This presentation pertains the life of adolescent in particular with their development as an individual drives by in the social context

1. Schools,
Achievement,
Work,
Careers &
Culture

2. How can Schools affect
Adolescent Development?
– Schools not only foster adolescents’ academic learning,
they also provide a social arena where peers, friends, &
crowds can have a powerful influence on their
development

3. How can adolescent learning
be fostered in schools?
2 Contemporary Approaches:
– Constructivist – a learner - centered approach that
emphasizes the adolescent’s active construction of
knowledge and understanding with guidance from the
teacher.
– Direct instruction – a teacher – centered approach
characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of
academic skills, high expectations for students, and
maximum time spent on learning tasks.

4. How are schools given that
accountability to foster adolescent
learning?
– State – mandated tests to measure what students had or had not learned.
– National policy in 2002 – NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND (NCLB)
– In the Philippines,
– K to 12 program
– R.A 8491
– The Phil. Constitution of 1987
– The Educational Decree 6 – A
– The Educational Act of 1982
– The Educational Act of 1994
– R.A No. 10627

5. How is the transition of
adolescents in schooling?
– Middle/junior high
– Can be difficult for some due to many changes (individual, family, & school) which may be
related to puberty, the emergence of some aspects of formal operational thought, increase
responsibility & decreased dependency on parents, more impersonal school structure,
change from one teacher to many teachers, homogeneous to heterogeneous set of peers
& increased focus on achievement & performance & their assessment.
– Top –dog phenomenon
– The circumstance of moving from top position(in elem school, the oldest, biggest, & most powerful
students) to the lowest position (in middle school, the youngest, smallest & least powerful)
– Can have positive aspects (students are likely to feel grown up, have more subjects from
which to select, have more opportunities to spend time with peers & locate compatible
friends & enjoy increased independence from direct parental monitoring.

6. How is the transition of
adolescents in schooling?
– High school dropouts
– Decline in some countries but remained high in some.
– Due to school – related, economic, family related peer –
related, & personal reasons.
– Review of school – based drop-out programs (most effective
are early – reading, tutoring, counseling, & mentoring)
– College to work
– In North American countries, has often been difficult.
– U. S college train many students with general skills rather than
vocationally specific skills

7. How does the social context of
schools influence adolescent
development?
– Changing social developmental context
– As children move into junior high school, the school environment increases in
scope & complexity
– Classroom climate & management
– 2 effective strategies : authoritative strategy & effectively managing activities
– Person – environment fit
– Some negative psychological changes associated with adolescent development
might result from a mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents &
the opportunities afforded to them by the schools they attend.
– According to Eccles(2004, 2007), a lack of fit between middle school/junior high
environment & the needs of young adolescents produces increasingly negative
self – evaluations & attitudes towards school

8. How does the social context of schools
influence adolescent development?
– Teachers, parents, peers & extracurricular activities
– Adolescent development is influenced by teachers as well as by parents, peers
– Teachers with positive traits, parents with good family management & involvement, &
good peer statuses.
– Extracurricular activities play a role in schooling & academic achievement
– Linked to higher grades, school management, less likelihood of dropping out improved
probability of going to college, higher self – esteem & lower rates of depression,
delinquency & substance abuse
– Culture
– Socioeconomic status, ethnicity,

9. How de we educate adolescents
who are exceptional?
– In some countries, they receive free, appropriate
education.
– Increasingly, these students are being educated in the
regular classroom.

10. What is the importance of
achievement in adolescence?
– It’s a serious business and adolescents begin to sense that
the game of life is now being played for real.
– They begin to perceive current successes and failures as
predictors of future outcomes in the adult world.
– Involves motivational processes:
– Intrinsic - internal motivational factors like self –determination,
curiosity, challenge & effort
– Extrinsic – external motivational factors such rewards &
punishments.

11. What is the significance of social
relationships & context in
adolescent achievement?– Parents
– Positive parenting practices result in improved achievement
– Peers
– They can affect adolescent achievement through social goals, social comparison
& peer status
– Teachers
– Effective, engaging teachers provide support for them to make progress &
encourage them to be self – regulated achievers
– Mentors
– Usually older & more experienced individuals who are motivated to improve the
competence and character of a younger person.
– Sociocultural Context
– SES & ethnicity – it depend on their orientation for achievement.

12. What are some obstacles for
achievement?
– Procrastination
– Anxiety
– Protecting self – worth by avoiding failure
– Self – handicapping – use of failure avoidance strategies in
school or putting off studying until the last minute so that
circumstances, rather than lack of ability, will be seen as the
cause of low level performance.

13. What is the role of work in
adolescence & in college?
– Some adolescents work part – time and still attend school
on a regular basis.
– In a study, adolescents in the 10th & 11th grades who worked
more than 20 hrs a week were less engaged in school and
showed increases in substance abuse and delinquency
– College
– Other research has found that as the number of hours college
students work increases the more likely they are to drop out of
college.

14. Career Development
– What are some developmental changes that characterize
adolescents’ career choices?
– In their late teens & early twenty’s their career decision making
has usually turned more serious.
– What are some cognitive factors that affect career
development?
– Exploration, decisions making, & planning play important roles
in adolescents’ career choices.

15. – How is career development related to identity development?
– Career decidedness and planning are positively related to identity achievement,
whereas career planning & decidedness are negatively related to identity
moratorium & identity diffusion statuses.
– In the process of identity formation, adolescents are better able to articulate
their occupational choices and their next steps on obtaining short –term and long
– term goals.
– By contrast, adolescents in the moratorium and diffusion statuses of identity are
more likely to struggle with making occupational plans and decisions.
– How sociocultural factors affect career development?
– Not every individual is born to become a nuclear physicist or a doctor.
– SES, Parents & Peers, School influence, Gender, Ethnicity
– But many careers are available to most of us that provide a reasonable match
with our abilities.

16. What is the role of culture in
adolescent development?
– People in all cultures have a tendency to behave in ways
that favor their cultural group, feel proud of their cultural
group and feel negatively toward other cultural groups.

17. How do the following relate
to adolescent development?
– Socioeconomic Status (SES) - a grouping of people with
similar occupational, educational, & economic
characteristics.
– Individuals with different SES have varying levels of power,
influence, and prestige.

18. – Socioeconomic variations in families, neighborhoods, & schools
– child rearing
– Poverty
– Some adolescents are resilient and cope with challenges of poverty w/o major
setbacks, but many struggle unsuccessfully.
– Some adolescent who has grown up in poverty & reaches adulthood unhealthy,
unskilled, or alienated keeps our nation from being competent & productive
– Enthnicity
– Individuals first consciously confront their ethnicity in adolescence
– Adolescents & emerging adults have the ability to interpret ethnic & cultural
information, to reflect on the past, & to speculate about the future. As they mature
cognitively, ethnic minority adolescents & emerging adults become acutely aware of
how the majority culture evaluates their ethnic group.
– Media & technology
– Many of today’s adolescents have spent more time since infancy in front of a
television set, and more recently in front of a computer, than with their parents or in
the classroom.
– These shape their judgments & behavior.

19. Application:
– How can we help better adolescent development given our
chosen field?