Titanium and its alloys are commonly used in orthodontics due to their biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Titanium brackets have advantages over stainless steel brackets like being nickel-free, having superior dimensional stability, and comparable frictional properties. While titanium brackets have a rougher surface than stainless steel brackets, leading to more plaque accumulation, their biocompatibility is maintained. Nickel-titanium alloy wires are frequently used due to their high springback and flexibility, allowing for light continuous forces during tooth movement.
This document discusses Niti alloy, its phases, and its use in endodontics. It covers the metallurgy of nickel-titanium alloys, their unique properties of shape memory and superelasticity, and the manufacturing process for Niti endodontic instruments. Key phases discussed include austenite, martensite, and R-phase. Niti alloys exhibit shape memory allowing deformation at low temperatures and recovery of original shape at higher temperatures, as well as superelasticity allowing high deformation recoverable without plasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Titanium and its alloy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Ā
This document discusses the use of titanium and its alloys in orthodontics. It provides information on the properties of titanium, including its corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. It describes how titanium is used in orthodontic implants, brackets, and archwires. Specifically, it discusses beta titanium wires and their advantages over stainless steel wires, such as their lower stiffness and higher springback. Titanium brackets are also discussed and their frictional properties compared to stainless steel brackets.
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the Bauschinger effect given by Dr. Deeksha Bhanotia at NIMS Dental College. It begins with an introduction defining the Bauschinger effect as the phenomenon where the yield stress of a metal is lower in the reverse direction after it has been plastically deformed in one direction. It then discusses the general physical properties of metals, theories of the Bauschinger effect including back stress theory and Orowan theory, parameters used to describe the effect, and applications in orthodontics including space closure mechanics and loop design. The conclusion states that the principal cause of the effect appears to be the creation of mobile dislocations which exhibit directional resistance to motion
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
This document discusses Niti alloy, its phases, and its use in endodontics. It covers the metallurgy of nickel-titanium alloys, their unique properties of shape memory and superelasticity, and the manufacturing process for Niti endodontic instruments. Key phases discussed include austenite, martensite, and R-phase. Niti alloys exhibit shape memory allowing deformation at low temperatures and recovery of original shape at higher temperatures, as well as superelasticity allowing high deformation recoverable without plasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Titanium and its alloy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Ā
This document discusses the use of titanium and its alloys in orthodontics. It provides information on the properties of titanium, including its corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. It describes how titanium is used in orthodontic implants, brackets, and archwires. Specifically, it discusses beta titanium wires and their advantages over stainless steel wires, such as their lower stiffness and higher springback. Titanium brackets are also discussed and their frictional properties compared to stainless steel brackets.
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the Bauschinger effect given by Dr. Deeksha Bhanotia at NIMS Dental College. It begins with an introduction defining the Bauschinger effect as the phenomenon where the yield stress of a metal is lower in the reverse direction after it has been plastically deformed in one direction. It then discusses the general physical properties of metals, theories of the Bauschinger effect including back stress theory and Orowan theory, parameters used to describe the effect, and applications in orthodontics including space closure mechanics and loop design. The conclusion states that the principal cause of the effect appears to be the creation of mobile dislocations which exhibit directional resistance to motion
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
Recent advances in orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document outlines an archwire sequence for treatment using Damon brackets. It describes 4 phases of treatment with recommended wire sizes for each phase. Phase 1 uses light round wires up to .016 copper nickel titanium (CuNiTi) to initiate alignment. Phase 2 uses rectangular wires up to .018x.025 CuNiTi for continued alignment and torque control. Phase 3 introduces stainless steel wires for finishing mechanics. Phase 4 uses tapered edgewise wires for detailing prior to completion.
Journal club presentation on tooth supported overdentures NAMITHA ANAND
Ā
This document presents a case report of a full mouth rehabilitation with an immediate maxillary denture and a mandibular tooth-supported magnet-retained overdenture. Specifically:
- A 43-year old female patient presented with missing teeth in the upper back region and multiple missing teeth in the lower arch.
- For rehabilitation, the maxillary teeth were extracted and an immediate denture placed. In the mandible, several teeth were prepared to receive magnetic attachments or copings.
- At the insertion appointment, the remaining maxillary teeth were extracted and the denture was relined. In the mandible, magnets were incorporated into the overdenture to attach it to the prepared teeth.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of metallurgy concepts relevant to orthodontics. It discusses the history and evolution of metals used in orthodontics, from gold and platinum historically to more recent alloys like stainless steel and nickel titanium. It also covers metallurgical topics like crystal structure, defects, phase transformations, and how processes like annealing and corrosion impact material properties. A key aim is relating the atomic structure of metals to their macroscopic characteristics for orthodontic applications like archwires.
Impact of dental implant surface modifications on Osseo-integrationNaveed AnJum
Ā
implant macro design as well as the surface topography plays an important role in higher survival rates of implants, especially in poor bone quality or density. Various modifications in surface topography have been enumerated here.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses osseointegration, which refers to a direct connection between bone and a dental implant without soft tissue interference. It traces the history from early observations of bone attachment to titanium implants in rabbits in the 1950s. The key researcher who coined the term "osseointegration" is identified as Per Ingvar Branemark from the 1960s onward. The mechanisms of osseointegration including osteoconduction, new bone formation, and bone remodeling are described in multiple stages over months. Two main theories on the bone-implant interface - fibro-osseous integration versus osseointegration - are outlined, with evidence supporting osseointegration as
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses surface treatment of titanium implants. It describes how surface roughness and modifications at the macro, micro, and nano levels can improve bone integration and mechanical properties. Common surface treatment methods include grit blasting, acid etching, anodization, and coating with hydroxyapatite. Surface topography influences osseointegration and bone remodeling, with rougher surfaces generally providing better integration. The goal of surface treatment is to enhance bone bonding and implant stability.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic archwire materials. It discusses the history of archwire materials including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys, and nickel titanium alloys. The basic elastic properties of archwires like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and stiffness are explained. Clinical implications of archwire selection including size, shape and fabrication are covered. Recent advancements in braided, twisted, triangular, and non-metallic wires are also summarized.
RECENT ADVANCES IN REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURESNAMITHA ANAND
Ā
This document discusses recent advances in removable partial dentures (RPDs). It begins with an introduction noting that while healthcare technology has advanced, RPD design and fabrication has not significantly changed since the 1950s. It then discusses pros and cons of various materials commonly used for RPDs like metals, flexibles, and acrylic. New high performance polymers and CAD/CAM systems for digital design and manufacturing of RPD frameworks are also covered. The use of polymers like PEEK and implant-assisted RPDs to improve support, retention and stability is summarized. The document concludes with a review of the literature on the accuracy of CAD-CAM systems for RPD frameworks and a clinical case report on the use of 3D-printed
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document provides an overview of biomaterials used in implants. It begins with the historical background of implant materials and then classifies biomaterials according to their composition, including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Key properties for implant materials are discussed, including bulk properties like strength and elastic modulus, as well as surface properties like biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Specific biomaterials are then described in more detail, including titanium, titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and calcium phosphate ceramics. The document concludes by discussing surface characterization and preparation of biomaterials.
Orthodontic brackets are components bonded to teeth that transfer force from archwires to move teeth into proper alignment and function. There are various bracket designs that differ in material, size, shape, and prescription. The development of pre-adjusted edgewise brackets aimed to directly guide teeth into normal occlusion with fewer bends in the archwire. However, individual variations still require some adjustments to achieve ideal positioning. Modern bracket types include self-ligating, ceramic, and lingual systems that offer enhanced aesthetics, mechanics, or patient comfort.
Maxillofacial prosthetics involves reconstructing missing or defective regions of the maxilla, mandible, and face through non-living substitutes. It aims to restore esthetics, function, protect tissues, provide therapeutic effects, and psychological therapy. Maxillofacial deformities can be congenital, acquired through accidents or surgery, or developmental. Obturators are prostheses used to close openings, primarily in the hard palate, from defects. They fulfill several functions including aiding in feeding, keeping areas clean, and improving speech. The Aramany classification system divides maxillofacial defects into six categories to aid in developing obturator framework designs.
