The document discusses how adolescent brain development leads to typical teenage behaviours such as changes in attention, motivation, and risk-taking. Studies show the prefrontal cortex, which controls attention, undergoes changes during adolescence. Teenagers also underuse brain regions involved in motivation compared to adults. Some risk-taking allows exploration but can have negative outcomes. The immature prefrontal cortex makes it harder for teens to inhibit impulses. These behaviours are normal but parents should provide structure, consequences, and independence as brains mature.
Presentation developed for the Traffic Safety Summit held in Dallas, TX 11.15.07. Gives a basic overview of the adolescent brain development and the effects of harmful substances (drugs and alcohol), especially in regards to driving.
Adolescence is a time of growth and maturation in the brain, and it is also a time when many new behaviours begin to emerge (most of which irritate and frustrate parents!). These changes include changes in attention, in motivation and in risk-taking behaviour. Surprisingly, many of these behaviours are a direct result of brain changes, and are completely NORMAL!
The Teen Brain: Still Under ConstructionScott Carroll
This is a fun, “TED” style workshop that uses humorous pictures rather than text to show how the teen brain is still developing and how its incomplete development determines the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of teens.
While the workshop covers technical subjects such neuroanatomy and neurodevelopment, it does so in a clear, non-technical fashion to make the material accessible to everyone, not just psychiatrists and psychologists.
Participants often feel afterwards that they “get” teenagers and feel more comfortable working with them both at home and in professional settings.
Adolescence is a period where significant physical, emotional, mental changes take place. This presentation covers the nature of adolescence, physical changes, issues in adolescent health and adolescent cognition.
Presentation developed for the Traffic Safety Summit held in Dallas, TX 11.15.07. Gives a basic overview of the adolescent brain development and the effects of harmful substances (drugs and alcohol), especially in regards to driving.
Adolescence is a time of growth and maturation in the brain, and it is also a time when many new behaviours begin to emerge (most of which irritate and frustrate parents!). These changes include changes in attention, in motivation and in risk-taking behaviour. Surprisingly, many of these behaviours are a direct result of brain changes, and are completely NORMAL!
The Teen Brain: Still Under ConstructionScott Carroll
This is a fun, “TED” style workshop that uses humorous pictures rather than text to show how the teen brain is still developing and how its incomplete development determines the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of teens.
While the workshop covers technical subjects such neuroanatomy and neurodevelopment, it does so in a clear, non-technical fashion to make the material accessible to everyone, not just psychiatrists and psychologists.
Participants often feel afterwards that they “get” teenagers and feel more comfortable working with them both at home and in professional settings.
Adolescence is a period where significant physical, emotional, mental changes take place. This presentation covers the nature of adolescence, physical changes, issues in adolescent health and adolescent cognition.
The Impact of Early School Start Times on TeensDebbieOMoore
Since the 1990's, school districts across the country have utilized a tiered bus system and staggered school start times to save money. Based on zero science, high school students were often selected to start the day in the 7:00 o'clock hour. Research now has irrefutably shown that early school start times are detrimental for adolescents. Sleep deprivation among teens is widespread and chronic. Many school boards resist delaying high school start times due to myths and fear of change.
The adolescent brain is best described as a work in progress. Our brains are about 90-95% of their maximum size by the time we are 6 years old, but they are definitely not finished changing! Massive changes continue to occur over the next 15-20 years, as connections within the brain are strengthened and refined. Adolescent brain development can be divided into three processes: proliferation, pruning and myelination.
There is an epademic of cocaine and other drugs use in our schools. This presentation was created to be used at High Schools to explain and illustrate to the students about the bad affects of using drugs.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The very brief slide-show looks at the physical, sexual, intellectual, moral and social developments we parents need to be aware of in our adolescent kids.
