Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium and its alloys are discussed. Key points include:
- Titanium is the 9th most abundant element on Earth and was discovered in 1791. It has a high strength to weight ratio.
- There are three main types of titanium alloys - commercially pure, alpha/near-alpha, and alpha-beta alloys. Alpha-beta alloys like Ti-6Al-4V are most widely used in aerospace.
- Properties depend on crystal structure and heat treatment. Quenching produces martensite and increases strength while annealing produces different microstructures with varying properties.
Titanium and its alloys have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium is light, strong, ductile when pure, and has a high melting point. It is the seventh most abundant metal. Commercially pure titanium has a density about 45% lighter than steel. Titanium is resistant to corrosion and has good performance in seawater environments. Around 50% of titanium produced is used as the alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Titanium exists in both a hexagonal alpha phase and body-centered cubic beta phase, and alloys can contain mixtures of these phases. Common applications of titanium alloys include jet engines, implants, and marine applications due to its corrosion resistance and strength.
This document provides an overview of titanium and titanium alloys, including their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. It discusses that titanium has a high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. Four main categories of titanium alloys are described: alpha alloys, near-alpha alloys, alpha and beta alloys, and beta and near beta alloys. The document also notes that titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are commonly used for biomedical applications like orthopedic implants and dental implants due to their biocompatibility.
Titanium and titanium alloys/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
ย
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with low density and high strength. It is produced commercially from titanium dioxide via the Kroll process. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures, making it useful for applications in aerospace, marine, chemical and biomedical industries. It exists in two crystal structures, hexagonal close-packed at lower temperatures and body-centered cubic at higher temperatures, and can be alloyed to modify its properties for different applications.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
โข Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
โข Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
โข Found only in small amount in Thailand...
types of materials in dental implants , includes a brief history of dental implants
also watch for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium and its alloys are discussed. Key points include:
- Titanium is the 9th most abundant element on Earth and was discovered in 1791. It has a high strength to weight ratio.
- There are three main types of titanium alloys - commercially pure, alpha/near-alpha, and alpha-beta alloys. Alpha-beta alloys like Ti-6Al-4V are most widely used in aerospace.
- Properties depend on crystal structure and heat treatment. Quenching produces martensite and increases strength while annealing produces different microstructures with varying properties.
Titanium and its alloys have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium is light, strong, ductile when pure, and has a high melting point. It is the seventh most abundant metal. Commercially pure titanium has a density about 45% lighter than steel. Titanium is resistant to corrosion and has good performance in seawater environments. Around 50% of titanium produced is used as the alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Titanium exists in both a hexagonal alpha phase and body-centered cubic beta phase, and alloys can contain mixtures of these phases. Common applications of titanium alloys include jet engines, implants, and marine applications due to its corrosion resistance and strength.
This document provides an overview of titanium and titanium alloys, including their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. It discusses that titanium has a high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. Four main categories of titanium alloys are described: alpha alloys, near-alpha alloys, alpha and beta alloys, and beta and near beta alloys. The document also notes that titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are commonly used for biomedical applications like orthopedic implants and dental implants due to their biocompatibility.
Titanium and titanium alloys/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
ย
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with low density and high strength. It is produced commercially from titanium dioxide via the Kroll process. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures, making it useful for applications in aerospace, marine, chemical and biomedical industries. It exists in two crystal structures, hexagonal close-packed at lower temperatures and body-centered cubic at higher temperatures, and can be alloyed to modify its properties for different applications.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
โข Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
โข Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
โข Found only in small amount in Thailand...
types of materials in dental implants , includes a brief history of dental implants
also watch for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
Titanium and titanium alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel alloys used in orthodontics. It discusses the history of stainless steel development, the iron-carbon system that forms the basis for steel, and the three main types of stainless steel (ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic). Austenitic stainless steel is most commonly used due to its high corrosion resistance. The document also covers alloy compositions, properties, heat treatments, welding/soldering techniques, corrosion resistance, and special alloy types like duplex and precipitation-hardening stainless steels.
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
This document provides information about dental casting procedures and defects. It discusses the history of casting, outlines the main steps including spruing, investing, burnout and casting. Spruing involves attaching a sprue former made of wax, plastic or metal to direct molten metal into the mold. Investing is the process of enveloping the wax pattern with investment material. Burnout involves slowly heating the mold to eliminate wax. Casting involves melting dental alloys and directing the molten metal into the mold using various casting machines and techniques. The document also discusses potential casting defects.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
This is the 5th in our weekly series overviewing the different grades of titanium. Ti-6Al-4V or Titanium Grade 5 is hands down the most utilized alloy of titanium world wide. Over fifty percent of the worlds usage of titanium consists of Ti 5. In this presentation, you will learn about the applications of Ti5 (and titanium) as well as the different product forms it commonly comes in and given resources on where to buy titanium or learn more about this amazing metal.
Take a look and share if you like what you see!
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Nickel-Titanium (Nitinol) alloy is summarized in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the nickel-titanium (Nitinol) shape memory alloy, including its history, important terms, ratio of nickel to titanium, properties, fabrication, applications, and testing methods. Nitinol exhibits the shape memory effect and superelasticity due to a reversible phase transformation between the austenite and martensite phases induced by temperature changes or stress. Small changes in the nickel-titanium ratio can significantly impact the alloy's transformation temperature and physical/mechanical properties.
Study Of Bleeding Breakout In Thin Slab CasterShubham Thakur
ย
This documentation deals with the all the processes and sub-processes undergoing in the newly installed department in Tata Steel ,i.e., LD3 & TSCR, mainly focussing on "Bleeding Breakout" problem in TSCR shop.
1.Introduction
2.Historical perspective
3.Classification
4.Desirable properties
5.Functional mechanical properties
6.Alloys for
A]. All Metal Prosthesis
B]. Resin โ Veneered Metal Restoration
7. High noble and noble alloys for Metal- Ceramic Prosthesis
8. Alternative Technologies for fabricating prosthesis
Biological Hazards and precautions โ risks of dental laboratory
technician
10. Guidelines for selection and use of base metals for crown and
bridge applications.
