The document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals obtain food from plants or other animals and cannot produce their own food. It then covers different modes of nutrition like holozoic and heterotrophic. Various types of heterotrophs are classified like herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, and scavengers. The stages of the digestion process - ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion - are outlined. Specific examples of digestion in amoeba and the human digestive system are described.
1) Animals obtain their nutrition from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants.
2) Digestion in animals involves the intake of food, breakdown of food into smaller molecules, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
3) Different animals have different digestive systems and ways of taking in food depending on their diet. For example, herbivores like cows have a multi-chambered stomach to break down plant cellulose with bacteria.
YOUTUBE VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GgV4xo21mFU
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https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
Class vii-mode of nutrition in plants-manju lijuLijuKrishnan
This document provides information about plant nutrition and photosynthesis. It discusses the food chain and trophic levels. The major nutrients needed by plants, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are described. Modes of nutrition like autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition are explained. Autotrophs like photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs are defined. The process of photosynthesis and the roles of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, stomata and transportation vessels are summarized. Modifications in leaves and examples of non-green plants are mentioned.
This document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals get their food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. It then describes different ways that various animals ingest food, such as hummingbirds sucking nectar, humans chewing and swallowing, snakes swallowing whole prey, and starfish eating shellfish by extruding their stomach. Next, it outlines the five main processes of nutrition in animals: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It provides more details on the digestive systems and processes of humans, ruminants, amoebas and hydras.
This document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by introducing different types of animals and dietary categories such as omnivores, herbivores, and carnivores. It then explains why animals require nutrition to provide energy, support biosynthesis, and obtain ready-made nutrients. The digestive system and modes of digestion in different animals are described. The document outlines autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition and provides examples of each. It concludes by emphasizing the diversity in how animals obtain nutrition to meet their varying requirements.
Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. There are five main steps in the nutrients process: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Ingestion involves taking substances into the body through the mouth. Digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules. Absorption is when digested food passes into the bloodstream. Assimilation converts absorbed nutrients into tissues. Egestion removes undigested waste from the body.
1) Animals obtain their nutrition from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants.
2) Digestion in animals involves the intake of food, breakdown of food into smaller molecules, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
3) Different animals have different digestive systems and ways of taking in food depending on their diet. For example, herbivores like cows have a multi-chambered stomach to break down plant cellulose with bacteria.
YOUTUBE VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GgV4xo21mFU
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
Class vii-mode of nutrition in plants-manju lijuLijuKrishnan
This document provides information about plant nutrition and photosynthesis. It discusses the food chain and trophic levels. The major nutrients needed by plants, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are described. Modes of nutrition like autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition are explained. Autotrophs like photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs are defined. The process of photosynthesis and the roles of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, stomata and transportation vessels are summarized. Modifications in leaves and examples of non-green plants are mentioned.
This document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals get their food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. It then describes different ways that various animals ingest food, such as hummingbirds sucking nectar, humans chewing and swallowing, snakes swallowing whole prey, and starfish eating shellfish by extruding their stomach. Next, it outlines the five main processes of nutrition in animals: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It provides more details on the digestive systems and processes of humans, ruminants, amoebas and hydras.
This document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by introducing different types of animals and dietary categories such as omnivores, herbivores, and carnivores. It then explains why animals require nutrition to provide energy, support biosynthesis, and obtain ready-made nutrients. The digestive system and modes of digestion in different animals are described. The document outlines autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition and provides examples of each. It concludes by emphasizing the diversity in how animals obtain nutrition to meet their varying requirements.
Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. There are five main steps in the nutrients process: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Ingestion involves taking substances into the body through the mouth. Digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules. Absorption is when digested food passes into the bloodstream. Assimilation converts absorbed nutrients into tissues. Egestion removes undigested waste from the body.
The document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals obtain food by eating plants or other animals that eat plants, exhibiting heterotrophic nutrition. It then describes the three main types of animals based on their food habits - herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. The process of nutrition in animals involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. Specific examples of nutrition in amoeba, paramecium, hydra and humans are provided.
This document discusses nutrition and digestion in animals. It begins by explaining that animals obtain food either directly from plants or indirectly by eating other animals that eat plants. The process of nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. Digestion breaks down complex foods into simpler substances using enzymes. Different organisms ingest food in different ways such as sucking, swallowing, or engulfing. The document then focuses on digestion in humans, describing the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses digestion in ruminants which is a two-step process involving bacteria in the rumen.
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion. It describes how different animals obtain and digest food in different ways, such as chewing, sucking, and swallowing. It then focuses on human digestion, describing the parts of the digestive system and how digestion occurs through mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Other types of digestion are also discussed, such as ruminant digestion in cows and enzymatic digestion in single-celled organisms like amoebas. Several hands-on activities are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The digestive system is a series of hollow organs that forms a long twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it passes through this system. Digestion involves the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream. The digestive system contains glands that produce juices to help break down food as it passes through organs like the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
Cbse class 10 science life processes notes Qsr Wasim
1. The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, circulation and excretion. It focuses on nutrition in detail.
2. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic where organisms make their own food, and heterotrophic where organisms depend on others for food. Heterotrophic nutrition includes holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic modes.
3. The human digestive system is described in detail including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and associated glands. Enzymatic digestion and absorption occurs throughout the system.
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion in humans and other animals. It provides details on the different parts of the human digestive system and their functions, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also describes digestion in grass-eating animals like cows that undergo rumination. The process of digestion in single-celled organisms like amoeba is discussed. The document includes activities to observe types of teeth, the effect of saliva on starch, and taste regions of the tongue.
Animal nutrition involves the intake and utilization of food. Animals obtain nutrients directly or indirectly from plants. Digestion is the process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances. Different animals obtain and ingest food in different ways such as chewing, sucking, and filtering. The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. In the mouth, teeth break down food and saliva begins to digest starches. Food then moves through the esophagus to the stomach where digestion continues, then into the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Undigested waste moves into the large intestine then rectum and is excreted.
The document summarizes the key processes in human digestion:
- Ingestion involves taking food into the mouth through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase on starch.
- In the stomach, food is further broken down through both physical and chemical digestion. Gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin aid in protein digestion.
- Digestion is completed in the small intestine through the actions of pancreatic juices, bile, and intestinal juices. These contain enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
- Absorption occurs along the villi of the small intestine
YOU TUBE VIDEO: https://youtu.be/qkc4veRQ8cw
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
The document discusses different types of nutrition in living organisms. It describes two main types - autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis like plants, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other sources. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic and insectivorous. The document also provides details about the nutrition process in animals, including ingestion, digestion in different organs like the stomach and intestines, absorption in the small intestine, and egestion of waste.
This document summarizes the digestive system and process of digestion in animals. It describes the main parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. It explains how food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, and absorbed in these structures. Specific details are provided about digestion in ruminant animals like cows that practice rumination, and in single-celled amoebas that use pseudopodia to engulf food particles.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. While all animals have a digestive system, the specific structures and processes vary between invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates may digest food intracellularly within cells or extracellularly through specialized organs. Vertebrates exclusively use extracellular digestion along an alimentary canal containing specialized organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. However, there is still variation between different vertebrate digestive systems.
Nutrition and digestion allow animals to take in nutrients from food, break the food down, absorb it, and use it for energy and growth. Nutrition includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, storage, and use of nutrients. Digestion is the breakdown of food into absorbable particles through chemical and mechanical means. There are many feeding strategies like herbivory, predation, deposit feeding, and fluid feeding as well as continuous and discontinuous feeding. Digestive structures also vary from protozoa to invertebrates to vertebrates.
This document provides an overview of animal nutrition and human digestion. It discusses how different animals obtain nutrition in different ways depending on their structures. It then focuses on human digestion, describing the stages of ingestion through the alimentary canal, including digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Key processes at each stage like chewing, peristalsis, secretion of acids and enzymes are explained.
The process of nutrition in amoeba involves ingestion of food particles using pseudopodia, digestion of the food within a food vacuole by enzymes, absorption of digested materials into the cytoplasm, assimilation of nutrients to gain energy and materials for growth and repair, and egestion of undigested waste. Nutrition in humans similarly involves ingestion through the mouth, digestion of food through secretion of enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, absorption of digested nutrients in the small intestine, assimilation of nutrients by cells, and egestion of undigested waste through the large intestine and rectum.
All about biology in the 2 bimester biologypgarcia2000
The document provides information about the digestive systems of various animals. It begins by explaining what the digestive system is and its main organs and functions. It then describes and compares the digestive systems of birds, horses, insects, snakes, mollusks, and other animals. The key organs that process food in the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive system breaks down food, separates out nutrients and minerals, and eliminates waste to help the body derive energy and nutrients from what is consumed.
General Entomology (Biol.2032) power pointDavidGosa1
This short and precise note ha been prepared by instructor Gobu Gosa (MSc in Zoologucal Sciences) in 2020 at Raya University, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia.
This document discusses the basic needs of animals for survival, including protection, movement, ingestion of food, transport of materials, defense, respiration, control/response to the environment, and elimination of wastes. It describes the integumentary system that protects the body, the three types of skeletons (hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton) that provide support, and the three types of muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) that allow for movement. The processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food are explained. The circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory and nervous systems are introduced as means of transport, defense, gas exchange and environmental response.
The document discusses the process of nutrition in organisms. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs like plants can synthesize their own food using photosynthesis, requiring carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Heterotrophs obtain food from other sources and break it down using enzymes. The human digestive system breaks down ingested food through a multi-step process involving several organs like the mouth, stomach and small intestine to extract nutrients for absorption and use in the body.