Introductory Psychology: Development I (Prenatal & Child)Brian Piper
lecture 22 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, prenatal & postnatal, Piaget
Adam McLane's presentation "Teenagers + The Small Screen" is intended to give adults a window into the ever-changing world of mobile usage, behavior, and trends as it relates to online usage generally, and specifically mobile devices. (Phones, tablets, etc)
[NOTE: October 2014 version]
The Impact of Early School Start Times on TeensDebbieOMoore
Since the 1990's, school districts across the country have utilized a tiered bus system and staggered school start times to save money. Based on zero science, high school students were often selected to start the day in the 7:00 o'clock hour. Research now has irrefutably shown that early school start times are detrimental for adolescents. Sleep deprivation among teens is widespread and chronic. Many school boards resist delaying high school start times due to myths and fear of change.
The adolescent brain is best described as a work in progress. Our brains are about 90-95% of their maximum size by the time we are 6 years old, but they are definitely not finished changing! Massive changes continue to occur over the next 15-20 years, as connections within the brain are strengthened and refined. Adolescent brain development can be divided into three processes: proliferation, pruning and myelination.
There is an epademic of cocaine and other drugs use in our schools. This presentation was created to be used at High Schools to explain and illustrate to the students about the bad affects of using drugs.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The very brief slide-show looks at the physical, sexual, intellectual, moral and social developments we parents need to be aware of in our adolescent kids.
Introductory Psychology: Development I (Prenatal & Child)Brian Piper
lecture 22 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, prenatal & postnatal, Piaget
Adam McLane's presentation "Teenagers + The Small Screen" is intended to give adults a window into the ever-changing world of mobile usage, behavior, and trends as it relates to online usage generally, and specifically mobile devices. (Phones, tablets, etc)
[NOTE: October 2014 version]
History has clearly shown Christians that our teenagers today are quite immature. But, it is the Bible - especially the life of Christ at the age of twelve - that gives parents a biblical perspective and pattern that inherently should cause us to expect more from our teens. [NOTE: and expect-ing more from parents]
Tujuan utama membuat presentasi ini adalah untuk menyelesaikan tugas yang diberikan oleh guru TIK kelas XII IPA A SMA Negeri 1 Sampit tahun ajaran 2015/2016. Selain itu, presentasi ini bertujuan untuk mengingatkan masyarakat, terutama remaja di Indonesia agar lebih berhati-hati dan bisa menghindarkan diri pada pergaulan bebas.
this is actually my project for one of my subject at school..my topic is about teenage life..this ppt presents about the different stages of being a teenager..and it also talks about the different problems we encounter as a teenager..so..i hope that you like my powerPoint presentation!!
--xoxo--
--muah--
“The Neurobiology of Adolescent Development,” Austin, Texas; May 6, 2008. Psychiatry resident didactics, Austin Medical Education Programs (AMEP) Psychiatry program, Seton Hospital. Learn about adolescent development. Correlate adolescent development with brain changes. Learn about the two distinct processes of behavioral maturation (adolescence) and gonadal maturation (puberty), and how both interact, with resulting mature, reproductively active adult
Trauma Safe Schools - Trauma safe education a neurocognitive approach to tea...Michael Changaris
This academic article explores education, learning and development for children with trauma. It offers key tools for educators to adapt their class room materials to children with trauma. It explores a process for effective class room management as well as core skills for curriculum development.
Final Essay ExamInstitutional AffiliationCourse Numb.docxssuser454af01
Final Essay Exam
Institutional Affiliation
Course Number
Dateof Submission
Professors Name
Running head: FINAL ESSAY EXAM
1
FINAL ESSAY EXAM
2
Final Essay Exam
Describe Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of love and explain three key points from the video “How we will love” and related them to the theory.Lastly, how does your young adult identity development influence their ability to build strong relationships?
Sternberg’s theory of love shows love to be a personal relationship. According to this theory, love can be designated using three different scales which are intimacy, passion, and commitment. According to this theory, for love to survive, it needs to be withheld by more than one scale. The combination of three different scales can be explained differently.
From the video and theory, it is very clear that the three key points of love are intimacy, passion, and commitment (Anderson, 2016). Intimacy is the feeling of the lovingness and affection to one another. Intimacy helps to make bond of the affected more close. Passion is linked to the physical arousal or emotional stimulus which makes develop some feeling towards the lover. Passion will make someone exhibit the sexy or romantic feeling for someone. Commitment shows how one is dedicated to live with another in that they are willing to stick together no matter what. The level of being satisfied and comfortable with one another is what leads to commitment of members to each other.