11. Partial denture alloys and guidelines for selection
12. Alternatives technologies for fabricating prosthesis
13. Recent advancements
This document discusses the casting procedure and defects in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting techniques from the 11th century to present. The basic steps of casting include attaching a sprue former to the wax pattern, investing the pattern in a ring, burnout of the wax, and casting of the alloy. Key aspects covered are types of sprue formers and their attachment, crucible formers, casting rings and liners, and the investing procedure. The goals of investing are to produce an accurate mold with adequate expansion to compensate for casting shrinkage.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1) Alloy is a mixture of two or more metals while amalgam is an alloy that contains mercury as one of its components.
2) Amalgam has advantages such as being inexpensive, durable, and resistant to wear but has disadvantages like its metallic color and potential toxicity from mercury.
3) The basic components of dental amalgam include silver, tin, copper, and mercury while other components like zinc and indium can be added to improve properties.
This document discusses various types of all-ceramic biomaterials used in dentistry. It describes 6 types of all-ceramic materials: 1) sintered ceramics, 2) castable glass ceramics, 3) heat-pressed ceramics, 4) glass-infiltrated ceramics, 5) machined ceramics, and 6) CAD/CAM ceramics. Each type contains different subtypes that are made of materials like alumina, zirconia, lithium disilicate, and leucite to provide different mechanical properties for various dental applications. The document provides details on the composition, fabrication process, strengths and uses of each material.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
7.titanium and titanium alloys /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
ย
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Titanium and titanium alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses metals and alloys used in dentistry. It defines key terms related to the mechanical properties of metals like ductility, hardness, strength and elasticity. It describes how alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. Common alloys used in dentistry include noble metal alloys like gold-based and palladium-based alloys, and base metal alloys like nickel-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. The document traces the history of alloy use and development in dentistry from gold to newer alloys that are stronger, cheaper and better suited for applications like metal-ceramic restorations and removable partial dentures.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel alloys used in orthodontics. It discusses the history of stainless steel development, the iron-carbon system that forms the basis for steel, and the three main types of stainless steel (ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic). Austenitic stainless steel is most commonly used due to its high corrosion resistance. The document also covers alloy compositions, properties, heat treatments, welding/soldering techniques, corrosion resistance, and special alloy types like duplex and precipitation-hardening stainless steels.
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
This document provides an overview of zirconia as a dental biomaterial. It discusses the properties and history of zirconia, its phase transformations when heated, and how adding yttria stabilizes its phases. The document outlines the various uses of zirconia in dentistry including crowns, bridges, implants, and more. It also discusses challenges with bonding to zirconia and various surface treatment techniques to improve bonding, such as air abrasion, silica coating, and MDP resin cements.
This document provides information about dental casting procedures and defects. It discusses the history of casting, outlines the main steps including spruing, investing, burnout and casting. Spruing involves attaching a sprue former made of wax, plastic or metal to direct molten metal into the mold. Investing is the process of enveloping the wax pattern with investment material. Burnout involves slowly heating the mold to eliminate wax. Casting involves melting dental alloys and directing the molten metal into the mold using various casting machines and techniques. The document also discusses potential casting defects.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
This is the 5th in our weekly series overviewing the different grades of titanium. Ti-6Al-4V or Titanium Grade 5 is hands down the most utilized alloy of titanium world wide. Over fifty percent of the worlds usage of titanium consists of Ti 5. In this presentation, you will learn about the applications of Ti5 (and titanium) as well as the different product forms it commonly comes in and given resources on where to buy titanium or learn more about this amazing metal.
Take a look and share if you like what you see!
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Nickel-Titanium (Nitinol) alloy is summarized in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the nickel-titanium (Nitinol) shape memory alloy, including its history, important terms, ratio of nickel to titanium, properties, fabrication, applications, and testing methods. Nitinol exhibits the shape memory effect and superelasticity due to a reversible phase transformation between the austenite and martensite phases induced by temperature changes or stress. Small changes in the nickel-titanium ratio can significantly impact the alloy's transformation temperature and physical/mechanical properties.
Study Of Bleeding Breakout In Thin Slab CasterShubham Thakur
ย
This documentation deals with the all the processes and sub-processes undergoing in the newly installed department in Tata Steel ,i.e., LD3 & TSCR, mainly focussing on "Bleeding Breakout" problem in TSCR shop.
1.Introduction
2.Historical perspective
3.Classification
4.Desirable properties
5.Functional mechanical properties
6.Alloys for
A]. All Metal Prosthesis
B]. Resin โ Veneered Metal Restoration
7. High noble and noble alloys for Metal- Ceramic Prosthesis
8. Alternative Technologies for fabricating prosthesis
Biological Hazards and precautions โ risks of dental laboratory
technician
10. Guidelines for selection and use of base metals for crown and
bridge applications.
11. Partial denture alloys and guidelines for selection
12. Alternatives technologies for fabricating prosthesis
13. Recent advancements
This document discusses the casting procedure and defects in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting techniques from the 11th century to present. The basic steps of casting include attaching a sprue former to the wax pattern, investing the pattern in a ring, burnout of the wax, and casting of the alloy. Key aspects covered are types of sprue formers and their attachment, crucible formers, casting rings and liners, and the investing procedure. The goals of investing are to produce an accurate mold with adequate expansion to compensate for casting shrinkage.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1) Alloy is a mixture of two or more metals while amalgam is an alloy that contains mercury as one of its components.
2) Amalgam has advantages such as being inexpensive, durable, and resistant to wear but has disadvantages like its metallic color and potential toxicity from mercury.
3) The basic components of dental amalgam include silver, tin, copper, and mercury while other components like zinc and indium can be added to improve properties.
This document discusses various types of all-ceramic biomaterials used in dentistry. It describes 6 types of all-ceramic materials: 1) sintered ceramics, 2) castable glass ceramics, 3) heat-pressed ceramics, 4) glass-infiltrated ceramics, 5) machined ceramics, and 6) CAD/CAM ceramics. Each type contains different subtypes that are made of materials like alumina, zirconia, lithium disilicate, and leucite to provide different mechanical properties for various dental applications. The document provides details on the composition, fabrication process, strengths and uses of each material.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for use in products for consumers and manufacturers. The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, for technical advancement.
Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy (sometimes also known as black metallurgy) and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production.
