Describe the function of digestive systems in animals. Identify the needs of nutrition in plants. Describe the transportation of water and nutrients in plants

1. TOPIC 4:NUTRITION
part 2

2. Learning outcomes
1. Iden5fy the func5ons of nutrients.
2. Compare intracellular and extracellular
diges5on.
3. Describe the func5on of diges5ve systems in
animals.
4. Iden5fy the needs of nutri5on in plants.
5. Describe the transporta5on of water and
nutrients in plants.

3. Diges1ve System in Animals
Animals diges5ve system could be categorized
based on their ea5ng strategies.
Types of animals:
1. Herbivores : mainly on plants or algae.
2. Carnivores : mostly eat other animals.
3. Omnivores: consume animals as well as
plants.

5. Describe the func5on of diges5ve
systems in animals.

6. Tube-Within-a-Tube Body Plan
• most animals have a complete tube-within-a-tube
(complete diges5ve system)
• it has a mouth and anus.
• This inner tube is separated from the body wall by the
coelom/cavity.
• similar across animal species.

7. Tube-Within-a-Tube

8. 1. Ingests food
2. Diges1on:
Breaks down
food into smaller
molecules
3. Absorbs small
molecules/
nutrients
4. Eliminates
indiges1ble
waste
4 Essen5al func5ons in diges5ve system

9. Human Digestive System: Draw and Label it!

10. [structure]
• [func5ons]
Prepare this MAP

11. 1. Mouth
• the diges5ve tract begins with the mouth.
• teeth mechanically tear and grind food,
• salivary glands release the enzyme amylase into the
mouth to degrade carbohydrates.
• The ground, par5ally-digested food material that is
swallowed is called a bolus.

12. 2. Pharynx
• the diges5ve and respiratory
systems share a common
passage behind the mouth
called the pharynx.
• The flow of food through the
pharynx è esophagus is
assisted by the epigloWs, which
covers the respiratory passage.
• The rhythmic contrac5ons of the
esophagus, called peristalsis,
move food to the stomach.

13. Watch this:
hYp://bit.ly/1JnOxk5

14. 3. Stomach
• proteins in food are
digested.
• low pH and the enzyme
pepsin accomplish the
diges5on of proteins to
polypep5des
• Peristalsis moves food
through the stomach
• a sphincter regulates the
flow of digested food into
the intes5ne.

15. Peristalsis move food (bolus) through the stomach
Regulates the
flow of
digested food
into intes5ne
through the
duodenum

16. 4. Small Intes1ne
• The digested food material the
exits the stomach and enters
the small intes5ne is called
chyme.
• Small intes5ne divided into 3
parts:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum (most absorp5on)
The small intes5ne provides 2 func1ons.
1. Addi5onal diges5on of food material
2. Absorp5on of nutrients

17. • 3 addi5onal organs (accessory
organs) that assist the small
intes5ne:
1. Liver
2. gallbladder,
3. pancreas
• The liver produces bile to emulsify
fats for diges5on and absorp5on.
• Excess bile is stored in the
gallbladder.
• The pancreas produces a juice that
contains substances that enhance
diges5on:
1. Sodium bicarbonate, to
increase chymal pH
2. Pancrea5c enzymes/diges5ve
enzyme

18. • There are several pancrea5c enzymes:
1. Pancrea5c amylase to digest starches
2. Trypsin to digest proteins
3. Lipase to digest fats
4. Nuclease to digest nucleic acids - nucleo5des
5. Erepsin (pep5dase) to digest pep5des – amino
acids

19. • Absorp5on of the digested
nutrients is facilitated by
hair-like villi in the
intes5ne.
• The villi have microvilli to
greatly increase their
surface area for
absorp5on.
• Lacteal (lympha5c
capillary) absorbed
digested fats.

20. 5. Liver
A variety
of
func1ons:
Removal of
poisons and
toxins from
the blood
Produc1on
of plasma
proteins
Destruc1on
of old red
blood cells
Produc1on
of bile
Storage of
glucose as
glycogen
Produc1on of urea,
a nitrogenous
waste (mainly form
protein/ amino
acid metabolism)

21. • The liver func5ons
are carried out, as
blood from the
intes5nes travels
to the liver
through the
hepa5c portal
system.

22. Liver disorders
• Disorders of the liver.
– Jaundice : an excessive concentra5on of bile
pigments in the blood.
– Hepa55s :viral infec5on of the liver.
– During cirrhosis (eg: in alcoholic pa5ent), liver 5ssue
changes to become faYy and then non-func5onal
scar 5ssue.

24. 6. Pancreas
The pancreas
func5ons as
both an
endocrine and
exocrine gland.
The ENDOCRINE
func5on:
secre5on of insulin
and glucagon into
the bloodstream.
The EXOCRINE
func5on :
secre5on of
pancrea5c juice into
the small intes5ne.

25. 7. Large Intes1ne
• The large intes5ne absorbs water, salts, and
some vitamins.
• The appendix is a pouch of the large intes5ne.
• Bacteria in the large intes5ne digest remaining
material prior to excre5on of the wastes
(feces) through the anus.

27. STOMACH IN RUMINANT

28. • Ruminant is animals that have a stomach with a
compartment called the rumen.
• The rumen contains symbio5c bacteria that help these
herbivores digest plants.
• When animals chew cud, they are chewing the
par5ally-digested rumen product.
• plants which contain high percentage of cellulose;
digested by enzyme cellulase

29. What is cud?
Cud is a por5on of food that returns from a ruminant's
stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second 5me.
it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the
re5culorumen of a ruminant.
Cud is produced during the physical diges5ve process of
rumina5on.

30. 1. Iden5fy the needs of nutri5on in plants.
2. Describe the transporta5on of water and
nutrients in plants.

31. Plant Nutri1on
• require only inorganic nutrients to survive.
• convert these inorganic nutrients to the organic
compounds needed for life.
• Some inorganic elements are essen5al, meaning that
plants have an absolute requirement for those
elements.

32. • The essen5al nutrients are divided into two
categories based upon their rela5ve
concentra5ons in plant 5ssues.
1. Macronutrients are elements that are
required in large amounts.
2. Micronutrients are required in small
amounts for specialized func5ons.

33. Plant Nutri1on
• There are 9 macronutrients.
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Phosphorus
5. Potassium
6. Nitrogen
7. Sulfur
8. Calcium
9. Magnesium
• There are 7 micronutrients,
which serve primarily as
enzyme cofactors.
1. Iron
2. Boron
3. Manganese
4. Copper
5. Zinc
6. Chloride
7. Molybdenum

34. • Deficiencies in one or more of these nutrients can
stunt plant growth.

37. Uptake of Nutrient-laden water
• Many plant structures and func5ons are adapted to
limited amounts of water and dissolved mineral ions
• Amount of water and minerals available for plants to
take up depends on the composi5on of soil
• The root systems of vascular plants absorb water
and mineral in the soil for nutrients

38. Uptake of Water and Nutrient by Root

39. How plant roots absorb water?

44. • Casparian strip prevent
water and solutes from
passing between cells
into vascular cylinder.
• The water-impermeable
Casparian strip forces
water and solute to
move through
endodermal cells, not
past them.
• Water and solutes must
flow through cells
• Transport mechanisms
in the cells control water
and nutrient uptake.