The level of love one gets will depend on the three components of love. The strengths of these components make love strong if they have strength but if they are weak love will also be weak.
Young adult identity development influences their ability to build strong relationships in various ways. Young adult identity development will help in self-identification and self-awareness where one will have clear knowledge of who they are (Madey & Rodgers, 2009).Young adult identities will help to know important aspects which are subjective age and psychosocial maturity. If young identity development was successful in making one know who they are, later they will build strong relationships and vice versa.
References
Anderson, J. W. (2016). Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies.
Madey, S. F., & Rodgers, L. (2009).The effect of attachment and Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love on relationship satisfaction. Individual Differences Research, 7(2).
Describe the adolescent brain. What are three main ways it is developing?Next, describe the statistics on teenage suicide. Who is the most vulnerable and what can we do to help?
Adolescent brain is brain of those people who are a transiting from the stage of childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is a stage which is market by hormonal effects in human body although there is no specific age (Giedd, 2004).A lot of morphological and physiological changes take place in brain of adolescents.The sec ...
14Gender and SexualitySeverin SchweigerCulturaGetty Imag.docxaulasnilda
14Gender and Sexuality
Severin Schweiger/Cultura/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Outline the biological, social, and cognitive explanations for the emergence of gender identity.
ሁ Form evidence-based arguments on gender differences in development.
ሁ Summarize the developmental imperative of physical activity for boys and girls during childhood.
ሁ Compare and contrast school achievement and learning between boys and girls.
ሁ Describe differences and similarities among heterosexual girls, heterosexual boys, and LGBT
adolescents with regard to romantic relationships and identity formation.
ሁ Discuss the psychological effects of puberty.
ሁ Evaluate ethnic and national differences in sexual activity among adolescents; explain the
consequences of teenage pregnancy.
ሁ Identify different health outcomes of sex during adolescence, including categorizing STIs and the
effects of HIV among infected children worldwide.
Section 14.1The Development of Gender
Prologue
Recent stories have led to renewed discussion about sex and gender in society. Sasha Lax-
ton from Great Britain; Storm Stocker from Toronto, Canada; and Pop from Sweden have all
made headlines as their parents were determined to raise them without regard to gender. The
children’s rooms were painted in neutral colors; hairstyles, Halloween costumes, and cloth-
ing were chosen without perceived regard for gender standards; exposure to toys and other
activities were not limited by what was considered “normal” for a boy or a girl.
As a result, there has been considerable debate among parents, academics, and the media
about the potential detriment—and benefit—if children are not aware of how they are “sup-
posed” to behave. However, these families are also quite outside the mainstream. It takes
tremendous effort to rid a child of messages related to gender, including limiting exposure
to media, avoiding certain store shelves, and restricting access to preschool and other social
activities.
For most children, though, sex and gender are inescapably connected. It is extremely rare for
a child to be born with undifferentiated sex organs. Even so, those children still generally have
either XX or XY genes. Biological sex is therefore not particularly variable. By contrast, regard-
less of biological sex, gender is much more continuous. Some children are drawn quite strongly
to the behaviors and activities of one gender over another, whereas other children engage
freely in more varied activities. This module explores these issues, as well as concerns related
to adolescent sex and romantic relationships and their developmental consequences.
14.1 The Development of Gender
Recall the many different factors involved in the development of the self and the formation
of gender identity (see Module 12). Gender is a key component in the development of the
self. In psychology, gender refers to the meanings societies and ...
2
VillalobosSPsy2314
Running Head: BEGINNING DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Beginning Development in Infancy and
Implications of Early Emotional and Physical Development
Susan E. Villalobos
North Lake College
SAMPLE
Beginning Development in Infancy and
Implications of Early Emotional and Physical Development
As an infant enters the world and takes its first breath, what will life be like for them?
How can we begin to determine what kind of person they will become? Will they be funny,
smart, happy, troubled, mentally disabled, healthy, unhealthy, etc.? So many variations exist amongst individuals that it becomes a great debate as to how development occurs and contributes to an individual’s uniqueness. The importance of early emotional and physical development in infants is best illustrated through the direct observation and understanding of the interplay of nature vs. nurture.