7.titanium and titanium alloys /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
ย
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, forms, properties, and applications. Some key points:
- Titanium is a lightweight but strong metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is widely used in medical implants due to its biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V are the forms most used. Grades vary in oxygen and iron content.
- Titanium forms a stable oxide layer that protects its surface from corrosion. This layer allows for strong bonding to other materials.
- In dentistry, titanium is used for dental implants and implant-supported prostheses due to its strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to
Titanium occurs naturally combined with other elements and was first discovered in 1791. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is resistant to corrosion, making it useful for aerospace and medical applications. Titanium can exist in alpha and beta phases with different crystal structures. Photochemical etching uses light and chemicals to dissolve titanium selectively and create patterns. ACE developed a safer non-HF etching process called TiME and has expanded their business due to its success.
Titanium and its alloys have several desirable properties including high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Common titanium alloys contain aluminum and vanadium. Titanium is used widely in aerospace applications due to its high strength and low density, as well as in medical implants and devices where it is compatible with the human body. However, titanium is expensive to produce due to its high reactivity at high temperatures requiring specialized production techniques.
MATERIALS USED FOR DENTAL IMPLANT / dental implant courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
MATERIALS USED FOR DENTAL IMPLANT/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyย Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cutting tool materials and their study in machiningUttakanthaDixit1
ย
The chip formation in machining operations is commonly accomplished by a combination of several elements working together to complete the job. Among these components, cutting tool is the key element that serves in the front line of cutting action. Cutting action becomes a challenge when it comes to machining difficult-to-cut materials. Titanium and its alloys are among the most difficult-to-cut materials which are widely used in diverse industrial sectors. This chapter aims to provide a historical background and application of different cutting tools in machining industry with a main focus on the applicable cutting tools in machining titanium and titanium alloys. Selection of appropriate tool material for a certain application is directly influenced by the characteristics of material to be machined. In this context, a brief overview of the metallurgy of titanium and its alloys is also presented. Recent progresses in tool materials, appropriate tools for cutting titanium alloys, and their dominant wear mechanisms will also be covered in this chapter.
This document discusses dental casting alloys, focusing on base metal alloys used as alternatives to gold alloys. It defines base metal alloys, describes their composition and the roles of each element. Cobalt-chromium and nickel-chromium alloys are discussed in detail and compared to gold alloys. Their properties, casting techniques, and uses in removable and fixed prostheses are outlined. Titanium and titanium alloys are also summarized, including their composition, properties and challenges in casting.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery/rotary endodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
ย
This document defines biomaterials and discusses the various types used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by defining biomaterials and discussing their history. It then covers the main types of biomaterials used: metals (including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, dental metals), ceramics (nonabsorbable, biodegradable, bioactive), polymers (such as PVC, polyethylene), composites, and biodegradable polymers. For each category, common materials are identified and their properties and uses are described.
Titanium and its alloys are commonly used in orthodontics due to their biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Titanium brackets have advantages over stainless steel brackets like being nickel-free, having superior dimensional stability, and comparable frictional properties. While titanium brackets have a rougher surface than stainless steel brackets, leading to more plaque accumulation, their biocompatibility is maintained. Nickel-titanium alloy wires are frequently used due to their high springback and flexibility, allowing for light continuous forces during tooth movement.
Titanium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Titanium bellows have properties suitable for manufacturing bellows such as working temperature, cyclic stress resistance, and corrosion resistance. However, titanium has poor formability due to its high work hardening rate and poor plastic deformation ability. This makes the production of titanium bellows very difficult. Titanium is also active chemically and can react with elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures, making the material brittle. For these reasons, only a small number of studies have reported the production and use of titanium bellows so far.
Bracket materials / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
ย
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Metals in dentistry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
ย
Dental Courses by Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its physical properties, production process, uses as a building material, and examples of architectural applications. Titanium is a strong yet lightweight transition metal that is extracted from ores through a chlorine process and then purified. It has high strength, corrosion resistance, and is lighter than steel. Some key uses of titanium in architecture include cladding for buildings, structures like stadiums and theaters, and applications where corrosion resistance is important like chemical plants. It can be formed and fabricated into parts for its aesthetic and durable properties in construction.
Similar to titanium and titanium alloys. / academy of fixed orthodontics (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
ย
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I โAligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesisย / dental ...Indian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
ย
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
ย
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visitย
www.indiandentalacademy.com
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
ย
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
ย
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
ย
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
3. Metals have been used as Biomaterials for many
centuries.
Around 1565 gold plate was reported to be used to
repair cleft palate defects.
Gold alloys and their substitutes are formed by a
casting process developed by Taggart in 1907.
Since then, cast gold restorations have been
routinely used in clinical dentistry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. With advances in dental porcelain in the 1960s and
the significant increase in the price of gold in the
1970s, alternative alloys such as palladium alloys
and base metal alloys, were developed. The
allergenic and carcinogenic properties of base metal
alloys used in dentistry especially nickel and
beryllium-based alloys, have fueled controversy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. The evolution of titanium (Ti) applications
to medical and dental implants has
dramatically increased in the past few years
because of titaniumโs excellent
biocompatibility corrosion resistance and
desirable physical and mechanical
properties.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Titanium has become a material of great interest in
prosthodontics in recent years. A growing trend
involves the use of titanium as an economical and
biocompatible replacement for existing alloys for
fixed and removable prostheses. However, long
term of titanium casting, joining, and porcelain
bonding have to be evaluated before this wonder
metal can be used routinely in clinical dentistry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Most important deterrent to the use of Ti in
dental application is the fact that it is difficult
and dangerous to cast, The metal oxidizes so
rapidly at elevated temperature that an almost
explosive reaction may occur. So that it needs
to cast titanium alloy in oxygen atmosphere
(vacuum or argon) to prevent excessive
oxidation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. The physical and mechanical properties of pure Ti
and Ti alloys can be greatly varied with the
addition of small traces of other elements such as
oxygen, iron, and nitrogen.
Commercially pure titanium, is available in four
different grades
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. ASTM 1 to 1V - based on the incorporation
of small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen, iron, and carbon during purification
procedure.
ASTM committee on materials for surgical
implants recognizes four grades of
commercially pure titanium and two titanium
alloys.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. The two alloys are Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6A1-4V
extra low interstitial (ELI).
