Adult ego-state,
but it contains a hidden psychological
message intending the Child ego-state of the
customer.

42. p
C
P
A
C
A

43.  This is a two level transaction in which beyond
the obvious transaction, there is a hidden
transaction between the two ego states of the
persons concerned. A duplex transaction
involves four ego states and is commonly seen
among college students. (the hidden or
psychological transactions are always
represented by doted arrows.)

44. p
C
P
A
C
A

45.  : The meaning of the communication will
always be at the ulterior level.

46.  Keep transactions complementary
 Avoid crossed transactions
 Beware of ulterior transactions

47.  An ongoing series of complementary ulterior
transactions progressing to a well defined
,predictable outcome can be conceived as a
game
 A game involves a recurring set of
transactions
 – repeating sequences of transactions that
lead to a result subconsciously agreed to by
the parties involved in the game

48.  This transaction may involve a concealed
motive or gimmick.
 Eric Bern speaks of three ways of analyzing
such games
 1.transactional approach
 2.formula G
 3.karpman triangle

49.  Ulterior quality of the transactions and the
final ‘pay off’ are brought to light.
P
AA
C
P
A
C

50.  Berne discovered that every game goes
through a sequence of six stages.
 Con+gimmick=response switch cross up
Pay off.
 C + G = R > S > X > P
 He called this sequence formula G or game
formula
 Con=it is delivered non verbally. (Con: A
invites B to join in a game that seems
worthwhile but has an ulterior motive).

51. Gimmick=it is a concealed motive, or a series
of motive with a snare.(Gimmick: B has a
weakness or need that makes them respond
to the Con)
This now leads to the sequence:
 Response=this stage of game consist of a
series of the social level, these transactions
seen like straight forward exchange of
information. but at psychological level they
repeat the con-gimmick exchange that
opened the game(Response: B responds to A's
invitation.)

52.  Switch=this happens when one player
changes his role(Switch: A suddenly shifts,
making a switch of some kinds.)
 Cross up=the confusion happening during the
change of role is cross up
(Crossup (X): There is a period of confusion)
 Pay off=both players collect their payoff of
racket feeling(Payoff) The final result is that
both experience negative emotion.

53.  Berne's example of this is:
 Con: Patient asks therapist if they will get
better.
 Gimmick: Therapist does not want the patient to
believe they may not get better.
 Response: Therapist says 'Of course you will'.
 Switch: Patient gets antagonistic, saying 'What
makes you think you know everything?'
 Cross up: Therapist is thrown off balance.
Patient feels a sense of control.
 Payoff: Therapist feels foolish to have been
tricked by a patient. Patient feels frustrated
that therapist cannot help them.

54. p
C
P
A
C
A

55.  The Karpman Drama Triangle is a game
played all too often in relationships.
 The game provides people with their identity
as Victim, Rescuer, or Persecutor. People
generally favour one or two roles.

56.  When an individual imposes his /her views
opinion,etc on another that individual plays
the role a persecutor
 When an individual exhibit signs of
helplessness so that others are tempted to
offer help he /she plays the role of victim
 when one offers support that is not really
need ,that individual plays the role of a
rescuer

57. (V)victim
(Ŗ)rescuerPersecutor(р)

58.  Script is a central part of Transactional
analysis theory.
 Script can be seen as a well defined course
of action that we decide on as a child.


59.  The theory states that we experience the
world and make decisions about how we
need to be in order to survive in it.
 Script analysis is the method of uncovering
the 'early decisions, made unconsciously, as
to how life shall be lived'.[

60.  A central belief of transactional analysis is
that we made the decision in the first place
so we have the power to change it. There is
always hope that we can do things
differently once our script is brought into
awareness.
 So there it is, the very basics of transactional
analysis theory.

61.  The purpose of script analysis is to aid the
client (individual or organizational) to
achieve autonomy by recognising the script's
influence on values, decisions, behaviors and
thereby allowing them to decide against the
script.
 . Berne describes someone who is
autonomous as being 'script free‘ and as a
"real person“.

62.  , scripts can be changed, since they are not
inborn, but learned‘.
 a life plan that may involve long-term
involvement in particular games in order to
reach the life pay-off of the individual

63.  Transactional Analysis constructs four possible
life position held with respect to oneself and
others. There are four fundamental life
positions. They are:

I am not OK - You are OK
I am not OK - You are not OK
I am OK - You are not OK
I am OK - You are Ok

64.  Life positions works with the assumption that we
choose very early on in our life, before the age
of 2, a basic attitude towards ourselves and
other people.
 It represents the fundamental attitude a person
takes about the essential value he or she
perceives in him or herself and other people.
 Once a child has taken up a favourite position,
they're likely to construct the rest of their world
view to match that life position.

65.  Our life position is like a set of glasses
through which we see the world. If we end
up with gray tinted glasses the whole
world will look gray to us. If they are
clear, we can see ourselves and the world
as things are good and bad, but mostly all
sorts of colours and shapes.

66. It shows the four basic life positions we can
assume:
 1. "I am not ok, you are ok," short for "There is
something fundamentally wrong with me, but
everybody else is ok.".
 This is the universal position of early childhood
in social transaction when the child arrives at
the logical conclusion that “I am not OK’.
 This NOT OK-ness arises from the helplessness of
the child. Such people feel inferior when they
compare themselves with others.
 These people are depressed and withdraw from
others.

67.  "I am not ok, you are not ok," short for
"There is something fundamentally wrong
with me and other people are unreliable,
untrustworthy, wrong in some way too."
 Such people become deeply sick and lose
interest in living. They might end up in
mental hospitals or kill themselves or others.

68.  3. "I am ok, you are not ok," short for "I am ok,
but I can't rely on or trust you. I feel there is
something wrong with other people around me."
A child who is brutalized by the parents will
switch over the third life position, that is : I AM
OK – YOU ARE NOT OK.
 this as a criminal position as there is every
chance for such a child to develop a criminal
personality type. Such people feel victimized,
and they blame others for their miseries. These
people may turn persecutors.

69.  4. "'I am ok, you are ok," which is short for "I am ok
with myself and with you too."
 Such people are mentally healthy. This OK position is
experienced by children who have received an
exposure situation in early life in which they can
prove, to themselves, their own worth and the worth
of others. In this position, a person recognize that
both you and I have worth, value and dignity as
people have. People in this position are happy and
have intimate relationships.
 It's easy to see that the best place to come from is "'I
am ok, you are ok!"

70. I am not ok, you are ok
(Therefore the best I can do is
to get away from others or hide
myself)
DEPRESSIVE POSITION
I am ok, you are not ok
(Therefore I best get rid of you
to be ok)
PARANOID POSITION
(mentally depressed)
I am not ok, you are not ok
(Therefore there is no hope. I
can never be ok nor could you
give me what I need)
FUTILE POSITION
(worthless)
I am ok, you are ok
(Therefore you and me can get
on with being open with each
other)

71.  GOOD LIFE POSITION
It is important that you find a way to
relate from an "I am ok you are ok" position
as much as possible to your partner. And that
he or she relates in the same way to you.
Only then you are in a place where you can
trust and respect yourself and the other
person and you can be secure in knowing
that you both are committed to working
things out together when things get tough.

72. Thank you