First of all, the importance of early emotional development in infants has sparked much debate with regard to the impact of the nature vs. nurture. Santrock (2008) indicates that supporters of heredity being the major proponent in development firmly believe that the basic growth tendencies in children are pre-wired genetically. For example, I met with and observed a three-year old child to examine the basic emotional growth tendencies. In particular, I was interested in examining the personality traits this child exhibited and how much they resembled her parents’ personality traits. The child was very calm and tranquil as she played with her toys. She asked if I wanted to play and was pleased when I said “yes”. The interaction with her was pleasant as we played dolls with one another. In making a case for heredity in personality traits, one must also examine the parents. Incidentally, both parents are calm and even-tempered as well. After examining the child, I see a strong case for these traits being inherited from her parents.
Equally important, many parents may gaze upon their children and wonder how each child can be so different. When asked about their children's temperaments, parents frequently remark about extreme personality differences in their children as they come from
different families (Lamron, 2016). Although many factors play a part in the development of a child’s personality, nature appears to play an integral role in that development. In this case, the child I examined did not have any siblings. It would have been interesting to examine her siblings and see if there were variances in their personalities. Also, with regard to nurture, would the child’s personality have differed from the parent’s personality if she would have had siblings? It cannot be denied that nature plays a huge part in shaping our personalities. However, behavioral genetic research consistently reveals that temperament is genetically influ.
Describe the characteristics of the main or central research questLinaCovington707
Describe the characteristics of the main or central research question in a qualitative study.
One of the characteristics of a qualitative research question focuses on a one-one-one interviews to understand the perspective of the underlying inquiry. A qualitative research question is based on being able to discover problems and opportunities from the perspective of the research respondents. Qualitative research question are open-ended in nature, which means that they are able to respond to questions without limitations. Besides, they are easily understood by respondents and do not need to clarify (Creswell & Poth, 2016).
State your proposed qualitative research question.
What is the experience of young, under the age of 25, entry level woman who are highly motivated to help with on an organization performance?
Describe the characteristics of the qualitative interview and the types of questions used in a qualitative interview.
Characteristics of qualitative research include data collection from the natural setting. The researcher takes an active role in collection of data from the participant’s right from their natural setting. The researcher collects data based on awareness of the underlying business context. The researchers must practice patience throughout the interview period. The researchers must be empathetic and can use multiple methods to collect data. The researchers design and develop the process, which means the process is not static and is subject to evolution over time. The researcher must also collaborate with the participants and maintain ethics throughout the process (Creswell & Poth, 2016).
Types of qualitative research questions include exploratory which seeks to understand something without influencing the results with preconceived notions. Another type of question is the predictive questions which seek to understand the outcome surrounding a topic. Interpretive questions that gathers feedback on a certain phenomenon without influencing the outcome.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Understand how kinds of temperament are associated with principles of reciprocal relationships and
goodness of �it.
Outline Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.
Articulate and evaluate the theoretical ideas of Marcia and Levinson.
Compare and contrast trait and type theories and how they each assess personality.
Outline the evidence for the emergence of self-awareness and summarize demographic differences in
self-esteem.
De�ine ethnic identity and understand how it in�luences identity development.
11Personality, the Self, and MoralDevelopment
iStock/Thinkstock
Distinguish among behaviors that are indicative of different stages of moral development.
Prologue
Try for a moment to describe a person without referring to physical characteristics. Words s ...
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
In a five paragraph essay (600 minimum words) using your favorite theorist, apply that theory to brain development as it was discussed in our readings. You may also include the impact of culture, early physical growth, and similar factors that impact the overall development of the child.
See attached rubric for grading details.
Supporting Materials
·
308 Assignment 3. Rubric.doc
(50 KB)
Bottom of Form
The Physical Development of the Young Child
Take a moment and think about a newborn infant--at birth, human infants are, essentially, completely vulnerable and helpless. Unlike many animals, they cannot walk, consume solid food, or manage even the most basic tasks for their own survival. This is the price we pay for our brains--we are born far less developed than many creatures. Over the course of a very short time, around two years, that helpless newborn learns to walk and talk, to manipulate objects, to engage and participate in the world around her.