The document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals obtain food by eating plants or other animals that eat plants, exhibiting heterotrophic nutrition. It then describes the three main types of animals based on their food habits - herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. The process of nutrition in animals involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. Specific examples of nutrition in amoeba, paramecium, hydra and humans are provided.
This document discusses nutrition and digestion in animals. It begins by explaining that animals obtain food either directly from plants or indirectly by eating other animals that eat plants. The process of nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. Digestion breaks down complex foods into simpler substances using enzymes. Different organisms ingest food in different ways such as sucking, swallowing, or engulfing. The document then focuses on digestion in humans, describing the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses digestion in ruminants which is a two-step process involving bacteria in the rumen.
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion. It describes how different animals obtain and digest food in different ways, such as chewing, sucking, and swallowing. It then focuses on human digestion, describing the parts of the digestive system and how digestion occurs through mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Other types of digestion are also discussed, such as ruminant digestion in cows and enzymatic digestion in single-celled organisms like amoebas. Several hands-on activities are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The digestive system is a series of hollow organs that forms a long twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it passes through this system. Digestion involves the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream. The digestive system contains glands that produce juices to help break down food as it passes through organs like the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
Cbse class 10 science life processes notes Qsr Wasim
1. The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, circulation and excretion. It focuses on nutrition in detail.
2. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic where organisms make their own food, and heterotrophic where organisms depend on others for food. Heterotrophic nutrition includes holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic modes.
3. The human digestive system is described in detail including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and associated glands. Enzymatic digestion and absorption occurs throughout the system.
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion in humans and other animals. It provides details on the different parts of the human digestive system and their functions, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also describes digestion in grass-eating animals like cows that undergo rumination. The process of digestion in single-celled organisms like amoeba is discussed. The document includes activities to observe types of teeth, the effect of saliva on starch, and taste regions of the tongue.
Animal nutrition involves the intake and utilization of food. Animals obtain nutrients directly or indirectly from plants. Digestion is the process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances. Different animals obtain and ingest food in different ways such as chewing, sucking, and filtering. The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. In the mouth, teeth break down food and saliva begins to digest starches. Food then moves through the esophagus to the stomach where digestion continues, then into the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Undigested waste moves into the large intestine then rectum and is excreted.
The document summarizes the key processes in human digestion:
- Ingestion involves taking food into the mouth through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase on starch.
- In the stomach, food is further broken down through both physical and chemical digestion. Gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin aid in protein digestion.
- Digestion is completed in the small intestine through the actions of pancreatic juices, bile, and intestinal juices. These contain enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
- Absorption occurs along the villi of the small intestine
YOU TUBE VIDEO: https://youtu.be/qkc4veRQ8cw
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
The document discusses different types of nutrition in living organisms. It describes two main types - autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis like plants, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other sources. Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic and insectivorous. The document also provides details about the nutrition process in animals, including ingestion, digestion in different organs like the stomach and intestines, absorption in the small intestine, and egestion of waste.
This document summarizes the digestive system and process of digestion in animals. It describes the main parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. It explains how food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, and absorbed in these structures. Specific details are provided about digestion in ruminant animals like cows that practice rumination, and in single-celled amoebas that use pseudopodia to engulf food particles.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. While all animals have a digestive system, the specific structures and processes vary between invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates may digest food intracellularly within cells or extracellularly through specialized organs. Vertebrates exclusively use extracellular digestion along an alimentary canal containing specialized organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. However, there is still variation between different vertebrate digestive systems.
Nutrition and digestion allow animals to take in nutrients from food, break the food down, absorb it, and use it for energy and growth. Nutrition includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, storage, and use of nutrients. Digestion is the breakdown of food into absorbable particles through chemical and mechanical means. There are many feeding strategies like herbivory, predation, deposit feeding, and fluid feeding as well as continuous and discontinuous feeding. Digestive structures also vary from protozoa to invertebrates to vertebrates.
This document provides an overview of animal nutrition and human digestion. It discusses how different animals obtain nutrition in different ways depending on their structures. It then focuses on human digestion, describing the stages of ingestion through the alimentary canal, including digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Key processes at each stage like chewing, peristalsis, secretion of acids and enzymes are explained.
The process of nutrition in amoeba involves ingestion of food particles using pseudopodia, digestion of the food within a food vacuole by enzymes, absorption of digested materials into the cytoplasm, assimilation of nutrients to gain energy and materials for growth and repair, and egestion of undigested waste. Nutrition in humans similarly involves ingestion through the mouth, digestion of food through secretion of enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, absorption of digested nutrients in the small intestine, assimilation of nutrients by cells, and egestion of undigested waste through the large intestine and rectum.