Titanium is extracted mainly from its ore rutile through the chloride process or the Kroll process. In the chloride process, rutile is converted to titanium tetrachloride which is then purified and oxidized back to titanium dioxide. In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced with magnesium to form titanium sponge. Titanium has a silvery metallic color and is strong yet lightweight, making it useful for applications in aircraft, naval ships, implants, and more. It is also consumed to produce titanium dioxide, which has a wide variety of uses.
Kelompok 3 mempresentasikan tentang unsur titanium. Titanium ditemukan pada tahun 1791 dan memiliki sifat fisika seperti keras, ringan, dan tahan korosi. Secara kimia, titanium bereaksi dengan oksigen membentuk oksida titanium dan dapat digunakan sebagai pigmen putih. Titanium memiliki berbagai penerapan seperti di industri pesawat terbang dan peralatan medis.
Recent advances in orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document outlines an archwire sequence for treatment using Damon brackets. It describes 4 phases of treatment with recommended wire sizes for each phase. Phase 1 uses light round wires up to .016 copper nickel titanium (CuNiTi) to initiate alignment. Phase 2 uses rectangular wires up to .018x.025 CuNiTi for continued alignment and torque control. Phase 3 introduces stainless steel wires for finishing mechanics. Phase 4 uses tapered edgewise wires for detailing prior to completion.
Journal club presentation on tooth supported overdentures NAMITHA ANAND
Ā
This document presents a case report of a full mouth rehabilitation with an immediate maxillary denture and a mandibular tooth-supported magnet-retained overdenture. Specifically:
- A 43-year old female patient presented with missing teeth in the upper back region and multiple missing teeth in the lower arch.
- For rehabilitation, the maxillary teeth were extracted and an immediate denture placed. In the mandible, several teeth were prepared to receive magnetic attachments or copings.
- At the insertion appointment, the remaining maxillary teeth were extracted and the denture was relined. In the mandible, magnets were incorporated into the overdenture to attach it to the prepared teeth.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of metallurgy concepts relevant to orthodontics. It discusses the history and evolution of metals used in orthodontics, from gold and platinum historically to more recent alloys like stainless steel and nickel titanium. It also covers metallurgical topics like crystal structure, defects, phase transformations, and how processes like annealing and corrosion impact material properties. A key aim is relating the atomic structure of metals to their macroscopic characteristics for orthodontic applications like archwires.
Impact of dental implant surface modifications on Osseo-integrationNaveed AnJum
Ā
implant macro design as well as the surface topography plays an important role in higher survival rates of implants, especially in poor bone quality or density. Various modifications in surface topography have been enumerated here.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses osseointegration, which refers to a direct connection between bone and a dental implant without soft tissue interference. It traces the history from early observations of bone attachment to titanium implants in rabbits in the 1950s. The key researcher who coined the term "osseointegration" is identified as Per Ingvar Branemark from the 1960s onward. The mechanisms of osseointegration including osteoconduction, new bone formation, and bone remodeling are described in multiple stages over months. Two main theories on the bone-implant interface - fibro-osseous integration versus osseointegration - are outlined, with evidence supporting osseointegration as
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses surface treatment of titanium implants. It describes how surface roughness and modifications at the macro, micro, and nano levels can improve bone integration and mechanical properties. Common surface treatment methods include grit blasting, acid etching, anodization, and coating with hydroxyapatite. Surface topography influences osseointegration and bone remodeling, with rougher surfaces generally providing better integration. The goal of surface treatment is to enhance bone bonding and implant stability.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic archwire materials. It discusses the history of archwire materials including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys, and nickel titanium alloys. The basic elastic properties of archwires like stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, and stiffness are explained. Clinical implications of archwire selection including size, shape and fabrication are covered. Recent advancements in braided, twisted, triangular, and non-metallic wires are also summarized.
RECENT ADVANCES IN REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURESNAMITHA ANAND
Ā
This document discusses recent advances in removable partial dentures (RPDs). It begins with an introduction noting that while healthcare technology has advanced, RPD design and fabrication has not significantly changed since the 1950s. It then discusses pros and cons of various materials commonly used for RPDs like metals, flexibles, and acrylic. New high performance polymers and CAD/CAM systems for digital design and manufacturing of RPD frameworks are also covered. The use of polymers like PEEK and implant-assisted RPDs to improve support, retention and stability is summarized. The document concludes with a review of the literature on the accuracy of CAD-CAM systems for RPD frameworks and a clinical case report on the use of 3D-printed
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document provides an overview of biomaterials used in implants. It begins with the historical background of implant materials and then classifies biomaterials according to their composition, including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Key properties for implant materials are discussed, including bulk properties like strength and elastic modulus, as well as surface properties like biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Specific biomaterials are then described in more detail, including titanium, titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and calcium phosphate ceramics. The document concludes by discussing surface characterization and preparation of biomaterials.
Orthodontic brackets are components bonded to teeth that transfer force from archwires to move teeth into proper alignment and function. There are various bracket designs that differ in material, size, shape, and prescription. The development of pre-adjusted edgewise brackets aimed to directly guide teeth into normal occlusion with fewer bends in the archwire. However, individual variations still require some adjustments to achieve ideal positioning. Modern bracket types include self-ligating, ceramic, and lingual systems that offer enhanced aesthetics, mechanics, or patient comfort.
Maxillofacial prosthetics involves reconstructing missing or defective regions of the maxilla, mandible, and face through non-living substitutes. It aims to restore esthetics, function, protect tissues, provide therapeutic effects, and psychological therapy. Maxillofacial deformities can be congenital, acquired through accidents or surgery, or developmental. Obturators are prostheses used to close openings, primarily in the hard palate, from defects. They fulfill several functions including aiding in feeding, keeping areas clean, and improving speech. The Aramany classification system divides maxillofacial defects into six categories to aid in developing obturator framework designs.
Titanium is extracted mainly from its ore rutile through the chloride process or the Kroll process. In the chloride process, rutile is converted to titanium tetrachloride which is then purified and oxidized back to titanium dioxide. In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced with magnesium to form titanium sponge. Titanium has a silvery metallic color and is strong yet lightweight, making it useful for applications in aircraft, naval ships, implants, and more. It is also consumed to produce titanium dioxide, which has a wide variety of uses.
Kelompok 3 mempresentasikan tentang unsur titanium. Titanium ditemukan pada tahun 1791 dan memiliki sifat fisika seperti keras, ringan, dan tahan korosi. Secara kimia, titanium bereaksi dengan oksigen membentuk oksida titanium dan dapat digunakan sebagai pigmen putih. Titanium memiliki berbagai penerapan seperti di industri pesawat terbang dan peralatan medis.
Titanium alloy is a kind of nonferrous metal that is good at small density, high strength, good mechanical performance, anticorrosion, heat and cold resistant, non-poisonous, and non-magnetic. And is widely used in chemical equipment, petrochemical, marine, aerospace, medical, vehicle, sports etc.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
ā¢ Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
ā¢ Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
ā¢ Found only in small amount in Thailand...
Titanium and its alloys have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium is light, strong, ductile when pure, and has a high melting point. It is the seventh most abundant metal. Commercially pure titanium has a density about 45% lighter than steel. Titanium is resistant to corrosion and has good performance in seawater environments. Around 50% of titanium produced is used as the alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Titanium exists in both a hexagonal alpha phase and body-centered cubic beta phase, and alloys can contain mixtures of these phases. Common applications of titanium alloys include jet engines, implants, and marine applications due to its corrosion resistance and strength.
Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with low density and high strength. It is produced commercially from titanium dioxide via the Kroll process. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures, making it useful for applications in aerospace, marine, chemical and biomedical industries. It exists in two crystal structures, hexagonal close-packed at lower temperatures and body-centered cubic at higher temperatures, and can be alloyed to modify its properties for different applications.
