Audit Evidence is one of the International Standards on Auditing. -It serves to expect the auditor to obtain audit evidence from an appropriate mix of tests of control systems and substantive tests of transaction and balances.
Audit Evidence is one of the International Standards on Auditing. -It serves to expect the auditor to obtain audit evidence from an appropriate mix of tests of control systems and substantive tests of transaction and balances.
An exercise whose objective is to enable auditors to express an opinion on whether the financial statements give a true and fair view (or equivalent) of the entity’s affairs at the period end and of its profit or loss (or income and expenditure) for the period then ended and have been properly prepared in
accordance with the applicable reporting framework (e.g. relevant legislation and applicable accounting standards) or where statutory or other specific requirements prescribe the term, whether the financial statements “present fairly”.
This is a step-by-step process on how to plan and carry out Auditing. This shall be useful for Accountants , professionals,small businesses,big businesses.
An exercise whose objective is to enable auditors to express an opinion on whether the financial statements give a true and fair view (or equivalent) of the entity’s affairs at the period end and of its profit or loss (or income and expenditure) for the period then ended and have been properly prepared in
accordance with the applicable reporting framework (e.g. relevant legislation and applicable accounting standards) or where statutory or other specific requirements prescribe the term, whether the financial statements “present fairly”.
This is a step-by-step process on how to plan and carry out Auditing. This shall be useful for Accountants , professionals,small businesses,big businesses.
Session 1 Module 2INTRODUCTION TO AUDITING .docxklinda1
Session 1 Module 2
INTRODUCTION TO AUDITING
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this module you should be able to:
Define auditing
Differentiate between different levels of assurance
Appreciate different audit opinions (covered in depth in session11)
Differentiate between the different role of the preparer of financial statements and the auditor.
Explain the reasons for the demand for audit and assurance services
Appreciate the Corporations Act requirements for company audits
Explain the audit expectation gap.
These are the objectives that students are expected to understand and be able to explain and apply.
Students will only be assessed within the learning objectives provided for each module of the course.
2
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE DEFINED
An audit is an assurance engagement defined as ‘an engagement in which an assurance practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria.’
This is a definition of an audit highlighting the main parties involved and their roles
3
1-4
Diagram of assurance engagement
4
*Comment on : main parties and their roles
Jaq (J) - add figure 1-1
1-5
Five elements ofassurance
engagement
Three-party relationships:
assurance practitioner (auditor)
responsible party (preparer)
intended user
Subject matter
Suitable criteria
Sufficient appropriate evidence
Written assurance report
Audit engagement has 5 elements
These are explained on following slides
5
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE DEFINED
‘intended users’ - the people for whom the auditor prepares their report.
Example: shareholders, creditors, employees
‘responsible party’ - the person or organisation responsible for preparing the financial statements. Example: company management
‘subject matter’ – that which the auditor is expressing a conclusion on. i.e. financial reports
‘criteria’ – the rules or principles by which the subject matter is being evaluated. i.e. Accounting standards and interpretations and Corporations laws
Comment on explanations of terms
6
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE DEFINED cont’d.
Sufficient appropriate evidence
The quantity and quality of evidence the auditor requires in order to express a conclusion on the subject matter
*Written assurance report
Written report from the auditor expressing the auditor’s conclusion on the subject matter
Comment on explanations of terms
7
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSURANCE
AUDITORS MAY PROVIDE VARYING LEVELS OF ASSURANCE WHEN CONDUCTING ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS.
Reasonable assurance
Limited assurance
No assurance
There are 3 levels of assurance which are described on next slide
8
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSURANCELEVEL OF ASSURANCE
EXAMPLE
THE ASSURANCE EXPRESSIONREASONABLE
Highest level of assurance but not absolute assurance on the reliability of the subject matterFinancial Statement AuditThe auditor has conducted sufficient tests and.
Practical approach to auditing is a presentation intended to help new auditors to quickly grab the skills and approach to audit engagements. The material touched on the attributes of auditors, audit planning, work programmes, audit journaling, working papers, audit test procedures, compliance and substantive test, elements of an audit report, file referencing etc..