All about biology in the 2 bimester biologypgarcia2000
The document provides information about the digestive systems of various animals. It begins by explaining what the digestive system is and its main organs and functions. It then describes and compares the digestive systems of birds, horses, insects, snakes, mollusks, and other animals. The key organs that process food in the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive system breaks down food, separates out nutrients and minerals, and eliminates waste to help the body derive energy and nutrients from what is consumed.
General Entomology (Biol.2032) power pointDavidGosa1
This short and precise note ha been prepared by instructor Gobu Gosa (MSc in Zoologucal Sciences) in 2020 at Raya University, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia.
This document discusses the basic needs of animals for survival, including protection, movement, ingestion of food, transport of materials, defense, respiration, control/response to the environment, and elimination of wastes. It describes the integumentary system that protects the body, the three types of skeletons (hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton) that provide support, and the three types of muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) that allow for movement. The processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food are explained. The circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory and nervous systems are introduced as means of transport, defense, gas exchange and environmental response.
The document discusses the process of nutrition in organisms. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs like plants can synthesize their own food using photosynthesis, requiring carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Heterotrophs obtain food from other sources and break it down using enzymes. The human digestive system breaks down ingested food through a multi-step process involving several organs like the mouth, stomach and small intestine to extract nutrients for absorption and use in the body.
The document discusses different modes of nutrition in living organisms. It describes heterotrophic nutrition where organisms depend on other organisms for food. The three types of heterotrophic nutrition are parasitic, saprophytic, and holozoic. Parasitic organisms harm their hosts, saprophytes feed on dead and decaying matter, and holozoic organisms ingest complex foods. Holozoic nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Examples of different organisms and their modes of nutrition are provided, including the human digestive system.
The document discusses various life processes including nutrition, respiration, and transport in living organisms. It provides details on the different types of nutrition like photosynthesis in plants, heterotrophic nutrition in animals and humans. The seven life processes - movement, respiration, sensitivity, nutrition, growth, excretion and reproduction are defined. Respiration occurs aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. The document also explains gas exchange and transport in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
This document discusses two types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophic nutrition involves organisms synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances in the environment, like plants. Heterotrophic nutrition involves organisms depending on other organisms for food, like animals. It also outlines the basic steps of nutrition in animals as ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
Life processes are the basic functions that are essential for survival in all living organisms. They include maintenance of protoplasmic structures, metabolism, nutrition, respiration, growth, exchange of materials, transportation, excretion, and irritability. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It is a key life process that sustains life on Earth.
1. This document summarizes the process of nutrition in living things. It describes two main types of nutrition: autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food (e.g. photosynthesis in plants), and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food from other living things (e.g. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores).
2. The document then focuses on autotrophic nutrition in plants, explaining the process of photosynthesis and how plants take in carbon dioxide through stomata in their leaves.
3. It also describes heterotrophic nutrition in organisms like amoebas, which obtain nutrition through endocytosis or phagocytosis, engulfing food particles for digestion.
The digestive system of insects begins with a mouth and ends with an anus. The digestive tract aids in obtaining, processing, and digesting food. It is also involved in producing messenger molecules that coordinate feeding and digestive activities. The main sections of the insect digestive system are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut involves ingestion and mechanical breakdown of food. The midgut contains digestive cells and is where most digestion occurs. The hindgut is involved in waste expulsion and housing symbiotic bacteria that help insects digest certain foods.
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. While all animals have a digestive system, the specific structures and processes vary between invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates may digest food intracellularly within cells or use specialized organs, while vertebrates always use extracellular digestion through a tube-like digestive tract from mouth to anus. The components of the digestive system differ between species to efficiently break down and absorb nutrients from different types of food.
The document discusses the process of photosynthesis in plants. It begins by defining photosynthesis as the process by which plants produce glucose and release oxygen using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight through the action of chlorophyll. It then describes the key components and stages of photosynthesis, including how raw materials are absorbed by the plant, the light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and the role of stomata in gas exchange. It concludes by explaining the importance of photosynthesis in providing food and maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Hello guys this is the notes of the chapter life processes in detail with all the diagrams of this chapter. I hope this PPT will help you to prepare for your examinations.
I hope you all are safe in your home
stay home, stay safe, stay connected
thank you.
The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Nutrition and respiration are essential life processes. Nutrition involves taking in nutrients from food to provide energy and materials for growth through processes like ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic where organisms produce their own food (like plants) and heterotrophic where food is obtained from other organisms. Respiration is the process by which living beings break down food to release energy. It involves breaking down glucose and pyruvate through aerobic and anaerobic pathways to produce energy molecules like ATP. Exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide is also crucial for aerobic respiration.
1) Animals obtain food through various methods such as filter feeding, detritivory, carnivory, herbivory, and nutritional symbiosis.