Titanium and titanium alloys/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Ā
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Metals in prosthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Centric relation is the maxillomandibular relationship where the condyles articulate with the thinnest avascular portion of the disks in their anterior-superior position against the articular eminences. It is used as a repeatable reference position for mounting dental casts. There are several methods for recording centric relation including static, graphic, physiological/functional, and cephalometric techniques. The bimanual manipulation technique described by Dawson, where the examiner applies downward and upward pressure on the chin and mandible respectively while cradling the patient's head, is recommended as it can be reliably learned and ensures the condyles are properly located in the mandibular fossae.
metals and alloys for prosthodontics / academy of fixed orthodonticsIndian dental academy
Ā
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses different types of retainers used for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It describes various retainer options including full coverage crowns, partial coverage crowns, and conservative retainers. Full coverage crowns provide maximum retention but require extensive tooth preparation. Partial coverage crowns are more conservative but less retentive. Conservative retainers like resin-bonded FPDs require minimal preparation but do not accept heavy loads. The document outlines the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and indications for different retainer options.
The document discusses principles of dental preparation design including preservation of tooth structure, retention and resistance form, structural durability, and marginal integrity. It describes types of dental restorations like inlays, onlays, partial veneer crowns, and full veneer crowns. Key factors in preparation design are discussed such as retention, resistance, convergence angles, grooves, and marginal designs. Contouring and special considerations for crown contours that impact tissue health and esthetics are also summarized.
orthodontic Bracket materials /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document describes the key laboratory procedures for fabricating a removable partial denture (RPD) in 8 steps:
1) Duplicating the stone cast and creating an investment cast
2) Waxing the RPD framework using preformed patterns or wrought wire
3) Spruing the waxed framework
4) Investing and burning out the sprued pattern
5) Casting the framework in metal using centrifugal force
6) Removing the casting from the investment
7) Finishing and polishing the framework, including electropolishing
8) Trying in the framework on the patient
It also explains that a work authorization delineates responsibilities and ensures quality control by providing instructions
Tissue conditioners are temporary denture liners composed of polyethylmethacrylate and aromatic esters that form a gel when mixed. They have several uses: as adjuncts for tissue healing by protecting irritated tissues before denture fabrication; as temporary obturators over existing dentures; to stabilize denture bases and surgical splints; and to diagnose the effects of resilient denture liners. Tissue conditioners are applied by reducing the denture base, mixing the three components, and molding the material to the denture tissues. They require gentle cleaning to prevent tearing but only provide temporary relief due to loss of plasticizers over 4-8 weeks.
Centric relation is the most posterior position of the mandible in relation to the maxilla, from which lateral movements can be made. It is a reproducible position that serves as a reliable guide for developing occlusion in complete dentures. There are various methods for recording centric relation, including functional methods like the needle house method and excursive methods using intraoral or extraoral tracings. Establishing accurate centric relation is important for proper functioning, aesthetics, and comfort of complete dentures.
This is a simple powerpoint presentation meant to be used as a revision tool or for the purpose of self-learning. This covers the different techniques of answering SBQ questions and how to identify and recognise what type of question it is and which asnwering technique to use.
Lab procedures for cast partial dentures. /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Titanium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Ā
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. Orthodontic materials have evolved significantly from gold and stainless steel to newer materials like nickel-titanium alloys, ceramics, and composites.
2. Archwire materials include stainless steel, nickel-titanium, beta titanium, and newer temperature-sensitive nickel-titanium alloys.
3. Bracket materials include stainless steel, plastics, ceramics and newer materials like titanium. Auxillary materials include elastics, springs and magnets.
Newer wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses properties of zirconia dental implants. It begins by covering the evolution of implant materials, including the introduction of zirconia. The chemical composition, phases and physical/mechanical properties of zirconia implants are then described. Key points include zirconia's biocompatibility, aesthetics, osseointegration and how surface modifications can enhance integration. Advantages over titanium like opacity and reduced risk of allergy are noted. The document concludes by discussing future perspectives and applications of zirconia implants.
History of biomaterials in dental implantology, various types of implant biomaterials, surface treatments of implants, guidelines for selecting implant biomaterial
This document discusses newer orthodontic wires, including their properties and clinical applications. It describes various wire compositions, including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium-nickel, nickel-titanium, beta titanium, copper nickel-titanium, titanium niobium, alpha titanium, timolium, and composite wires. Each wire has distinct advantages, such as force delivery, formability, and biocompatibility. Combination wires that join different alloys are also discussed. Newer developments aim to improve properties like reduced friction, constant force delivery, and esthetic transparency.
Recent advances in Orthodontic archwiresmohan prasath
Ā
1. Recent advances in orthodontic archwires include multistranded wires, titanium alloys like titanium niobium, and nickel titanium alloys with varying properties like bioforce wires.
2. Newer archwire materials aim to deliver gentle controlled forces for improved patient comfort while achieving effective tooth movement.
3. Combination archwires incorporate sections of different materials like titanium and steel to provide flexibility in some areas and rigidity in others for better control of tooth alignment and anchorage.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
types of materials in dental implants , includes a brief history of dental implants
also watch for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Materials used in Orthodontics _ Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
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This document discusses materials used in orthodontics. It begins by outlining the early history of orthodontics from ancient times through the 1800s, noting some of the first documented orthodontic materials like gold ligature wires. It then classifies orthodontic materials into two categories: by structure (such as wire alloys, brackets, cements) and by usage (such as wires, brackets, cements). Several specific orthodontic materials are described in more detail, including ceramic and self-ligating brackets, clear aligners, and different types of orthodontic wires. The document also covers topics like the properties and classifications of orthodontic forces, stresses, strains, and the stiffness of orthodontic
Types of stainless steel and commonly used stainlessJayDhamecha3
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This document discusses types of stainless steel and commonly used grades. It describes the five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardened - and their key properties. Common grades discussed include 301, 302, 304, 309, and 316. Applications where stainless steel is used are also summarized, such as architecture, automotive, medical, and energy/heavy industries due to its corrosion resistance, strength and low maintenance.
Titanium and titanium alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
An overlay denture is a removable partial or complete denture that covers and rests on remaining natural teeth, roots, or dental implants. It has several advantages, including increased support and stability, decreased bone resorption, maintained proprioception, improved crown-root ratio and masticatory efficiency, and better retention. However, disadvantages include potential periodontal disease, dental caries, endodontic failure, and mechanical failure. Drawbacks of titanium castings include irregular surface quality due to reactivity with investment material, internal porosity from solubility of gases in molten titanium, and suboptimal sprue designs for low density titanium. However, titanium has merits for dental use such as low density, superior mechanical properties, excellent
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document is a project report on biomaterials submitted by three students - Satyam Singh, Sushil Kumar Singh, and Sanjay Sharma. It discusses various biomaterials used in medical applications like organs, bones, and dental implants. The report covers the desired properties of biomaterials, common types of biomaterials including metals, polymers, composites and ceramics. It then focuses on biomaterials used for bone replacements like stainless steel, titanium alloys, and cobalt-chromium alloys. The properties required for dental implants and biomaterials used for dental implants like titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, and iron-chromium-nickel alloys are also discussed.
7.titanium and titanium alloys /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Hybrid abutments consist of a titanium insert, which is connected to a ceramic mesostructure using a resin cement
These types of abutments have the advantages of both ceramic and titanium abutments, including improved esthetics, optimal biological response, and superior mechanical properties, with no adverse effects on the implantāabutment interface.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I āAligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesisĀ / dental ...Indian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitĀ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin šš¤š¤š„°
2. ā¢ The unparalleled tissue tolerance and biocompatibility
of titanium have made it the leading metal for dental
implants.
ā¢ Titanium and titanium-based alloys have the greatest
corrosion resistance of any of the known metals
ā¢ Although stainless steel is highly corrosion-resistant,
it has been found to be attacked by artificial saliva
which has dissolved nickel and chromium from the
alloy.
ā¢ Most alloys used in orthodontics contain potentially
toxic nickel, chromium, and cobalt.
Introduction
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. ā¢ Nickel has produced more reported allergic reactions
than all the other metals combined. Women are
believed to be especially susceptible, because of
sensitization from nickel leaching from irregularities
in the surface coatings of costume jewelry.
ā¢ According to Hamula et al in JCO 1996, the
problems of nickel sensitivity, corrosion, and
inadequate retention of SS brackets has been solved
with the introduction of new, pure titanium bracket
(Rematitan).
ā¢ Its one-piece construction requires no brazing layer,
and thus it is solder- and nickel-free.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. ā¢ A computer-aided laser (CAL) cutting process
generates micro- and macro-undercuts, making it
possible to design an āidealā adhesive pattern for each
tooth.