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
AUDIT EVIDENCE &
AUDITING PROCEDURE
NATURE OF
EVIDENCE
TYPES OF
AUDIT EVIDENCE
PERSUASIVENESS
OF EVIDENCE
3. Definition:
any information used by the auditor to
determine whether the information being
audited is stated in accordance with the
established criteria
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
5. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
AUDIT PROCEDURES
Detailed instruction for the collection of a type of
audit evidence through out audit process
SAMPLE SIZE
The decision of how many items to test
SAMPLE SIZE
The decision of how many items to test
ITEMS TO SELECT
The decision of which items in the population to test
ITEMS TO SELECT
The decision of which items in the population to test
TIMING
The period of the items to be tested
TIMING
The period of the items to be tested
6. ISA 500 Audit Evidence requires the auditor to
accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence to
support the opinion issued
Determinants of the persuasiveness of evidence
are
Appropriateness or Reliability
Sufficiency
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
7. Definition: the degree to which evidence can be
considered reliable or worthy of trust
E.g. if an auditor counted the inventory, the
evidence will be more appropriate if the auditor
counted the inventory rather than the
management give the figure
7 characteristics of appropriate or reliable
evidence:-
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
1. Relevance
2. Independence of provider
7. Timeliness
3. Effectiveness of client’s
internal control
5. Qualifications of individuals
providing the information
6. Degree of objectivity
4. Auditor’s direct knowledge
8. Definition: Measured primarily by the sample size
the auditor select
2 factors determine the appropriate sample
size:-
Auditor’s expectation of misstatements
Effectiveness of the client’s internal controls
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
9. 1. Physical examination
2. Confirmation
3. Documentation
4. Analytical procedures
5. Inquiries of the client
6. Re-performance
7. observation
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
10. The inspection or count by the auditor of a
tangible asset
Objective:
Verifying that an asset actually exist
(existence obj.)
Ascertaining both the quantity & the
description of the asset
Evaluating an asset’s condition or quality
AUD390 AUDITING DIA
11. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
The receipt of a written or oral response from
an independent third party verifying the
accuracy of information that was requested by
the auditor
ISA 501…identifies 2 common types of
confirmation requests i.e. positive
confirmation & negative confirmation
12. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
Positive confirmation
– Ask the recipient to respond in all
circumstances
Negative confirmation
– The recipient is asked to respond only when
the information is incorrect
IMPORTANT: Process of getting confirmation must
be controlled by the auditor from the time
they are prepared until they are returned; to
maintain the reliability of the evidence
13. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
The auditor’s examination of the client’s
documents & records to substantiate the
information that is or should be included in the
financial statements
Advantage:
– Widely used
– Readily available at a relatively low cost
Classified into 2; Internal & External
14. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
Internal Documents
– Docs. that has been prepared & used within
the client’s organisation & retained without
ever going to an outside party
– E.g. duplicate sales invoice, employees’ time
reports & inventory receiving report
15. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
External Documents
– Docs. that has been in the hands of someone
outside the client’s organisation; who is party
to the transaction, but which is either currently
in the hands of the client or readily accessible
– In some cases, docs originate outside the
client’s organisation & ended up in the hand of
client
16. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
– E.g. vendor’s invoices, cancelled note payable,
insurance policies, cancelled cheque (returned
by supplier/vendor)
Vouching … the process in which the auditor use
documentation to support recorded transactions
or amounts
– E.g. to vouch recorded acquisition transactions,
the auditor trace transaction from acquisition
journal to support vendor’s invoices & receiving
reports
17. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
ISA 520 – Analytical procedures use comparisons &
relationships to assess whether account balances
or other data appear reasonable
It is being used for different purposes on an audit
– Understand the client’s industry & business
– Assess the entity’s ability to continue as a going
concern
– Indicate the presence of possible misstatements
in the financial statements
– Reduce detailed audit tests
18. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
Obtaining of written or oral information from the
client in response to questions from the auditor
Disadvantage:
– It is not from an independent source & may be
biased in the client’s favor
When the auditor choose to obtain evidence
through inquiries, it is normally necessary to
obtain further corroborating evidence through
other method
19. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
Involves rechecking a sample of the computations
and transfers of information made by the client
during the period under audit
Also known as testing the client’s arithmetical
accuracy
20. AUD390 AUDITING DIA
Definition: The use of the sense to assess certain
activities
Opportunities to exercise sight, hearing, touch &
smell to evaluate a wide range of items
21. 1. List 3 sources of audit evidence with an
example of each of the source.
2. List the 4 determinants for the persuasiveness
of the audit evidence and give a brief
explanation for each.
3. Classify the following evidences as either
internal or external documents
i. Purchase requisition
ii. Original copy of Delivery Note
iii. Cheque butt
iv. Payment vouchers
4. What is a standardized audit program?
5. Explain 3 advantages and disadvantages of
standardized audit program?
AUD390 AUDITING DIA