2) Digestion can occur intracellularly through specialized cells or extracellularly through digestive tracts and gastrovascular cavities. Digestive tracts break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion.
3) Mouthparts and digestive systems are specialized for different diets. Herbivores have adaptations for grinding plants while carnivores have sharp teeth for tearing meat. Herbivores also rely on microbial symbionts to aid in digestion.
The avian digestive system begins with the beak and mouth, where food is ingested but not chewed. The esophagus transports food to the crop for temporary storage. The proventriculus is the true stomach where digestion begins through enzymes. The gizzard uses strong muscles to grind food like teeth would. The small intestine continues digestion and nutrient absorption. The caeca and large intestine absorb remaining nutrients and water before waste exits through the cloaca. Accessory glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver secrete enzymes and fluids to further break down food into absorbable nutrients.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Nutritionh
in Animals
2
NLEARNING OBJECTIVES
*************e*reemeee**** ********************************
After completion of the chapter, students will be able to
1. understand the modes of nutrition in animals.
2. describe the digestive system in humans
3. illustrate different types of teeth.
4. explain nutrition in Amoeba and ruminants.
**** *******
***
************************ ** *********************************************
* * * * ' * * * * ' * *
Unlike plants, animals cannot make their own food. They get their food from
plants directly or indirectly. We know that all organisms including humans
need food for their growth, repair and functioning of the body. The process
of taking in food by an animal and its utilisation in the body is called animal
nutrition.
Animals do not make their own food but depend on the food synthesised by
plants, hence they are called heterotrophs and thus show heterotrophic mode
of nutrition. When the food is taken in the form of solid particles as a whole,
the method of food intake is known as holozoic nutrition.
4
Classification of Heterotrophs
There are different types of heterotrophs whose mode of feeding varies with
the kind of food they eat, like snake swallows its prey, tigerchewsitsfood, etc.
Based on the eating habits, the heterotrophs are classified as follows:
Herbivorous Animals: These are the animals that obtain their food only from
plants, e.g., cow, sheep, goat, deer, elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, etc
Carnivorous Animals: These are the animals that obtain their food by killing
other animals. They never eat plants or plant products, e.g, tiger, lizard, lion,
etc
Deer (Herbivorous) Lion (Carnivorous) Bear (Omnivorous)
22
2. Nutrition in Animals
.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' ' * * * ° ' * * ' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ° * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
**********************
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * * a r t ' * * * * * * * * * * * e * * * * * *
**************************|
Omnivorous Animals: Such animals consume plants as well as other animals
for nutrition, e.g., bear, dog, human beings, etc.
Parasites: Such organisms obtain their food from other animals either by
living inside or outside their body, e.g., tapeworm and roundworm (inside
body), tick and lice (outside body), etc.
Malarial parasite obtains its food from the human body by living inside the
body. Such parasites are known as endoparasites,
Leech sucks the blood of the human body or cattle, from outside the body.
Such parasites are known as ectoparasites.
Tapeworm (Parasite)
Scavengers: Scavengers are those animals who feed on the remains of dead
animals, e.g., vulture, crow, jackal, etc.
Vulture (Scavenger)
HETEROTROPHS
Herbivorous Carnivorous Omnivorous Parasites Scavengers
Roundworm
Jackal
Goat Eagle Hen
Endoparasites Ectoparasites
Malarial parasite Tick
ProcessofNutrition Ingestion
These are five steps in the process of
nutrition in animals: Ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion.
Egestion PROCESS Digestion
OF
NUTRITION
Ingestion
Taking in of food inside the body is known Assimilation
as ingestion. Different organisms have
different ways of taking in food, eg, in case of
cats, tigers, rats or human beings the food is taken in through the mouth.
Bees and humming birds suck nectar of flowers. Snakes swallow their prey as
a whole. Some aquatic animals filter tiny food particles floating nearby and
feed upon them.
Absorption
Digestion
Digestion is the process by which the complex insoluble food is broken down
into simple soluble food substances. This way it can be easily absorbed by the
cells of an organism to carry out vital bodily functions. For example, if you eat
Process of ingestion
23
3. SCience-VI
******""*****.
********************'****************************"************************'******"*'*************************°************************ .......
chapati, rice, etc., it cannot be absorbed by the blood or the cells of c
Our bod
as such. These food substances have to be broken down into simnlarsy
by digestive juices for the body to assimilate them. All organisms, other
tha
parasites, must digest their food before it is absorbed and assimilated h
by trhe
body
Do You Know?