ā¢ Sernetz et al in 1997 evaluated the qualities and
advantages of titanium brackets.
ā¢ The biocompatibility of these brackets is maintained
by preserving the integrated base made of a single
piece of pure titanium.
ā¢ Lesser stiffness of titanium compared to stainless steel
allows torque to be fully expressed without deforming
the bracket wings.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. ā¢ Titanium brackets are made from a pure, medical-
grade titanium that has advantages in miniaturization
over stainless steel because of its greater strength
(made possible by special cold-working processes)
and its lower elastic modulus.
ā¢ Single-piece construction allows the lowest possible
bracket height, since clinical in-and-out depths remain
the same.
ā¢ This makes the miniaturized appliance even less
conspicuous.
ā¢ A low bracket profile can be helpful in assessing lip
balance during treatment, especially in cases of lip
insufficiency and protrusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. ā¢ Many patients prefer the appearance of the silver-gray
titanium brackets over shiny, reflective stainless steel.
ā¢ Titanium also has low thermal conductivity, and thus
alleviates the sensitivity to extreme temperature changes
often experienced by patients wearing metal appliances.
ā¢ It imparts none of the metallic taste of stainless steel
brackets.
ā¢ Such brackets may provide an alternative to SS brackets
for those communities who are concerned with nickel
toxicity, since their tribologic properties are quite
comparable to the currently accepted standard, SS.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Composition
ā¢ A commercially pure (cp) medical grade 4 Ti
(designation DIN 17851-German standards) is used as
the basis for the manufacture of titanium brackets.
ā¢ Composition is
Titanium - over 99%
Iron - < 0.30%
Oxygen - < 0.35%
Nitrogen - < 0.35%
Carbon - 0.05%
Hydrogen - 0.06%
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8. Surface characteristics
ā¢ The surface texture of the Ti brackets is much rougher
than that of the SS brackets.
ā¢ According to Harzer et al in Angle 2001, the surface
structure and the color of titanium and steel brackets are
very different.
ā¢ The surface of the rolled wings of titanium brackets is
very rough, and the biocompatibility of titanium supports
plaque adherence.
ā¢ These are the reasons for significantly more plaque
accumulation and a more marked change of color with
titanium brackets.
ā¢ The slots of titanium brackets are not as rough as the
wings because the slots are milled and not rolled.www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. ā¢ According to energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis
(EDX), the titanium brackets appeared to be
comprised solely of Ti.
ā¢ Ti is found to exist mostly in the oxidized form, TiO2
.
ā¢ Titanium is prone to fretting and galling, despite its
excellent resistance to corrosion at physiological
temperatures and its high specific strength.
ā¢ Nonetheless it has proven biocompatibility in medical
and dental applications.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Titanium and sliding mechanics
ā¢ Some clinicians have found titanium brackets to be
superior to stainless steel brackets in sliding mechanics.
An oxidation treatment of the titanium bracket, in
addition to creating chemical and mechanical passivity,
hardens the bracket slot.
ā¢ The smooth, Teflon-like surface of titanium is due to a
thin layer of titanium oxide and prevents direct contact
between the metallic atoms on the surfaces of the wire
and the bracket, thus reducing interatomic adhesion and
friction.
ā¢ Early testing of friction between stainless steel wires and
titanium brackets has shown a nearly 30% reduction in
friction compared to stainless steel brackets
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. ā¢ Kusy and whitley in AJO 1998 found that in the dry
state, both the SS brackets and Ti brackets are
comparable for SS wires.
ā¢ Ti brackets compare favorably against the conventional
SS bracket for all couples evaluated with SS, Ni-Ti, and
beta -Ti archwires.The Ti bracket displays an adhesive
effect for all couples when tested in the wet versus the
dry state at 34Ā°C in the pasive configuration.
ā¢ In the active configuration, kusy and Grady in AJO
2000 found that as the force or angulation between the
bracket and archwire increases, the passive oxide layer
on titanium (Ti) brackets does not break down
ā¢ The passive oxide layers on Ti brackets provide a good
medium for sliding mechanics.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. ā¢ Against SS archwires, the static and kinetic coefficients
of friction of SS and Ti brackets are comparable in both
the passive and active configuration, regardless of testing
under dry or wet conditions.
ā¢ By using Ti brackets, biocompatible archwireābracket
couples may be chosen that have more favorable sliding
characteristics than other biocompatible ceramic
brackets. Thus, Ti brackets are a suitable substitute for
SS brackets in sliding mechanics
ā¢ Titanium brackets present superior structural dimensional
stability as a result of favorable material properties when
compared to SS brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. ā¢ Kapur and sinha in AJO 1999 found that Titanium
brackets have different frictional characteristics when
compared with stainless steel brackets using similar
wires. Stainless steel brackets showed higher static and
kinetic frictional force values as the wire size increased.
However, for the titanium brackets the frictional force
decreased as the wire size increased.
ā¢ The desirable mechanical properties of titanium allow
early engagement of a full size wire during treatment, it
allows the bracket to elastically deform for three-
dimensional control of tooth movement with rectangular
wires.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Titanium and corrosion
ā¢ Toumelin-Chemla et al tested the corrosive properties
of fluoride-containing toothpastes on titanium in vitro
and found substantial corrosion processes in the
fluoridated acidic media.
ā¢ Reclaru and Meyer suggested that fluoride ions are the
only ions acting on the protective layer of titanium and
causing localized pitting and crevice corrosion.
ā¢ The aggressiveness of the environment at pH 3 is such
that it is no longer possible to maintain passivation
zones, and titanium will, therefore, undergo a continuous
degradation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. conclusion
ā¢ In essence, titanium brackets are a suitable alternative
to conventional metal brackets in many aspects. Their
biocompatibility, absence of nickel, good corrosion
resistance, superior dimensional stability, comparable
frictional characteristics and decreased
conspicuousness along with low thermal conductivity
make these brackets a suitable alternative to
conventional S.S brackets specially in nickel sensitive
patients.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Titanium implants
ā¢ Implants are an excellent alternative to
traditional orthodontic anchorage
methodologies, and they are a necessity
when dental elements lack quantity or
quality, when extraoral devices are
impractical, or when noncompliance
during treatment is likely.
ā¢ The growing demand for orthodontic
treatment methods that require minimal
compliance, particularly by adults, and
the importance placed on esthetic
considerations by all patients have led to
the expansion of implant technology.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Indications
ā¢ Implants have been used to extrude impacted teeth, to
retract anterior teeth, for space closure and to correct
dental position in preprosthetic orthodontic treatment.
In addition, they have been applied in the treatment of
Class III malocclusion, anterior open bite, and dental
alignment, and as an aid to the retention of teeth with
insufficient bone support.
ā¢ These osseointegrated implants are usually used as
anchorage to assist orthodontic tooth movement.
Many different orthodontic osseointegrated anchorage
systems (OOAS) have been developed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. ā¢ Implants can be used in the following conditions:
1. as a source of anchorage alone ( indirect anchorage)
a. orthopedic anchorage
1. for maxillary expansion
2. headgear like effects (singer et al in
angle 2000 used implants placed in the
zygomatic buttress of the maxilla to protract
it in class III pts with maxillary
retrognathism)
b. dental anchorage
1. space closure
2. intrusion of teeth
a. of anteriors
b. of posteriors
3. for distalization
2. in conjunction with prosthetic rehabilitation (directwww.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Implant designs
Modified implant designs meant specifically for
orthodontic usage are
1. Onplants
2. Mini implants
3. skeletal anchorage system
4. The micro implants
5. The Aarhus implants
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Materials used
ā¢ The material must be nontoxic and biocompatible, have
favorable mechanical properties, and be able to resist
stress and strain with proven effectiveness in clinical and
experimental studies.
ā¢ The materials commonly used for implants can be divided
into 3 categories:
ā Biotolerant - stainless steel, chromium-cobalt alloy.
ā Bioinert - titanium, carbon and
ā Bioactive - vetroceramic apatite hydroxide, ceramic oxidized
aluminum.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Advantages of titanium
ā¢ Commercially pure titanium is the
material most often used in implantology.
ā¢ It consists of 99.5% titanium, and the
remaining 0.5% is other elements, such
as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and
hydrogen.