This transition from a helpless newborn to a toddler or preschooler requires massive amounts of
learning
, fueled by rapid brain growth, sensorimotor development, and physical growth. The infant, from birth, uses his ability to perceive to learn and develop an understanding of the world around him.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood at the larger level of the cerebral cortex.
Learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation and recovery, and imitation.
Dynamic Systems theory of motor development, highlighting cultural variations in motor development.
Gibsons’ Differentiation Theory of perceptual development.
The Development of the Brain
Brain development in the first two years of life is fascinating and awe-inspiring. Most of the physical growth of the brain occurs during the first two years of life. Neuroscience has shed light on the development of
neurons
and the
cerebral cortex
in particular. At birth, infants have approximately one hundred billion neurons. Relatively few neurons will be produced after birth. The newborn’s neurons are connected only tentatively. In the first years, essential connections between neurons form. Combined with understanding sensitive periods and the role of the environment, we have a much clearer picture of what is happening in the infant and toddler brain today than ever before.
Note the lobes of the brain
Development of Neurons
Neurons firing in the brain
Neurons are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit information. In total, the human brain has between 100 to 200 billion of these neurons.
‹
1/4
›
· Neurons send messages from one to another through tiny gaps, called
synapses
. These messages travel on chemicals called neur ...
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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3. Adolescence is also a time
when many new behaviours
begin to emerge, most of which
irritate and frustrate parents!
4. Typical teenage behavioural
changes include:
Changes in ATTENTION
Changes in MOTIVATION
Changes in RISK-TAKING behaviour
You might be surprised to learn that many
adolescent behaviours are a direct result of brain
changes, and are completely normal!
5. ATTENTION: Are you listening?
Many cognitive abilities
(including the control of
attention) rely on the proper
functioning of a part of the brain
called the prefrontal cortex.
BUT… the prefrontal cortex
undergoes massive structural
changes during adolescence,
and it is one of the last brain
areas to mature completely!
6. ATTENTION: Improves with age
In one study, researchers used two tasks to measure attention in
adolescents, and performance increased with age.
boys
girls
This might mean that older adolescents have a better attentional
capacity than younger adolescents, and that attentional capacity
improves as the brain matures. Thank goodness! Anderson et al. (2001)
7. MOTIVATION: “I don’t care…”
“She won’t make her bed! She lives
like a pig! I don’t know what to do!”
“Leave me alone…”
“Why won’t she just do
what I ask her to do?”
“I don’t want to…”
“He won’t study! Doesn’t he realize that
he won’t pass if he doesn’t study?”
“I don’t care…”
8. MOTIVATION: Adults vs. Teens
One study looked at the differences in motivation between adults and
teenagers. The researchers compared the brain activation of adults
and teenagers while they were performing the same task for a reward.
Compared to adults, teenagers under-use the
brain circuits that are involved in motivation!
Bjork et al. (2004)
9. MOTIVATION: “Get Movin’ Kid!”
This under-use of the motivational system
might be the reason why teenagers need
extreme rewards to achieve the same level
of brain activity as adults.
AND… the difference in brain activity between
teenagers and adults can be even LARGER
when the reward is not instant.
10. What does this mean for
me??
Most teenagers are more likely to do their
homework for a PhP5 reward TONIGHT than
for a PhP50 reward next week!
11. MOTIVATION: It takes time
The primary motivation circuit
helps promote decision making
and helps in the selection of
motivational drives for behaviour.
The motivational drives that are
represented in the primary
motivation circuit change
during puberty (for example,
surges in sex hormones tend
to increase sexual motivation).
Chambers et al. (2003)
12. MOTIVATION: It takes time
During these developmental
changes in motivation circuitry,
novelty-seeking and risk-taking
behaviours might be promoted.
However, as adolescence
progresses, teens become
increasingly motivated by the
things that motivate adults
(boring, responsible things like
long-term rewards!)