Starfish feeds on sea animals
covered by hard shells of calcium
carbonate
After opening the shell, it pops
Out its stomach through ts
mouth to eat the soft animal
Absorption
Absorption is the process in which the simple soluble digested food:
absorbed by the body fluids of living organisms. These are then
transported
to different parts of the body. In human beings, the absorption of simple forme
of food takes place in small intestine.
is
inside the shell. Then, stomach
goes back into the body andfood
IS easily digested
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process in which the soluble food substances absorbed by
the body fluids are carried to different parts of the body to be consumed for
energy, growth and repair. The absorbed substances transported to different
organs are used to build complex substances such as proteins and fats. The
food absorbed by the body is further acted upon by oxygen taken in
during
respiration. This process is known as oxidation of food which releases energy
for the various activities the organism perfor ms.
Egestion
Egestion is the process in which the undigested and unabsorbed food is
thrown out from the body.
Nutrition in Amoeba
Amoeba is a microscopic unicellular organism. It is usually found in water or
moist soil. It has no definite shape. It has a cell membrane, a rounded dense
nucleus and many small bubble like vacuoles in it
nutrition is as follows:
cytoplasm. Its process of
Ingestion: Amoeba engulfs its food by slowly wrapping finger-like projections
(called pseudopodia) around the food. The food becomes trapped in a food
vacuole.
Digestion: Digestive juices are released in the food vacuole. These juices
break down the food into simple soluble substances.
Absorption: The digested food in the food vacuole is absorbed into the
cytoplasm.
Assimilation: Theabsorbed food gets stored and then utilised for its growth,
energy and multiplication.
Pseudopodium
forming food
vacuole around
Prey Pseudopodia food item
Digestive juices secreted
in the food vacuole
leading to digestion
of the prey
Undigested
material
is voided
Contractile
vacuole
Process of nutrition in Amoeba
24
4. Nutrition in Animals
**************************** ***°*************************************.***************************************************************************** *******'*******"*
Egestion: The cell membrane of the Amoeba abruptly rips apart from any
place and the waste material (undigested food) is expelled out from its body.
SampleQuestions
Q. Explain the digestion process in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
Ans. Amoeba is unicellular organism, it captures food with the help of finger like
projections called pseudopodia that
helps amoeba to engulf the food. Food Vacuole Nucleus
now become trapped in food vacuole
and with the help of digestive juices,
complex food is converted into simple
substances. Gradually the digested
food is absorbed and undigested
food is expelled
Food
Pseudopodia
Food
particle
-Egested
waste
outside by the Digestion in Amoeba
vacuole.
MCHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. Complete the following flow-chart of the process of nutrition in animals.
transport to
Ingestion of food
different body parts- egestion ofundigested food
2. Match the animals in Column I with their category in Column II.
Column I Column II
Vulture Herbivore
Bear Scavenger
Kangaroo Parasite
Tiger Omnivore
Leech Carnivore
Process ofNutritionin Human Beings
Much of the food we eat consists of particles that are too big to pass through
the cell membrane. Therefore, the food must first be broken down into small
molecules before it can diffuse into the bloodstream and carried to the cells of
the body. The process of breaking down complex food into smaller molecules
that can be easily absorbed is called digestion. This process takes place in
the digestive system of the body. The human digestive system consists of the
alimentary canal and its associated glands.
Digestive System in Human Beings
The food that is eatern passes from mouth to the anus through a long tube
called the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about
10m long. Its various parts are: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum and anus. The glands associated with the canal are
salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
25
5. .. ******n
SCience-VII
*************************** * ************
****************************************************************************************
Oral cavity-
Tongue
Salivary gland-
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Liver Stomach
Gall bladder
Duodenum
Pancreas
Largeintestine Small intestine
Appendix Rectum
Anus
Human digestive system
The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
The mouth is an opening between the lips. It leads t the buccal or oral cayity
The oral cavity has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue. The food is
ingested through the mouth. Digestion begins insiIde our mouth when we
chew the food. While chewing the food, the teeth help to cut and grind it into
smaller pieces, and the tongue mixes it with saliva for digestion. This process
is called mastication. The mouth and buccal cavity contains teeth, tongue and
salivary glands.
Teeth
Teeth are hard structures covered with white substance
called enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance in the
body. The first set of teeth that grow during infancy and
fall off at the age of 6-8 years are called milk teeth. There
are 20 teeths in total 10-in each jaw. They are replaced
by a second set of teeth called permanent teeth that are
never replaced. There are 32 teeth-16 in each jaw. Each
tooth is rooted in a separate socket in the gums.
Molars
Premolars
Canines
There are four types of teeth inside the moutn.
They are: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars and
6 molars in each jaw. Each type of teeth has separate
function. They also differ in size, shape and number.
Incisors are at the front and centre of the mouth. The
nave a sharp, straight cutting edge to cut and bite fO00
Canines are next to incisors. They are sharp and pointEd
Incisors
Arrangement of teeth in humans
They are used to stab, tear and pierce food.
26
6. Nutrition in Animals
**************************************************************************************************************e**********************************************************************"***
Premolars and molars are found at the back and sides of the jaw. They are
used for chewing and grinding the food before it is swallowed.