ā¢ titanium is considered an excellent
material
ā¢ Osseointegration is defined as a direct
structural and functional connection
between ordered living bone and the
surface of a load carrying implant
ā¢ no allergic or immunological reactions
ā¢ Mechanical characteristics -very light
weight, excellent resistance to traction
and breaking. www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Fixture size and shape
ā¢ Implanted fixtures must meet the demands of
primary stability and effectively withstand
forces
ā¢ The maximum load that can be applied to the
fixture is proportional to the quantity of
osseointegration, making it dependent on the
surface area of osseoimplant-tissue contact.
Because implants are usually cylindrical, the
parameters that contribute to the contact surface
are length, diameter, and shape.
ā¢ Traditional dimensions ļ 3-4 mm in diameter,
6-10 mm in length
ā¢ The shape most used is cylindrical or
cylindrical-conical (flared), with a smooth or
threaded surface
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Onplants
ā¢ Introduced by Block anf Hoffman
in 1995
ā¢ It is in the form of a circular disc 8-
10 mm in diameter with provision
for abutments
ā¢ Made of Cp titanium and the
undersurface of the disc is coated
with hydroxyapatite
ā¢ Placed by a process called tunneling
in the posterior region of the palate
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Skeletal Anchorage System
ā¢ Reported by Umemori and Sugawara
et al in AJO 1999
ā¢ for correction of skeletal open bites
by controlling the height of the
posterior dentoalveolar region
ā¢ Titanium miniplates might be used
as a source of stationary anchorage
ā¢ L-shaped miniplate is used fixed by
bone screws with the long arm
exposed to the oral cavity
ā¢ can provide a significant amount of
intrusion of the molars
ā¢ advantages: no preparation is
necessary, stable rigid anchorage is
ensured, and tooth movement is
possible shortly after implantation.www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Orthosystem implants
ā¢ Orthosystem developed for anchorage
reinforcement of posterior teeth- reported
by Wehrbein et al in AJO 1999
ā¢ pure titanium 1-piece device with an
endosseous implant body, a transmucosal
neck section, and an abutment
ā¢ implant body has a selftapping thread
with a sandblasted, large grit, acidetched
surface
ā¢ inserted in the midsagittal palate for
anchorage reinforcement of posterior
teeth provided a means for reducing
patient compliance, reducing treatment
time, minimal anchor loss
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Mini implants:
ā¢ These were introduced by Ryuzo
Kanomi in 1997. the implant is a
modified surgical screw and is
placed interdentally under local
anaesthesia.
The Aarhus implant system:
ā¢ This was introduced by Birte
Melsen.
Micro implants:
ā¢ These are small diameter implants
that can be placed interdentally
either buccally or palatally.
For intrusion and retraction
Micro implants
Mini implants
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Anatomical sites
ā¢ Sites normally used are -alveolar bone in an agenesic or
extraction site, the palate in the median or paramedian
area, the retroincisive and retromolar site, the anterior
nasal spine, and the chin symphysis.
ā¢ Fixtures in an extraoral site, eg, the zygomatic bone
ā¢ Shigeru et al in 2000 - endosseous implants in
experimental animal as anchors for long term mesio-
distal movement of teeth.
ā¢ When used for orthodontic anchorage alone, a 1-phase
surgical procedure is preferred.
ā¢ Block and hoffman on onplants suggest 10-12 weeks of
healing time. Costa and Melsen suggest 4 weeks of
healing time
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Nickel ātitanium wires
Introduction
ā¢ Nickel-titanium alloys - introduced to the orthodontic
speciality by Andreasen and Hillman in 1971.
ā¢ The first nickel-titanium alloy, nitinol- based on the
original research of Buehler.
ā¢ The name nitinol was derived from the elements that make
up these alloysā "ni" for nickel, "ti" for titanium, and
"nol" for Naval Ordinance Laboratory, its place of origin.
ā¢ available as NiTi, Nitinol, Orthonol, Sentinol and Titanal
ā¢ advantageous properties of nitinol are the good springback
and flexibility
ā¢ high springback of nitinol is useful in circumstances that
require large deflections but low forces
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Properties required in an orthodontic wire:
ā¢ It should be possible for the wire to be deflected over
long distances without permanent deformation; hence, a
large springback. This assures better control over tooth
movement and minimizes intervals for adjustment
ā¢ Low stiffness and produce light forces
ā¢ wire should be highly formable and should be formed
into complicated configurations, such as loops, without
fracture.
ā¢ Springback, or maximum elastic deflection, is related to
the ratio of YS/E.
ā¢ ability and ease of joining is an important clinical
parameter.
ā¢ The corrosion resistance of such joints and the wires
themselves should be satisfactory
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30. Basic definitions
ā¢ Springback - also referred to as maximum elastic
deflection, maximum flexibility, range of activation,
range of deflection, or working range. Springback is
related to the ratio of yield strength to the modulus of
elasticity of the material (YS/E). It is a measure of how
far wire can be deflected without permanent deformation
ā¢ Stiffness or load deflection rate. It is the force
magnitude delivered and is proportional to the modulus
of elasticity. Low stiffness provides
(1) ability to apply lower forces,
(2) a more constant force over time, and
(3) greater ease and accuracy.
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31. ā¢ Formability - ability to bend a wire into desired
configurations
ā¢ Modulus of resilience- This represents the work
available to move teeth.
ā¢ Biocompatibility and environmental stability-
includes resistance to corrosion and tissue tolerance to
elements in the wire.
ā¢ Joinability- The ability to attach auxiliaries to
orthodontic wires by welding or soldering
ā¢ Friction- The preferred material for moving a tooth
relative to the wire would be one that produces the
least amount of friction at the bracket/wire interface.
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32. Stainless steel
ā¢ Austenitic stainless steel wires are the wires most
commonly used.
ā¢ contains approximately 18 percent chromium, 8 percent
nickel, and less than 0.20 percent carbon.
ā¢ high modulus necessitates the use of smaller-diameter
wires for alignment.
ā¢ decreased wire size results in poorer fit in the bracket
and loss of control.
ā¢ stainless steel has excellent formability.
ā¢ can be soldered, but the technique is moderately
demanding.
ā¢ has good corrosion resistance.
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33. Cobalt chromium wires
ā¢ Composition is 40 percent cobalt, 20 percent chromium,
15 percent nickel, 7 percent molybdenum, and 16
percent iron.
ā¢ Has excellent formability
ā¢ Spring characteristics are similar to those of stainless
steel
ā¢ Can be soldered, but technique is demanding.
ā¢ Corrosion resistance of the wire is excellent.
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34. Composition and manufacture of niti wires
ā¢ Nitinol is approximately 52 percent nickel, 45 percent
titanium, and 3 percent cobalt
ā¢ Solid-state solution hardening and cold working are the
basic strengthening mechanisms employed
ā¢ With proper heat treatment, the alloy demonstrates
significant changes in mechanical properties and
crystallographic arrangement.
ā¢ Have a stabilised martensitic phase formed by cold
welding, were the shape memory effect has been
supressed.
ā¢ Surface characteristics of the nickel-titanium alloy wires
are a result of its complex manufacturing process
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35. ā¢ Nickel and titanium are most commonly manufactured
into the nickel-titanium alloy by the process of
vacuum induction melting or vacuum arc melting.
ā¢ Segregation is often a problem because there is a
relatively wide disparity of melting points.
ā¢ Several remelts are often needed to improve
homogeneity of the nickel-titanium alloy.
ā¢ Powders are then made of the alloy. The process of
hot isostatical pressing is used by the manufacturer to
form the powders into wires.
ā¢ Voids occur in areas where the powders are not
completely pressed together. The wires obtain their
final shape by the process of drawing or rolling. The
process of drawing or rolling may leave scratch marks
on the surface.
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36. Classification of Ni-Ti wires
Kusy has classified nickel titanium wires as
1. Martensite stabilised alloys- do not possess shape memory or
superelasticity; processing creates a stable martensite
structure. These are the nonsuperelastic wires such as Nitinol.