Commercially pure titanium is also referred to
as unalloyed titanium. All six of these
materials are commercially available as dental
implants.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Ti-6A1-4V
Several alloys of titanium are used in
dentistry. Of these alloys, Ti 6Al-4V is the
most widely used.
At room temperature, Ti-6A1-4V is a two-
phase ฮฑ+ฮฒ alloy.
At approximately 975ยฐC, an allotropic phase
transformation takes place, transforming the
microstructure to a single phase BCC ฮฒ-alloy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Thermal treatments dictate the relative
amounts of the ฮฑ and ฮฒ phases and the phase
morphologies and yield a variety of
microstructures and a range of mechanical
properties.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. An extremely reactive metal, titanium forms a
tenacious oxide layer that contributes to its
biocompatibility and electro chemical passivity.
This stable oxide with a thickness on the order of
nanoseconds, and it repassivates in a time on the
order of nanoseconds.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. However, titanium-based alloys and alloys
containing titanium are prone to gap corrosion
and discoloration in the oral cavity. Therefore
titanium is electrochemically inactivated by
the addition of small percentage of a metal of
platinum group to improve the anticorrosion
properties of the alloys by inducing a firm
passive coating.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Palladium was chosen among the platinum
group metals, as it prevents corrosion of
titanium by the addition of only a small
amount (0.15%).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. The lightly held 3dยฒ and 4sยฒ electrons are
highly reactive and rapidly form a tenacious
oxide that is responsible for the metalโs
biocompatibility. The remaining electrons
are relatively stable and tightly bound.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. There are three general types of titanium base
alloys, such as alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys,
and beta alloys, according to the predominant
room temperature phases present in the
microstructure. At temperatures upto 882ยฐC,
pure titanium exists as hexagonal close-
packed atomic structure (alpha phase).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Above that temperature, pure titanium
undergoes a transition from hexagonal close-
packed structure (alpha) to a body-centered
cubic structure (beta). The metal melts at
1665ยฐC. A component with a predominantly
ฮฒ-phase is stronger than a component with an
ฮฑ-phase microstructure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Alloying elements are added to stabilize one
or the other of these phases by either raising
or lowering the transformation temperatures.
The elements oxygen. aluminium, carbon, and
nitrogen stabilize the alpha phase of titanium
because of their increased solubility in the
hexagonal close-packed structure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. For example, in Ti-6A1-4V aluminium is an a
stabilizer, which expands the a phase field by
increasing the (ฮฑ+ฮฒ) to ฮฒ transformation
temperature.
Elements that stabilize the beta phase, include
manganese, chromium. iron and vanadium.
They expand the ฮฒ -phase field by decreasing
the (ฮฑ+ฮฒ ) to ฮฒ transformation temperatures.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Vanadium stabilizes the beta phase of Ti-6A1-4V
alloy, so that it exists as a combination of alpha
and beta phases. The combination of phases
gives the alloy strength.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. The ELI alloys are sometimes used. โExtra
low interstitialโ describes the low levels of
oxygen dissolved in interstitial sites in metal.
With lower amounts of oxygen and iron
residuals in the ELI alloy, ductility is
improved slightly.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. In general, alpha titanium is weldable, but difficult to
form or work with at room temperature.
Beta titanium, however, is malleable at room
temperature and is thus used in orthodontics.
The (ฮฑ+ฮฒ) alloys are strong and formable but
difficult to weld.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Thermal and thermo chemical treatments can
refine the post cast microstructures and
improve properties.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Density 4.5g/cmยณ
(considerably less than gold or Ni-Cr or Co-C r alloys)
Because of the light weight of the titanium
and its strength-to-weight ratio, high ductility,
and low thermal conductivity would permit
design modifications in Ti restorations and
removable prostheses, resulting in more
functional and comfortable use.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. The low cost of titanium raw material (USD 22
to 27 per kg) makes titanium material
attractive for dental prostheses.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. The environmental resistance of titanium
depends primarily on a thin, tenacious, and
highly protective surface oxide film which
is about 2O - 50 Aยฐ. Titanium and its alloys
develop stable surface oxides with high
integrity, tenacity and good adherence.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. The surface oxide of titanium will, if scratched or
damaged, immediately reheal and restore itself in the
presence of air or water.
The protective oxide film on titanium mainly Ti02
(rutile), is stable over a wide range of pHs, potentials,
and temperatures, and is specially favoured as the
oxidizing character of the environment increases.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. For this reason, titanium generally resists mild
reducing, neutral, and highly oxidizing environments
upto reasonably high temperatures. It is only under
highly reducing conditions that oxide film
breakdown and resultant corrosion may occur. These
conditions are not normally found in the mouth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. The Coefficient of thermal expansion is a most
important factor in bonding of an alloy to
porcelain.
The difference in the coefficient of the expansion
between the alloy and porcelain should be within
ยฑ1x10-6 /ยฐC to obtain sufficient bonding strength.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Coefficients of thermal expansion of pure
titanium and Ti-6A1-4V are 10.37 x 10-6
and 12.43 x 10-6 /ยบC, respectively, which are
considerably smaller than those of
commercial porcelain materials which is
about 14 x l0-6 /ยฐC.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Titanium is the most corrosion resistant
metallic material for implants in present use,
but, paradoxically, the self formed protective
oxide film on titanium can be affected by
excessive use of the commonest preventive
agents in dentistry, prophylactic polishing and
topical fluoride app1ications.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Adhesion of titanium to methacrylate based
polymer materials can be increased by plasma
treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. The mechanical properties of titanium and its
alloys surpass the requirements for an implant
material. Orthopaedic and dental implants
require strength levels greater than that of
bone and an elastic modulus close to that of
bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. The most commonly used and important
titanium alloy is Ti-6A1-4V, because of its
desirable proportion and predictable
producibility.