Chambers et al. (2003)
13. RISK-TAKING
Teenagers are known for
risk-taking, novelty seeking,
reckless behaviour and
impulsivity.
Believe it or not, some
degree of risk-taking in
adolescence is normative
(and adaptive)!
(Spear, 2000)
14. RISK-TAKING
Risk-taking might allow teens to:
• Explore adult behaviour and
privileges
• Accomplish normal
developmental tasks
• Learn from their mistakes
BUT, risk-taking
carries potential for
negative outcome!!
(Spear, 2000)
15. RISK-TAKING: What are the stats?
16-20 year olds (males AND females) are twice as likely to
be in car accidents than 20-50 year olds
(Sci. Am. Mind, Jan 2007)
10-14% of adolescents are problem gamblers, and
most of these teens started gambling by the age of 12
(Sci. Am. Mind, Jan 2007)
The pregnancy rate in girls 15-19 years old is 4/100
(The Walrus, Nov 2006)
3 million adolescents contract sexually transmitted
infections every year
(Sci. Am. Mind, Jan 2007)
14-19 year olds are more likely to commit property crimes or
violent offences than any other age group
(The Walrus, Nov 2006)
16. RISK-TAKING: Impulsivity
The teenage brain is less able to inhibit
impulsive behaviours than the adult brain
is. This means that in situations where an
adult might stop themselves from acting
out impulsively, a teenager might not.
Luckily, as the brain matures, adolescents
are more able to control their behaviour
and are more able to voluntarily suppress
impulsive behaviours.
This is because as the brain matures,
more brain circuits are recruited to help
suppress impulsivity!
The adult-like ability to inhibit behaviours matures gradually
during childhood and adolescence, and efficient control of
impulsive acts is not fully developed until adulthood!
17. RISK-TAKING: The neural basis for
“What the heck were you thinking?!”
When teenagers and adults are faced with
potential rewards, their brains respond
VERY differently.
In teenagers, the maturing “reward”
systems (photo A) are disproportionately
active relative to later maturing “control”
systems (photo C).
This biases their actions toward immediate
gain rather than long-term gain. This just
might underlie some of the risk-taking
behaviours that occur during adolescence!
Galvan et al. (2006)
18. RISK-TAKING: What do we do?
Adolescence is generally a period
of increased impulsivity and risk-
taking behaviour, but some teens
might be especially prone to
engage in such behaviours.
So what do teens
NEED?
Galvan et al. (2007)
20. They need reminders of potential
consequences and direction
toward lesser risks…
21. And they need appropriate
amounts of independence,
freedom and responsibility.
22. References
Anderson, V.A., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., Catroppa, C. 2001. Development of executive functions
through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology. 20: 385-406.
Bjork, J.M., Knutson, B., Fong, G.W., Caggiano, D.M., Bennett, S.M., Hommer, D.W. 2004. Incentive-elicited brain
activation in adolescents: similarities and differences from young adults. The Journal of Neuroscience. 24:
1793-1802.
Chambers, R.A., Taylor, J.R., Potenza, M.N. 2003. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A
critical period of addiction vulnerability. American Journal of Psychiatry. 160: 1041-1052.
Galvan, A., Hare, T.A., Parra, C.E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., Casey, B.J. 2006. Earlier development of the
accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. The Journal of
Neuroscience. 26: 6885-6892.
Galvan, A., Hare, T.A., Voss, H., Glover, G., Casey, B.J. 2007. Ris-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk?
Developmental Science. 10: F8-F14.
Luna, B., Thulborn, K.R., Munoz, D.P., Merriam, E.P., Garver, K.E., Minshew, N.J., Keshavan, M.S., Genovese,
C.R., Eddy, W.F., Sweeney, J.A. 2001. Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive
development. NeuroImage. 13: 786-793.
Spear, L.P. 2000. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews. 24: 417-463.
“Is the teen brain too rational?”. In: Scientific American Mind, January 2007.
“The teenage brain”. In: The Walrus, November 2006.
23. Sun Life Financial Chair
In Adolescent Mental Health
For more information visit
WWW.TEENMENTALHEALTH.ORG