2. Martensite active alloys- employ the thermoelastic effect for
shape memory. Oral environment raises the temperature of the
deformed archwire in the martensitic structure so that it
transforms to the austeinitic form. These are the shape
memory alloys such as Neo-Sentalloy and Copper Ni-Ti
3. Austenitic active alloys undergoes a stress induced
martensitic transformation (SIM) when activated. These alloys
are the superelastic wires that do not possess thermoelastic
shape memory at the temperature of the oral environment such
as Nitinol SE
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37. Phase transformations
Two major NiTi phases are:
1. Austenitic Niti - a ordered BCC structure occurs at
high temperatures / low stress.
2.Martensitic NiTi- distorted monoclinic, triclinic or
hexagonal structure and forms at low temperatures / high
stress.
ā¢ shape memory effect is associated with a reversible
martensite to austenite transformation, which occurs
rapidly by crystallographic twinning
ā¢ When these alloys are subjected to high temperatures,
detwinning occurs, and the alloy reverts to the original
shape or size - shape memory effect.
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38. ā¢ Some cases an intermediate R-phase having a
rhombohedral crystal structure may form during the
transformation process
ā¢ Since transformation occurs as a result of specific
crystallographic relationship between the two phases
-the rearrangement of atoms in the cells has been named
the Bain distortion
ā¢ Martensitic transformations do not occur at a particular
temperature, but rather within a range known as the
temperature transition range(TTR).
ā¢ TTR refers to the temperature range for the start and
completion of the transformation for that particular
structure
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39. ā¢ Start of martensitic formation is designated as Ms
(martensite start) and the end as Mf (martensite
finish).
ā¢ The temperature at which Mf begins to decline and the
austenite begins to form is designated as As (austenite
start) and the temperature at which the whole structure
is austenitic is termed as Af (austenite finish).
ā¢ For stress induced martensite (SIM) formation, an
additional Md (martensite deformation) temperature is
defined as the highest temperature at which it is
possible to have martensite.
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41. Shape memory effect
ā¢ Buehler and Cross- shape-memory phenomenon was
related to the inherent capability of a nickel-titanium
alloy to alter its atomic bonding as a function of
temperature
ā¢ At a high temperature range the crystal structure of these
alloys is noted to be in an austenitic phase, although at a
lower temperature the structure is in a martensitic phase.
ā¢ In the martensitic phase, these alloys are said to be
ductile and readily capable of undergoing plastic
deformation. However, when heated through the TTR,
they revert back to the austenitic phase and regain their
original shapes
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42. ā¢ Hurst and Nanda in AJO 1990 -specific TTR depends on
the chemical composition of the alloy and its processing
history. The TTR can be changed by altering the
proportion of nickel to titanium or by substituting cobalt
for nickel in the alloy.
ā¢ Memory configuration of the alloy must be first set in the
material by holding it in the desired shape while
annealing it at 450Ā° F to 500Ā° F for 10 minutes
ā¢ Through deflection and repeated temperature cycles, the
wire in the austenitic phase is able to āmemorizeā a
preformed shape, including specific orthodontic
archforms.
ā¢ Once a certain shape is set, the alloy can then be
plastically deformed at temperatures below its TTR. On
heating through the TTR, the original shape of the alloy
is restored. www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. ā¢ To obtain maximum shape recovery, the amount of plastic
deformation at temperatures below the TTR should be
limited to 7% or 8% of the original linear length.
ā¢ When an external force is applied, the deformation of NiTi
alloy is induced with martensitic transformation.
ā¢ The martensitic transformation can be reversed by heating
the alloy to return to the austenite phase and it is gradually
transformed by reversing back into the energy stable
condition.
ā¢ This means that the alloy can return to the previous shape.
This phenomenon is called shape memory.
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44. Superelasticity / Pseudoelasticity
ā¢ Superelasticity is determined by the typical
crystallographic characteristics of NiTi.
ā¢ In response to temperature variations, the crystal
structure undergoes deformations
ā¢ The alloys essentially undergo a reorganization to meet
the new environmental conditions - a property that has
earned them the designation of āsmart materials.ā
ā¢ The transformation from the austenitic to the martensitic
phase (thermoelastic martensitic transformation) is
reversible and is called as pseudoshearing.
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45. ā¢ On activation, the wire undergoes a transformation from
austenitic to martensitic form due to stress
ā¢ it is necessary to manufacture a wire in the austenitic
phase for the superelastic behaviour to occur
ā¢ original Nitinol alloy and other nonsuperelastic Ni Ti
wires have principally a work-hardened martensitic
structure
ā¢ clinically useful consequence of superelastic behavior -
variations in heat treatment can result in differing stress
levels to initiate phase transformations in the same
nickel-titanium wires.
ā¢ Japanese NiTi alloy is available in three different
superelastic force ranges of light, medium, and heavy for
individual wire sizes.www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. ā¢ The unique force deflection curve for austenitic Ni-Ti wire is
that its unloading curve differs from the loading curve āi.e
reversibility has an energy loss associated with it
-HYSTERESIS.
ā¢ The different loading and unloading curves produce the
remarkable effect the the force delivered by the austenitic
NiTi wire can be changed during clinical use by merely
releasing the wire and retying it.
ā¢ Deflection generates a local martensitic transformation and
produces stress-induced martensite (SIM).
ā¢ The highest temperature at which the martensite can form is
referred to as Md, and in austenitic alloys Md is usually
located above Af, allowing the SIM to form in the stressed
areas even if the rest of the wire remains austenitic.
ā¢ SIM is unstable, and if the specimen is maintained at oral
temperature it undergoes reverse transformation to the
austenitic phase as soon as the stress is removed.
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47. ā¢ In orthodontic clinical applications, SIM forms where the
wire is tied to brackets on malaligned teeth so that the
wire becomes noticeably pliable in the deflected areas,
with seemingly permanent deformation
ā¢ In those areas, the wire will be superelastic until, after
tooth movement, a self-controlled reduction of the
deflection will restore the stiffer austenitic phase.
ā¢ Formation of SIM partially compensates for the lack of a
thermally induced martensite and contributes to the
superelastic behavior of austenitic NiTi alloys. This
property, termed pseudoelasticity, can be considered a
localized stress-related superelastic phenomenon. Only in
cases of very severe crowding will an austenitic alloy
behave superelastically.
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48. Recycling of NiTi wires:
ā¢ Nitinol wires corrode when exposed to a chloride
environment, and this effect is potentiated by contact
with stainless steel.
ā¢ Mayhew and Kusy have demonstrated no appreciable
loss in properties of nitinol wires after as many as three
cycles of various forms of heat sterilization or chemical
disinfection, the effects of the oral environment on the
wire properties are still inconclusive.
ā¢ Retreived NiTi wires are characterised by the formation
of a proteinaceous biofilm, the organic constituents of
which are mainly alcohol, amides and carbonate.
Delamination, pitting and crevice corrosion defects as
well as decreased grain size were found.
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49. Friction and NiTi:
ā¢ Stannard in AJO 1986 -These wires are found to have
moderate friction which is greater than stainless steel
but lesser than beta titanium.
ā¢ Prososki AJO 1990- Elgiloy and NiTi wires were found
to have comparable friction and this was lesser than beta
titanium and stainless steel. Findings on resistance to
corrosion of nitinol wires have been inconsistent.
ā¢ Sarkar, and Foster have noted that corrosion does not
affect flexural properties of nitinol wires, some reports
indicate an increase in permanent deformation and a
decrease in elasticity caused by corrosion or the
cumulative effects of cold-working
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50. Clinical usage
ā¢ Most advantageous properties of nitinol -good springback
and flexibility, which allow for large elastic deflections
ā¢ The high springback of nitinol is useful in circumstances
that require large deflections but low forces
ā¢ nitinol has greater springback and a larger recoverable
energy than stainless steel or beta-titanium wires
ā¢ This results in increased clinical efficiency of nitinol wires
since fewer arch wire changes or activations are required.
ā¢ for a given amount of activation, wires made of titanium
alloys produce more constant forces on teeth than stainless
steel wires. A distinct advantage of nitinol is realized when
a rectangular wire is inserted early in treatment. This
accomplishes simultaneous leveling, torquing, and
correction of rotations.
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51. ā¢ Andreasen and Morrow - fewer arch wire changes,
less chairside time, reduction in time required to
accomplish rotations and leveling, and less patient
discomfort.