The ultimate tensile strength of spongeous
bone is about 83 MPa and cortical bone is
about 117 MPa.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. It is important to note that while the modulus of
elasticity of cp grade 1 titanium to cp grade 1V
titanium ranges from 102 to 104 GPa (a change
of only 2%), the yield strength increases from
170 to 483 MPa (a gain of 180%). Reasons for
the changes are related chiefly to oxygen
residuals in the metal.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. The characteristic trend of increasing strength
with relatively constant modulus continues
when comparing cp titanium with titanium
alloys. The elastic modulus of the alloys is
slightly higher (113 MPa compared with 104
MPa of cp grade 1V titanium), but the yield
strength increases over 60% to 795 MPa for
ELI alloys and 860 MPa for Ti-6A1-4V
alloys.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Titanium has poor shear strength and wear
resistance, however making it unsuitable for
articulating surface or bone screw applications.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. Compared with Co-Cr-Mo alloys, titanium
alloy is almost twice as strong and has half
the elastic modulus. Compared with 316L
stainless steel, the Ti-6A1-4V alloy is roughly
equal in strength, but again, it has half the
modulus.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Strength is beneficial because materials better
resist occlusal forces without fracture or
failure, Lower modulus is desirable because
the implant biomaterial better transmits forces
to the bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Titanium and its alloys are inert, have excellent
biocompatibility and predictability.
The non-alloyed titanium elicits an acute
inflammatory response with an increased number of
leukocytes around the implant. However, the
number of inflammatory cells decrease during the
first week and fibroblasts become the major cells in
the interfacial tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. During the first week the implant is
surrounded by a fluid space that contains
proteins, erythrocytes. inflammatory cells and
cell debris. One week after insertion of
implants, the size of the fluid space reduces in
non-alloyed titanium, for example, ion
implanted titanium.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. The inflammatory cells present in this space
seldom adhere to the surface of the non-
alloyed titanium and do not appear activated.
Non-alloyed titanium implants are surrounded
by a thin layer of orderly arranged collagen
and elongated fibroblasts.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Titanium also provides a surface suitable for
the proliferation of several differentiating
tissues. Non-alloyed titanium fixtures which
are inserted in knee-joints after drilling
through the cartilage or synovial tissue heal
within the joints and a direct contact with the
subchondral bone is established 4 to 6 weeks
after insertion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Non-alloyed titanium can also be used intra-
articularly as it causes no inflammation in the
synovial tissue.
Plaque accumulation of titanium or
hydroxylapatite (HA) coated titanium is less
than on natural teeth because of its high
surface energy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. Bone formation and its maturation occurs
faster on HA coated Ti implants than on non-
coated Ti implants.
Since enhanced bone growth preceedes by
rapid clotting, so the clotting occurs faster on
the HA-coated Ti implants than on non-coated
titanium implants.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. This is a the recently developed investment
for casting titanium inlay, crown and bridge.
Binder - calcia
Refractory -Zirconia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. There are 2 types of Calcia and mixing liquid.
1. Saturation type (total expansion 2 ยฑ 3%)
2. Delayed expansion type
Properties
1. Total thermal and setting expansion found was -1 .5 -
2.5%
2. The maximum thermal expansion is found at - 900 -
1200ยฐc
www.indiandentalacademy.com
67. Pure titanium melts at 3,035ยฐF (1,668ยฐC) and reacts
readily with conventional investments and gases like
oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. In addition because of
its low specific gravity, titanium flows less easily
that gold alloy when cast in centrifugal casting
machine. Therefore, it must be cast and soldered
with special equipment in oxygen free environment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. New alloys of titanium with nickel that can be
cast by more conventional. methods are being
developed. They release verity little ionic
nickel and bond well to porcelain. New
methods of forming titanium crowns and
copings by CAD/CAM technology avoids the
problem of casting altogether.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. Lost-wax casting is one of the most widely
used methods for the fabrication of metallic
restorations outside of the mouth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Three different types of specially designed Ti
casting systems are presently available namely
A pressure / vacuum casting system with
separate melting and casting chamber
(Castmatic, Dentaurum) .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. A pressure /vacuum system with one chamber
for melting and casting (Cyclare, J Morita)
and
vacuum / centrifuge casting system (Tycast.
Jeneric / Penetron, and Titaniumer, Ohara)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. The market price for each system
ranges from
USD 20,000 to 30,000.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. A new casting machine for casting of titanium
and Ni-Ti alloys was developed by
H.Hamanaka et al in 1989.
The machine consists of an upper melting
chamber and a lower casting chamber with an
argon arc vacuum pressure system.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
75. The main features that have been developed are
as follows:
1) The melting and casting chambers are
evacuated to a higher degree by means of an
oil diffusion pump.
2) In the casting chamber, a heater has been
placed to control the mold temperature; it
may be moved up and down with use of the
lever outside the chamber.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. 3) Two types of copper crucibles have been
developed - one a split type and the other a
tilting type that are changeable.
4) A device for direct suction has been placed
at the bottom of the mold for improved
castability.
5) The vaccum tank and the compressed argon
gas tank have been set to operate more
efficiently.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. 6) With use of the water-cooled electrode and
double D.C. electric sources, the capacity for
melting alloy is about 100g.
7) A new control system was developed.
In this system, after a mold and metal are set
on the machine, the upper and lower
chambers are evacuated.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. Then, argon gas is fed into the upper chamber
when the โstartโ button is pushed, and an
electric arc begun automatically at the given
pressure. After the alloy melts down, the new
control system can be started when the โcastโ
button is pushed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. At first. the upper chamber is exhausted for 0
to 1.0 seconds , and then the copper crucible
splits or tilts to drop the molten metal. From
0.01 to 0.05 seconds later, the compressed
argon gas is injected into the upper chamber.
This control system works automatically in
accordance with a given program.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. Advantages of this machine are:
As gas in the mold is removed by the mold
being heated under a high vacuum, the
reaction between the molten metal and the
mold decreases.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. The new control system and the two types of
crucibles developed proved very useful for
prevention of internal macro-defects in
castings and for improvement of castability.
Mechanical properties and castability of pure
titanium are improved.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. The initial application of titanium to dentistry
was machined Ti dental implants. As an
alternative to lost-wax casting, the Procera
system (Nobelpharma) with titanium
machining has been developed by Andersson
et al for the fabrication of unalloyed titanium
crowns and fixed partial dentures.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
84. The external contour of a titanium crown or coping
can be shaped out of a solid piece of titanium by a
milling machine, while the internal contour of the
titanium crown is spark eroded with a carbon
electrode.