ACTIVITY21
To study different types of teeth
Run your tongue over your teeth while reading thissentence
You will be able to identify allthefourtypesofteeth.
We have all the four types of teeth but no one type is bigger than the other.
Teeth type Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
Front of teeth
(4 in each
jaw)
(4 in each
jaw)
(2 in each
Number in Ist set
jaw) Total 20
(Milk Teeth) 8
8 4
4 8 12
Number in 2nd set
Total 32
(4 in each| (6 in each
jaw)
Stabbing&Chewing
(4 in each (2 in each
(Permanent Teeth)
jaw) jaw) jaw)
Function Cutting Mastication
Tearing
Toothache and Gum Disease
f you don't brush your teeth regularly, a yellow, sticky substance
called plaque is deposited ontheteethwhich initialy causes toothache.
Bacteria break down the sugars present in the food and release
acids, which gradually damage the teeth. This is called toothdecay
Over a long period of time the tooth may become loose and may
even fall out. Brushing teeth regulanly to remove bacteria from your
teeth can help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Adental floss
is a special strong thread which is moved between two teeth to remove trapped food particles
Do You Know?
We produce about 1-7 litres of
saliva everyday.
Tongue
The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ attached at the back of the floor of
buccal cavity. It is free at the front and can be moved in all possible directions
and it helps us in speaking, moving food around our mouth while we chew
mixing the saliva with food, pushing and swallowing the food inside the food
pipe. It has taste buds which allow us to know the taste of the food we eat.
Our tongue can distinguish four types of tastes-salty, sweet, sour and bitter.
Bitter-
Sour Sour
Saliva Salty Salty
Saliva is the clear liquid secreted by salivary glands inside our mouth. It is
made up of water and other chemicals. Saliva helps to keep the mouth moist
and starts to break down food even before it reaches our stomach. It breaks
down the starch in the food to sugars.
Sweet
Taste buds on tongue
27
7. SCience - VIl
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * * ° * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . .
. *****
* * *
ACTIVTY22
To study the effect of saliva on starch
Take two test tubes and label them as A and B.
In test tube A, put one teaspoonful of boiled rice.
In test tube B, keep one teaspoonful ofboiled rice after chewing it for a +
minutes.
to 5
Add 3-5 ml water in both the test tubes.
Pour 2-3 drops of iodine solution in each test tube and observe.
You will observe that a blue-black (or violet) colour is produced in test tube n
whereas no blue-black (or violet) colour is produced in test tube B.
Hence, it is proved that while chewing, the saliva breaks down the Starch
present in boiled rice to form sugar. Since, no starch is left in the test tube R
so no blue-black (or violet) colour is produced after adding iodine solution.
lodine solution
water
A
Boiled nce
Boiled and chewed nce
B,
A B
Oesophagus (or Food Pipe)
Oesophagus is a tube which runs from the back of the throat down the chest
and opens into the stomach. When the food has been swallowed, it moves down
the oesophagus through the progressive wave of contraction and relaxation
of muscles in its wall to reach the stomach. Such a movement of muscles is
called peristalsis. The food moves in the entire alimentary canal by peristalsis,
Sometimes, the food is not accepted by our stomach and is vomited out. The
windpipe runs along the food pipe. It carries air from the nostrils to the lungs. If
by chance, food enters the windpipe, we feel choked or get hiccups. It lasts only
for a few minutes. The common remedy is drinking a glass of cold water.
Contracted
muscle
Direction of
food movement|
Relaxed
muscle
Food-
Oesophagus
(showing peristalsis movement) The Stomach
The stomach is a thick-walled muscular bag with the lining that contains
digestive glands. These glands produce three important secretions in the inner
lining of stomach:
Mucous: It protects the walls of the stomach from attack by acidic
stomach (gastric) juices.
Digestive juices (containing pepsin): They help in break down of the
proteins into simpler substances.
Hydrochloric acid: The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the
food and provides the acidic conditions needed for the action of digestive
juices
The muscles of the stomach mix the food with digestive juices. The food, thus,
gets partly digested. It moves into small intestine for further digestion.
Do You Know?
The walls of the stomach contain
about 40 million gastric glands.
Do You Know?
During digestion, minerals and
vitamins do not need to be
changed. The cells are able to
absorb them as they are.
Do You Know?
The liver weighs 16 kg and is the
largest gland of our body. The Small Intestine
Digestion: The digestion offood completes in the small intestine. The small
intestine of an adult person is about 7.5 metres long. It receives secretions
from the liver and pancreas. Besides, its wall also secretes juices. The liver
is a reddish brown, largest gland in the body situated in the upper part of
abdomen on the right side. It secretes bile juice which is stored in the gall
bladder. Fats are more difficult to digest than proteins and carbohydrates.