ā¢ The poor formability of these wires implies that they
are best suited for preadjusted systems.
ā¢ Any first-, second-, and third-order bends have to be
overprescribed to obtain the desired permanent bend.
ā¢ Nitinol fractures readily when bent over a sharp
edge.In addition, bending also adversely affects the
springback property of this wire.
ā¢ The bending of loops and stops in nitinol is therefore
not recommended.
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52. ā¢ Since hooks cannot be bent or attached to nitinol,
crimpable hooks and stops are recommended for use.
ā¢ Cinch-backs distal to molar buccal tubes can be
obtained by resistance or flame-annealing the end of
the wire. This makes the wire dead soft and it can be
bent into the preferred configuration.
ā¢ A dark blue color indicates the desired annealing
temperature. Care should be taken not to overheat the
wire because this makes it brittle
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53. Beta titanium wires
ā¢ Introduced BY BURSTONE AND GOLDBERG
ā¢ Commercial name ā TMA (Titanium Molybdenum Alloy)
ā¢ Nitinol, has excellent springback characteristics and a
low stiffness. unfortunately, its has low formability
which limits its application in conditions where
considerable bending of an appliance is required.
ā¢ At temperatures above 1,625Ā° F pure titanium rearranges
into a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice, referred to as
the ''beta" phase.
ā¢ With the addition of such elements as molybdenum or
columbium, a titanium-based alloy can maintain its beta
structure even when cooled to room temperature. Such
alloys are referred to as beta-stabilized titaniums.
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54. Composition
ā¢ It is composed of
Titanium ā 77.8 %
Molybdenum ā 11.3 %
Zirconium ā 6.6 %
Tin ā 4.3 %
ā¢ A clinical advantage of Ī² - titanium is its excellent
formability which is due to the BCC structure of beta
stabilised titaniums
ā¢ The addition of molybdenum to the alloy composition
stabilises the high temperature BCC Ī² - phase of
polymeric titanium at room temperature.
ā¢ Zirconium and zinc - contribute to increased strength and
hardness. www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Properties of Ī² - titanium
ā Ī² - titanium wires have improved springback which
markedly increases their working range
ā¢ Excellent formability
ā¢ High ductility - dislocation movement of the different
slip systems in the BCC crystal structure
ā¢ Wire has a relatively rough surface due to adherence or
cold welding
ā¢ Only wire that possesses the property of true weldability
ā¢ Absence of nickel makes it more biocompatible and
hence these wires can used in nickel sensitive patients.
ā¢ Excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility due
to the presence of a thin, adherent passivating surface
layer of titanium oxide.
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56. Friction and Ī² - titanium
ā¢ Kusy et al ( AJO 1990) and several other authors - Beta
titanium archwires produce highest friction owing to
substantial cold welding or mechanical abrasion.
ā¢ The surface of the titanium wire can become cold
welded to the S.S bracket, making sliding space closure
difficult
ā¢ Ion-implantation - alters the surface composition of a
wire. Implantation of nitrogen ions into the surface of
this wire causes surface hardening and can decrease
frictional force by as much as 70%.
ā¢ ion-implantation process tends to increase stress fatigue,
hardness, and wear regardless of the composition of the
material www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. ā¢ Reduction in friction is significant only when both the
wire and the opposing surface are ion implanted.
ā¢ Katherine Kula and proffit in AJO 1998 concluded that
there was no significant difference when ion implanted
TMA wire was compared to unimplanted TMA wire in
sliding mechanics clinically.
ā¢ Ion implantation takes place in vacuum and involves the
implantation of oxygen and nitrogen onto the TMA wires
ā¢ These ions penetrate the wire surface by reacting with the
tin in TMA to change the surface and immediate sub-
surface of the material
ā¢ This layer is very hard and creates considerable
compressive forces. These forces improve the fatigue
resistance and ductility while reducing the co-efficient of
friction roughly to that of steel.
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58. Clinical application
ā¢ Due to its unique and balanced properties, beta titanium wire
can be used in a number of clinical applications.
ā¢ For a given cross section, it can be deflected approximately
twice as far as stainless steel wire without permanent
deformation
ā¢ This allows a greater range of action for either initial tooth
alignment or finishing arches.
ā¢ Beta titanium is ductile, which allows for placement of tie-
back loops or complicated bends.
ā¢ High formability of Ī²-titanium allows the fabrication of
closing loops with or without helices.
ā¢ Allows direct welding of auxiliaries to an arch wire without
reinforcement by soldering.
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59. ā¢ Beta titanium wires are the most expensive of all the
orthodontic wire alloys but the increased cost is offset
by its combined advantageous properties. Beta
titanium not only offers an improvement in the
properties of presently designed orthodontic
appliances with its increased springback, reduced
force magnitudes, good ductility, and weldability, but
its excellent balance of properties should permit the
design of future appliances which deliver superior
force systems with simplified configuration.
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60. Important properties of orthodontic
wire alloys
Property Stainless
steel
Cobalt
chromium
Ī² - titanium
TMA
Nickel -
titanium
1. Cost Low Low High High
2. Force delivery High High Intermediate Low
3. Springback Low Low Intermediate High
4.Formability Excellent Excellent Excellent Poor
5. Ease of
joining
Welded joints
must be
reinforced with
solder
Welded joints
must be reinforced
with solder
Only wire that
has true
weldability
Cannot be
soldered or
welded
6. Friction Low Low High High
7. Biocompatibility Some Some None some
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61. Chinese Ni Ti wire
ā¢ Introduced by Dr. Tien Cheng and studied by Burstone,
Qin, and Morton
ā¢ The parent phase is austenite which yields mechanical
properties that differ significantly from nitinol wire.
ā¢ Has much lower transition temperature than nitinol wire.
Mechanical properties
ā¢ Springback has 1.4 times the springback of nitinol wire
and 4.6 times the springback of stainless steel wire.
ā¢ average stiffness of Chinese NiTi wire is 73% that of
stainless steel wire and 36% that of nitinol wire
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62. ā¢ Change in stiffness among different activations is
related to a clinically interesting finding - the magnitude
of force increases if a wire is retied into a bracket
Clinical significance
ā¢ Chinese NiTi wire is applicable in situations where
large deflections are required
ā¢ used in conditions were teeth are badly malaligned and
in appliances designed to deliver constant forces.
ā¢ there is a force difference if the appliance is left in place
throughout the deactivation or if it is removed and
retied. If the force levels have dropped too low for a
given type of tooth movement, then the simple act of
untying and retying can increase the magnitude of the
force.
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63. Japanese Ni-Ti wires
ā¢ 1978- Japanese NiTi alloy, possesses all three properties
- excellent springback, shape memory, and super-
elasticity
ā¢ The unique feature was that the stress value remained
fairly constant during deformation and rebound
ā¢ Japanese NiTi alloy wire, yields a significantly higher
value of elastic modulus than the Nitinol wire.
ā¢ Japanese NiTi alloy wire possesses superelastic
property.
ā¢ Tensile testing - When the wire is stretched upto 2%,
stress ā strain curve is proportional. But when the strain
was increased upto 8%, there was no change in stress.
This phenemenon is called as superelasticity.
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64. ā¢ Wire is manufactured by a different process than Nitinol,
and demonstrates the superelastic property
ā¢ Elastic deformation occurs with the strain range of 0% to
2% in the austenite phase. The martensitic
transformation begins at the 2% strain level and the
transformation continues up to the 8% to 10% strain
level.
ā¢ When the martensitic transformation is completed, the
whole specimen is transformed into the martensitic
phase. Later, the martensitic transformation occurs again
in the direction of the austenite phase.
ā¢ The Japanese NiTi alloy wire possesses the property in
which the load becomes almost even when the deflection
was decreased. This is termed "super-elastic property"
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65. Clinical application
ā¢ Classic NiTi alloy wire used in clinical orthodontics is the
work-hardened type wire called Nitinol. The Japanese NiTi
alloy wire possesses excellent springback property, shape
memory, and super-elasticity.
ā¢ Nitinol wire provides a light force and a lesser amount of
permanent deformation in comparison with stainless steel
and Co-Cr-Ni wires. super-elastic property provides a light
continuous force so that an effective physiologic tooth
movement can be delivered.