Single titanium crowns can be fabricated with this
method, and multiple unit fixed prostheses can be
made by laser welding individual units together.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
86. Information on the marginal fit of titanium crowns
was unavailable until quite recently. Meyer and
Schafers evaluated cast titanium inlay and partial
veneer crowns. Heterogeneous results did not
satisfactorily withstand comparison to conventional
methods. The authors questioned the clinical
application of titanium casting.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
87. Ida et al reported that, in more than 100 cast
titanium crowns made, the fit was inferior to
that of silver-palladium crowns but superior to
that of nickel-chromium crowns. The criteria
used to determine fit were not described.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
88. Blackman et al examined the fit of 20 cast
titanium copings divided into two equal groups
with 45 and 90 degree shoulders. The surface of
marginal discrepancy was greatest with the 90
degree configuration.
Casting shrinkage occurred particularly along
the horizontal axis in the plane of the shoulder.
It was concluded that Ti crown copings can be
cast with acceptable fitting accuracy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
90. Different methods to join titanium have been
investigated.
Yamagishi et al examined the mechanical
properties of Nd:YAG laser welds of titanium
plates (1mm thick) and found that there is a
significant relationship between three-point
bending strength and the irradiation
atmosphere, the irradiation intensity, and the
combination of atmosphere and intensity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
91. Laser welding is effective when performed in
an argon environment. At the same time, the
results are markedly different with various
intensities of irradiation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
92. Roggensack et al studied the bending fatigue
behavior of titanium joined by laser and plasma
welding. No significant differences in fatigue
strength could be found between the two methods
of welding. Extreme loads led to earlier fatigue in
the plasma welded specimens.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. Even after the recent developments and
improvements in casting technology, the
challenge of using titanium casting for
prosthesis still presents major difficulties.
The mechanical properties of cast titanium differ
significantly from those of the parent metal.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
95. Also, the outer 100 to 200 micro meter of the
surface has greater hardness and reduced
ductility than the core material. Titaniumโs
high-fusing temperature and chemical activity
are considered primarily responsible for these
casting problems.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. So new techniques like spark erosion (electro
erosion) and machine duplication termed
โcopymillingโ have been introduced.
Ti-6A1-4V is one of the superplastic alloys that
exhibits excellent elongation (more than
1,000%) at a temperature of 800ยฐC to 900ยฐC.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
97. This super plasticity deformation is obtained
by grain-boundary sliding or dislocation with
a fine-grain structure (diameter 4 to 10 micro
meters).
Ti-6A1-4V is applied to denture framework
fabrication.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
98. The retention of acrylic resin to the titanium
base is an important consideration.
Noriyuki Wakabayashi et al confirmed that
bond strength between a denture-base resin
containing an adhesion-promoting monomer
and Ti-6Al-4V alloy that had been airborne
particle abraded using aluminum oxide
particles was statistically equivalent to that
between the same resin and a cobalt-
chromium alloy casting.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
101. Commercially pure (cp) titanium and titanium
alloys containing aluminum and vanadium, or
palladium (Ti-O Pd), should be considered
potential future materials for removable
partial denture frameworks.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. Their versatility and well-known
biocompatibility are promising; however,
long-term clinical studies are needed to
validate their potential usefulness.
Currently, when cp titanium is cast under
dental conditions, the material properties
change dramatically.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
103. During the casting procedure, the high
affinity of the liquid metal for elements such
as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen results in
their incorporation from the atmosphere.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
104. The usefulness of Ti as a metal for removable partial
denture (RPD) and complete-denture frameworks
has been evaluated. Removable partial denture
frameworks that were 0.70 mm thick had better
castability than did 0.35 mm thick RPD frameworks,
suggesting that if Ti is used for RPD frameworks, a
thicker wax pattern is needed than is used in casting
of a conventional denture framework with Co-Cr
alloys.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
105. In the same study, Ti commonly failed to cast
perfect mesh specimens, but Co-Cr alloys did
not have this problem.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
107. The biocompatibility of titanium is well
known in its clinical application in dental and
craniofacial implants.
Its use has been recently extended to include
metal ceramic crowns.
Titanium copings can be fabricated by casting
or by machine milling.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
108. The low coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE) of titanium (about 9 x 10-6
/ยบC)
compared to those of the conventional low-
fusing porcelains (about 13 x 10-6
/ยฐC) raised
the concern of thermal compatibility.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
109. Porcelains manufactured to bond to titanium
are currently commercially available. The
Procera porcelain (Procera, Nobelpharma:
Goteborg, Sweden) was formulated for
machine-milled crowns processed through the
Procera technique, while the Duceratin
porcelain (Degussa, South Plainfield NJ) was
formulated for cast titanium crowns.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. The strength of porcelain-fused-to-metal
structures is related to mechanical properties
of the metal framework, the veneering
porcelain, the porcelain-metal interface, and
their interactions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
112. There is abundant literature on the adherence
of oxides formed at high temperatures on gold
alloys, Ni-Cr, and Co-Cr alloys. The
oxidation mechanisms and reasons for
development of a non-adherent oxide layer
while not perfectly understood, are well
characterized for Ti and its alloys.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
113. Kirmura et al reported the oxidation effects of the
porcelain-titanium interface reaction. They
concluded that the conventional degassing
procedure is not suitable for porcelain-titanium
restorations and that the cycle should be below
800ยฐC to minimize the metallic oxide formation
on the Ti surface.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
115. The use of metals for implants dates back to
ancient times. It was not until the 1930s,
however, that improvements in metal
technology led to an era of expanded surgical
use of metallic implants.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
117. A successful long-term implant requires
biocompatibility, toughness, strength, corrosion
resistance, wear resistance, and fracture resistance.
