1. Computer Currents: From Calculation to Communication Chapter 1

3. Living Without Computers What would we do without computers in our personal and professional lives?

4. Information-Processing Machine Input documents Process data Print materials

5. The First Real Computers Howard Aiken John Atanasoff The scientists and mathematicians who designed and built the first working computers: Konrad Zuse John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert

6. Konrad Zuse In 1939, Zuse built the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer. His computer was built from electric relays to automate engineering calculations. “ I was too lazy to calculate and so I invented the computer.”

7. John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)—the first electronic digital computer Built in 1939, this computer used vacuum tubes and was based on binary arithmetic. It was never a fully operational product.

8. Howard Aiken In 1944, he completed the Mark I, the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It was built with electromechanical relays and followed instructions punched in paper tape.

9. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert In 1945, Mauchly and Eckert built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). The ENIAC was built with 18,000 vacuum tubes that failed on an average of once every seven minutes. After the war, they created the Univac I - the first general-purpose commercial computer.

30. Concepts of hardware and software