ā¢ Super-elasticity is especially desirable because it delivers a
relatively constant force for a long period of time, which is
considered a physiologically desirable force for tooth
movement
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66. Copper Ni ā Ti wires
ā¢ In 1994 copper Ni āTi wires were introduced by the
ormco corporation.
ā¢ It is available in three temperature variants: 270
C, 350
C and 400
C corresponding to the austenite finish
temperatures
ā¢ Shape memory behaviour is reported to occur for each
variant at temperatures exceeding the specified
temperature.
ā¢ The addition of copper to nickel titanium enhances the
thermal- reactive properties of the wire, thereby
enabling the clinician to provide optimal forces for
consistent tooth movement.
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67. Composition
They are composed of
Nickel ā 44%
Titanium ā 51%
Copper ā less than 5%
Chromium ā 0.2 ā 0.3%
ā¢ Kusy - wire contains nominally 5-6 wt% of copper and 0.2-
0.3 % of chromium.
ā¢ The 270
C variant contains 0.5% of chromium to compensate
for the effect of copper in raising the Af above that of the oral
environment.
ā¢ The addition of copper to Ni-Ti not only modifies the shape
memory , but also increases the stability of transformation
and also helped to control hysteresis width and improved
corrosion resistance. superelastic wires contain copper (5ā6
per cent) to increase strength and reduce energy loss.www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. Differences between Copper Ni-Ti and traditional
nickel titanium alloys:
ā¢ Copper Ni-Ti is more resistant to permanent deformation
and exhibits better springback.
ā¢ Copper Ni-Ti demonstrates a smaller loading force for
the same degree of deformation, making it possible to
engage severely malposed teeth with less patient
discomfort and potential for root resorption.
ā¢ Copper Ni-Ti exhibits a more constant force/deformation
relationship, providing superior consistency from
archwire to archwire.
ā¢ As copper is an efficient conductor of heat, Copper Ni-
Ti demonstrates consistent transformation temperatures
that ensure consistency of force. This equates to
consistent effectiveness in moving teeth.www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. Phase transformation
ā¢ Differential scanning calorimetry curves demonstrate
that the 27Ā°C coppet Ni-Ti wire contains a single peak
both on heating and cooling.
ā¢ This indicates a direct transformation from martensite to
austenite on heating and from austenite to martensite on
cooling without an intermediate R phase.
ā¢ The 35Ā°C and 40Ā°Copper Ni-Ti wire alloys exhibit two
overlapping peaks on heating, corresponding to
transformation from martensite to R-phase followed by
transformation from R-phase to austenite
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70. Uses of copper Ni - Ti wires
ā¢ 27Ā°C Copper Ni-Ti generates forces in the high range
of physiological force limits and produces constant
unloading forces that can result in rapid tooth
movement. Engagement force is lower than with other
superelastic wires. This variant would be useful in
mouth breathers.
ā¢ 35Ā°C Copper Ni-Ti generates mid-range constant force
levels when the wire reaches mouth temperature. Early
ligation is easier with full-size archwires due to the
lower loading forces. When earlier engagement of full-
size wires and sustained unloading forces at body
temperature are desired, 35Ā°C Copper Ni-Ti is the
ideal wire. This variant is activated at normal body
temperature. www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. ā¢ 40Ā°C Copper Ni-Ti provides intermittent forces that are
activated when the mouth temperature exceeds 40Ā°C. It is
useful as an initial wire and can be used to engage severely
malaligned teeth (such as high cuspids) without creating
damaging or painful levels of force or unwanted side
effects. It is also the wire of choice for patients scheduled
for long intervals between visits when control of tooth
movement is a concern. This variant would provide
activation only after consuming hot food and beverages.
Advantages of copper Ni ā Ti wires:
1. a more constant force delivery on a larger field of
activation
2. a better resistance to permanent deformation
3. slower drop of the deactivation force (less hysteresis
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72. Heat activated wires
ā¢ A Martensitic wire, Heat Activated Titanium wires exhibit
excellent shape memory and superelastic characteristics.
ā¢ It transforms to its Austenitic state at 35Ā° C, delivering a very
gentle continuous force. Because it is soft and pliable at room
temperature, it can be easily engaged to even the most
severely misaligned teeth.
ā¢ Nitinol Heat-Activated is a thermally activated super-elastic
archwire. It is the easiest of Nitinol wires to engage, and it
delivers light continuous forces that effectively move teeth
with minimal discomfort to the patient.
ā¢ Can be cooled or chilled resulting in a softer, more pliable
wire for easy engagement
ā¢ Provides light continuous forces
ā¢ Force activation at 27Ā° C
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73. ā¢ Thermoelastic alloys exhibit a thermally induced
shape/memory effect whereby they undergo structural
changes when heated through a transitional temperature
range (TTR) (Kusy, 1997).
ā¢ At room temperature the alloy is soft and easily ligated
to badly displaced teeth. At mouth temperature the ratio
of austenite increases and along with it the stiffness of
the wire, so that it more readily attempts to regain the
original archform (Bishara et al., 1995).
ā¢ The extent of this effect depends upon the TTR, which
can be set specifically by modifying the composition of
the alloy or by appropriate heat treatment during
manufacture (Buehler and Cross).
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74. Alpha titanium wires
The composition of Ī±- titanium is
Titanium ā 90 %
Aluminium ā 6%
Vanadium ā 4%
ā¢ The alloy is different in that its molecular structure
resembles a closely packed hexagonal lattice as against
the BCC lattice of beta titanium.
ā¢ The hexagonal lattice possesses fewer slip planes. Slip
planes are planes in a crystal that glide past one another
during deformation. The more the slip planes, the easier
it is to deform the material. BCC structure has two slip
planes while HCP lattice has only one slip plane. Thus
the near Ī±- phase titanium alloy is less ductile than
TMA.
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75. Timolium wires
ā¢ New entry into the arena of titanium ā based alloys.
ā¢ alloy with titanium, aluminium and vanadium as its
components.
ā¢ This alloy has a smooth surface texture, less friction at
the archwire ābracket interface, and better strength than
existing titanium based alloys.
ā¢ Vinod Krishnan et al (Angle 2004) -tensile evaluation
of the weld joint was beta titanium > stainless steel >
timolium.
ā¢ Weld surface of timolium exhibited a smooth and
symmetrical flow of the alloy, less surface distortions,
and an intact weld surface. Timolium with proper flow
of weld flash uniformly on both sides, had better surface
properties on surface evaluation.
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76. Titanium Niobium wires
ā¢ This alloy has low spring back (equivalent to stainless
steel) and is much less stiffer than TMA.
ā¢ It is useful when a highly formable wire with low forces
in small activations is required.
ā¢ Titanium Niobium is an innovative archwire designed for
precision, tooth-to-tooth finishing.
ā¢ At 80% of the stiffness of TMA, it is perfect for holding
bends, yet light enough not to override the arch-to-arch
relationship. It is recommended for use with finishing
elastics and even though it feels soft and pliable, it
possesses a resiliency after bending that is equal to
stainless steel.
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77. Nitinol total control
ā¢ IN 1988 Miura demonstrated the use of electrical
resistance heat treatment to introduce permanent bends
in their NiTi wires. The technique requires special pliers
attached to an electric power supply. This helps in
imparting bends without affecting superelasticity.
ā¢ A new pseudo super elastic NiTi alloy Nitinol total
control accepts specific 1st
, 2nd and 3rd
order bends while
maintaining its desirable super elastic properties. NTC
combines super elasticity with light continuos forces
over a desired treatment range with bendability required
to account for variations in tooth morphology arch form
and bracket prescription.
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78. Supercable
ā¢ Hanson combined the mechanical advantage of multistranded
cables with material properties of super elastic wires to create a
super elastic NiTi Coaxial wire. This wire called super cable
comprises of 7 individual strand woven together to maximize
flexibility and minimize force delivery.
1. Elimination of archwire bending.
2. More effective and efficient control of rotations, tipping and
levelling mechanics with an 0.018'' arch wire at the
beginning of the treatment.
3. Flexibility and ease of engagement regardless of crowding
4. A light continuous force delivery
5. Minimal patient discomfort and fewer visits due to longer
arch wire activation.
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