Titanium alloys of interest to dentistry exist in three
forms: alpha, beta, and alpha-beta. These types
originate when pure titanium is heated, mixed with
elements such as aluminium and vanadium in certain
Concentration and cooled.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
118. Titanium and its alloys are important in dental
and surgical implants because of their high
degree of biocompatibility, their strength. and
their corrosion resistance.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
119. Pure titanium, theoretically, may form several
oxides. Among these . TiO, Ti02 and Ti2 03. Of
these, TiO2 is the most stable and therefore
the most commonly used under physiologic
conditions. These oxides form spontaneously
on exposure of Ti to air.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
120. When an implant is introduced into the body,
complex reactions begin to take place at the
oxide/bio environment interface. The oxide
film grows as ions diffuse outward from the
metal and inward from the environment. The
oxide that forms in the body may therefore, be
somewhat different than that which forms in
air.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
121. The rate of formation and composition of this
film is important. Titanium, both as a pure
metal and as an alloy, is easily passivated,
forming a stable Ti02 surface oxide that makes
the metal corrosion resistant. This oxide will
repair itself instantaneously on damage such
as might occur during insertion of an implant.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
122. The normal level of Ti in human tissue is 50
ppm. Values of 100 to 300 ppm are frequently
observed in soft tissues surrounding Ti
implants. At these levels, tissue discoloration
with Ti pigments can be seen.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
123. This rate of dissolution is one of the lowest of
all passivated implant metals and seems to be
well tolerated by the body. The clinical
significance of this data is substantiated by
more than 20 years of clinical experience with
pure Ti and Ti 6A1 4V alloys.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
125. This reactive group of metals and alloys (with
primary elements from reactive group metallic
substances) form tenacious oxides in air or
oxygenated solutions. Titanium (Ti) oxidizes
(passivates) upon contact with room
temperature air and normal tissue fluids.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
126. This reactivity is favourable for dental
implant devices. In the absence of interfacial
motion or adverse environmental conditions,
this passivated (oxidized) surface condition
minimizes biocorrosion phenomena.
In situations where the implant would be
placed within a closely fitting receptor site in
bone, areas scratched or abraded during
placement would repassivate in vivo.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
127. This characteristic is one important property
in vivo. This characteristic is one important
property consideration related to the use of
titanium for dental implants. Some reports
show that the oxide layer tends to increase in
thickness under corrosion testing and that
breakdown of this layer is unlikely in aerated
solutions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
128. Bothe et al. studied the reaction of rabbit bone to 54 different
implanted metals and alloys and showed that titanium
allowed bone growth directly adjacent to the oxide surface.
Leventhal further studied the application of titanium for
implantation.
Beder et al., Cross et al., Clarke et al., and Brettle were able
to expand indications of these materials.
In all cases titanium was selected as the material of choice
because of its inert and biocompatible nature paired with
excellent resistance to corrosion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
130. Proper implant configuration can help
effectively control or alter force transmission
to remain within physiologic limits of health.
The basic metallurgic properties of titanium,
particularly its ductility,
allow it to be strong and malleable,
permitting fabrication of optimal dental
implant configurations with little compromise.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
131. Relatively high strength is required in a
prosthetic metal so it can withstand the
mechanical forces and stresses placed on it
during short-and long-term function without
undergoing unintended permanent deformation
or fracture.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
132. However, a lower toughness specific to
deformation is desired so that one can shape the
implant during the manufacturing process, and
when appropriate, bend it to accommodate the
anatomic conditions found at the host site. These
conditions vary, system by system.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
133. The strength values for the wrought soft and
ductile metallurgic condition (normal root
forms and plate form implants) are
approximately 1.5 times greater than the
strength of compact bone. In most designs
where the bulk dimensions and shapes are
simple, strength of this magnitude is adequate.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
134. Commercially pure (cp) titanium and alloys of
titanium exhibit good elongation properties.
Elongation is directly related to malleability.
Low elongation can result in implant fracture
during processing or manipulation at the time
of insertion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
135. Titanium and its alloys exhibit moderate yield
strengths. Yield strength relates to the
magnitude of stress at which a metallic material
shows initial permanent deformation. When the
yield strength is exceeded, the shape of the
implant is altered.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
136. Finally, the tensile strengths, the point at
which metallic material can fracture in
response to an applied load, should be
sufficiently high for functional stability of a
properly designed dental implant.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
137. In general, titanium and its alloys have
outstanding strength-to-weight ratios; good
yield, tensile, and fatigue strength; and
adequate toughness for dental implant
systems.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
138. The alloy of titanium most often used is titanium-
aluminum-vanadium.
The wrought alloy condition is approximately 6
times stronger than compact bone and thereby
affords more opportunities for designs with thinner
sections (e.g., plateaus, thin interconnecting regions,
implant-to-abutment connection screw housing,
irregular scaffolds, porosities).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
139. The modulus of elasticity of the alloy is
slightly greater than that of titanium, being
about 5.6 times that of compact bone.
The alloy and the primary element (Ti) both
have titanium oxide (passivated) surfaces.
Information has been developed on the oxide
thickness, purity, and stability as related to
implant biocompatibilities.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
140. In general, titanium and alloys of titanium
have demonstrated interfaces described as
โosseointegratedโ for implants in humans.
Also, surface conditions where the oxide
thickness has varied from hundreds of
angstroms of amorphous oxide surface films
to 100% titania (Ti02 rutile-form ceramic)
have demonstrated osseointegration.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
143. Titanium plasma sprayed coating (TPS)
The first rough titanium
surface introduced
Coated with titanium powder
particles in the form of
titanium hydridePlasma flame spraying technique
www.indiandentalacademy.com
144. Porous or rough titanium surfaces have been
fabricated by plasma spraying a powder form
of molten droplets at high temperatures in the
order of 15,000 ยบC, an argon plasma is
associated with nozzle to provide very high
velocity 600 m/sec partially molten particle c
titanium powder (0.05 to 0.1mm diameter)
projected onto a metal or alloy substrate.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
145. The plasma sprayed layer after solidification
(fusion) is often provided with a 0.04 to
0.05mm thickness.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
146. When examined microscopically, the coatings
show round or irregular pores that can be
connected to each other.
These types of surfaces were first developed
by Hahn and Palich, who reported bone
ingrowth in plasma spray titanium hybrid
powder and plasma spray-coated implants
inserted in animals.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
147. In addition, porous surfaces can result in an
increase in tensile strength through ingrowth
of bony tissues into three dimensional
features, High shear forces determined by the
torque testing methods and improved force
transfer into the periimplant area have also
been reported.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
150. Hydroxyapatite coating by plasma spraying was
brought to the dental profession by deGroot.