This is because they are not soluble in water. Bile helps to break down fats
into tiny droplets that can be further digested.
28
8. Nutrition in Animals
***
************************ssese ******* ****************
********* *************************************sin*ed*4st0***************"
Pancreas, a large cream coloured gland present just below the stomach,
secretes pancreatic juices and helps to digest carbohydrates, fats and
proteins into simpler forms. The partly digested food reaches the lower
part of small intestine where intestinal juice, secreted by small intestine,
completes the digestion of all the components of food. The carbohydrate
gets broken down into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids and fats
into fatty acids and glycerol.
Absorption and Assimilation: Digested food, together with some vitamins
and minerals is absorbed by the walls of the small intestine and then
transferred into the bloodstream. This process is called absorption. The
small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal. The inner surface
of small intestine contains a large number of finger-like projections called
villi (singular-villus). These tiny projections on its inner walls further increase
their surface area for absorption. Each villus has a network of thin and small
blood vessels close to its surface. The surface of villi absorbs the digested
food materials.
Pancreatic
duct
Bile duct-
Duodenum-
Pancreas
Uver
Stomach
The absorbed substances are transported to different organs of the body
by the blood where they are used to build complex substances like proteins,
required by the body and give energy. This process is called assimilation.
Glucose is broken down in the cell with the help of oxygen into carbondioxide
and water to provide energy.
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Small
intestine
The Large Intestine Water and
mineral salts
Undigested food along with digested food passes into the large intestine from
the small intestine. The length of large intestine is about 1.5 metres. Its chief
function is the absorption of water and salts from undigested food material. Here, intestine
most ofthe water and mineral salts are absorbed into the bloodstream. The large
intestine secretes no digestive juices. The material that remains now is more
semi-solid. This material is called faeces or stool. Faeces is stored temporarily in
the rectum and then passed out ofthe bodythrough the anus. The act of expelling
the faeces is called egestion or defecation.
areabsorbed
intot
Large blood stream
Faeces
Rectum
Anus-
Digestion pathway of food
Diarrhoea: The condition in which a person passes out watery stools frequently
is called diarrhoea. It is caused by an infection, food poisoning or indigestion.
This leads to the loss of useful salts from the body and can cause dehydration.
It can be prevented by giving ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) to the patient
Suffering from diarrhoea.
Ruminants
Animals like cows, buffaloes, deer, sheep and bison eat grass, leaves
and hay. They chew their food and mix the saliva with their food and keep
swallowing quickly. They do this so that they can rest and hide themselves
trom carnivorous animals. Once the ruminant has finished eating, the food is
brought back up and rechewed. This is called chewing the cud or rumination
and these animals are known as ruminants, If the animal stops ruminating
this is a sign of ill health. The grass is rich in cellulose. The cellulose digesting
bacteria are not present in the body of human beings due to which human
beings cannot digest cellulose carbohydrate present in plant foods. Animals
like horses, rabbit, etc., digest the cellulose of the food by the action of bacteria
in a large sac like structure called 'caecum.
Do You Know?
In a cow, the process of
digestion takes 70-100 hours,
as compared to 2-24 hours in
humans.
29
9. SCience- VII ... *********.
The stomach of a ruminant has four chambers. It is called a compounr
stomach.
Rumen: This is the first chamber and is very large. The food reaches
rumen after swallowing. Here, it gets partially digested and is called cud
Reticulum: This is the second chamber where the cud goes and is sent
back to the mouth to be chewed further.
Omasum: This is the third chamber where the rechewed food reaches after
swallowing again. Here the food is further digested by digestive juices.
Abomasum: This is the fourth chamber. The food is further digested here
After digestion, the food, goes to small and large intestines for absorption
of nutrients.
Rumen
Omasum Intestine
Reticulum Abomasum or
rennet bag
Digestive system in ruminant
Sampleuestions
Q.1. Ruminants such as cows and buffaloes swallow their food hurriedly and
then sit restfully and chew their food. Can you reason why?
[NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. This is done for complete digestion of the food. When the food is swallowed
by ruminants, it is only partially digested. It is then again chewed for its
completedigestion
Q.2. Why we cannot digest celluloselikethe cattle do?
Ans. Cattle is grass eating animal, that contains cellulose and human being
cannot have certain enzymes or bacteria to digest cellulose.
Q.3. A got her gall bladder removed surgically as she was diagnosed with
stones in her gall bladder. After the surgery, she faced problems in
digestion of certain food items when consumed in bulk. Can you tell
which kind of food items would they be and why? [NCERT Exemplar)
Ans. The food tems would be fat because bile juice of the gall bladder helps in
the digestion of fat. Removal of gall bladder leads to difficulty in digestion
of fatty substances.
MCHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. Name the following:
(a) Teeth used to pierce food
(b) Protein digesting enzyme
30