Kay et al. showed with scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and spectrographic analyses that
the plasma-sprayed HA coating could be crystalline
and could offer chemical and mechanical properties
compatible with dental implant applications.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
151. Thomas showed an accelerated bone formation and
maturation around HA-coated implants in dogs when
compared with non-coated implants.
HA coating can also lower the corrosion rate of the
same substrate alloys.
Cook et al. measured the HA coating thickness after
retrieval from specimens inserted in animals for 32
weeks and showed a consistent thickness of
50micrometer, which is in the range advocated for
manufacturing.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
152. The bone adjacent to the implant has been
reported to be better organized than with other
implant materials and with a higher degree of
mineralization. In addition, numerous
histologic studies have documented the greater
surface area of bone apposition to the implant
in comparison to uncoated implants, which
may enhance the biomechanics and initial
load-bearing capacity of the system.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
153. HA coating has been credited with enabling
HA-coated Ti or Ti alloy implants to obtain
improved bone-to-implant attachment
compared with machined surfaces.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
154. Implants of solid sintered hydroxyapatite have been
shown to he susceptible to fatigue failure. This
situation can be altered by the use of a CPC (calcium
phosphate coating) along metallic substrates.
Although several methods may be used to apply
CPC coatings, the majority of commercially
available implant systems are coated by a plasma
spray technique.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
155. A powdered crystalline hydroxyapatite is
introduced and melted by a hot, high-
velocity region of a plasma gun and
propelled onto the metal implant as a
partially incited ceramic.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
156. One advantage of CPC coatings is that they
can act as a protective shield to reduce
potential slow ion release from the Ti-6A1-4V
substrate.
Also, the interdiffusion between titanium and
calcium, and phosphorus and other elements
may enhance the coating substrate bond by
adding a chemical component to the
mechanical bond.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
159. Cranial prosthesis:
Titanium has been recently used in fashioning
cranial prostheses (Gordon and Blair, 1974)
This metal is a strong but light material that is soft
enough to be swaged in a die-counterdie system.
Moreover it can be strain hardened and thus become
stronger with manipulation. Sheets that are 0.6 1mm
thick are adequate and its radiodensity permits most
radiographic studies.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
160. After the metal prosthesis is shaped, trimmed,
and polished, tissue acceptance of the implant
is enhanced by anodizing it in a solution of
80% phosphoric acid, 10% sulphuric acid,
and 10% water (Gordon and Blair, 1974).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
161. Titanium trays offer the best combination of
strength and rigidity with the least bulk of any
implant material currently available for
restoration of mandibular defects. Titanium
frameworks are also used for rehabilitation of
maxillary and mandibular defects like cleft
palate.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
162. The osseointegration technique allows the
placement of titanium implants in to the orbital
bony resin that are capable of supporting a facial
prosthesis.
The osseointegration procedure, allows titanium
implants in to bone to project through the skin,
providing points of attachment for prosthetic
devices .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
163. Titanium implants are used for retention of
bone anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
165. Based on their physical properties and
biocompatibility, titanium and its alloys have
emerged as the metals of choice in dental implant
industry.
The application of titanium to fixed and removable
prostheses is still in the developmental stages.
Concerns regarding castability, porcelain bonding,
and joining have been reported.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
166. Some reports in the literature have indicated
problems with castability and porosity.
Others have shown that clinically acceptable
titanium castings can be produced.
Problems associated with porcelain bonding
and titanium joining need to be resolved.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
167. Attempts to substitute gold alloys with
titanium for dental prostheses by the dental
industry, laboratories and clinicians, have
been a slow process.
At present time, use of titanium restorations
or prostheses is low because of lack of
knowledge of the material among dentists and
long-term c1inic follow-up.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
168. Titanium is a useful biomaterial. It will
probably continue to dominate the implant
market in the future. Titanium is economical
an readily available, but the technologies of
machining, casting, welding and veneering it
for dental prostheses are new.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
169. Increased use of titanium in prosthodontics
depends on research and clinical trials to
compare its effectiveness, as an equivalent or
superior metal, to existing metals. The future
of titanium in dentistry looks promising.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
171. William J. 0โBrien: Dental materials and their selection
Robert G. Craig: Restorative dental materials.
John F McCabe: Applied dental materials.
E.C.Coombe: Notes on dental materials.
Kenneth J Anusavice: Science of dental materials.
E.H. Greener: Material science in dentistry.
Bernard G. N. Smith: The clinical handling of dental material.
Carl. F Misch :Contemporary implant Dentistry.
Charles. M. Weiss, Adam Weiss: Principles and practice of
implant Dentistry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
172. AKAGI. K, OKAMOTO. y, MATSUURA. T,
HORIBE. T
โProperties of test metal ceramic titanium alloysโ,
J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68: 462-7.
ANDERSSON.M, BERGMAN. B, BESSING. C,
ERICSON. G, LUNDQUIST. P, NILSON. H
โClinical results with titanium crown fabricated with
machine duplication and spark erosionโ,
Acta Odontol Scand 1989 ; 47 : 279-286.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
173. BALTAG. 1. WATANABE. K. KUSAKARI. H., MIYAKAWA. 0,
โInternal porosity in circumferential clasps of a clinical framework designโ,
J Prosthet Dent 2002: 88: 15 1-8.
BERG. E, DAVIK.G, HEGDAHL.T,
โHardness, strength, and ductility of prefabricated titanium rods
used in the manufacture of spark erosion crownsโ,
J Prosthet Dent 1996; 75: 419-425.
BERG. F. WAGNER.W,C. Davik. G, Dootz. E.R, โMechanical
properties of laser-welded cast and wrought titaniumโ,
J Prosthet Dent 1995; 74: 250-7.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
174. BLACKMAN. R, BARGHI. N. TRAN. C,
โDimensional changes in casting titanium removable
partial denture frameworksโ,
J Prosthet Dent 1991: 65: 309-15.
B. Kasemo,
Biocompatibility of titanium implants:
Surface science aspects
J Prosthet Dent June 1983 volume 49 number 6.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
175. Gregory R. Parr , Richard W. Toth, et al
Titanium: The mystery metal of implant
dentistry. Dental materials aspects
J Prosthet Dent 1985,Vol54,No.3,410-414.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
176. Thank you
For more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com