Advanced Materials are defined as unique combinations of materials, process technologies, that together, help create and capture value by addressing large, global unmet wants and needs of building industry. There is a wide range of innovation enabled by technologies for processing materials and integrating currently available materials for creation of new generation buildings “Titaniun” is one of them. It is an incredibly durable and stunning material known for its wide-range of color, high-tensile strength. Titanium can be processed to achieve a variety of surface textures, from a soft matte to a near gleaming reflectivity suitable for architectural application. Titanium's corrosion immunity, strength and physical properties combine to allow reduced wall thickness, lowering its installed unit cost which is favourable as far as its application in densely populated urban areas is concerned. Many countries like United Sates of America, China, and Spain etc have also stared its use however its use in developing country like India is still limited. The paper attempts to analyze the chemical properties of Titanium as a futuristic building material. It also observes the variant of the material as option to make self-cleaning buildings in the future, reducing the amount of harmful cleansers used currently.
IRJET- Introduction to New Façade MaterialIRJET Journal
This document provides an introduction to using titanium dioxide as a new façade material. It discusses how titanium dioxide can balance aesthetics and a healthy environment. Titanium dioxide is highlighted as an eco-friendly material that has self-cleaning properties and can help purify the air by decomposing pollutants when activated by light. The document outlines the history, properties, working mechanism and advantages of using titanium dioxide, concluding that it is a sustainable solution as a façade material due to its durability, low maintenance needs, and ability to reduce pollution and preserve heritage structures.
Face Detection in Digital Image: A Technical ReviewIJERA Editor
Face detection is the method of focusing faces in input image is an important part of any face processing system. In Face detection, segmentation plays the major role to detect the face. There are many contests for effective and efficient face detection. The aim of this paper is to present a review on several algorithms and methods used for face detection. We read the various surveys and related various techniques according to how they extract features and what learning algorithms are adopted for. Face detection system has two major phases, first to segment skin region from an image and second to decide these regions cover human face or not. There are number of algorithms used in face detection namely Genetic, Hausdorff Distance etc.
Deposition and Characterization of Sisal Fiber Composite Prepare By Iron Oxid...IJERA Editor
Iron oxide synthesized through sintering route. The present research work deals with ferrite composite prepared using chemical reactions. Ferric nitrates and ammonium chloride doped with sisal fiber has been prepared. The comparative studies of ferric oxide were examined through few characterizations. The structural behavior of iron oxide was studied in XRD, FT/IR, TEM and SEM. This behavior showed ferrite nature of the sample.
Implementation of Transformer Protection by Intelligent Electronic Device for...IJERA Editor
Protection of power system equipments was traditionally done by using electromagnetic relay, static relays, and
numerical relays. At present the microprocessor based relays are replacing the old Electromagnetic relays
because of their high level accuracy and fast operation. RET670(Transformer protection relay ), an IED
(INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICE) provides fast and selective protection, monitoring, and control of all
types of transformer. The configured IED is tested under different fault conditions simulated by using mobile test
kit to ensure IED’s reliable operation on site. With preconfigured algorithms, the IED will automatically
reconfigure the network in case of a fault, and a service restoration is carried out within milliseconds by giving
trip signal to the corresponding Circuit breakers. On receiving the trip signal the circuit breaker operates
providing quicker isolation of transformers under the fault condition. This enables to have a complete and an
adequate protection to the specified power transformer.
IRJET- Introduction to New Façade MaterialIRJET Journal
This document provides an introduction to using titanium dioxide as a new façade material. It discusses how titanium dioxide can balance aesthetics and a healthy environment. Titanium dioxide is highlighted as an eco-friendly material that has self-cleaning properties and can help purify the air by decomposing pollutants when activated by light. The document outlines the history, properties, working mechanism and advantages of using titanium dioxide, concluding that it is a sustainable solution as a façade material due to its durability, low maintenance needs, and ability to reduce pollution and preserve heritage structures.
Face Detection in Digital Image: A Technical ReviewIJERA Editor
Face detection is the method of focusing faces in input image is an important part of any face processing system. In Face detection, segmentation plays the major role to detect the face. There are many contests for effective and efficient face detection. The aim of this paper is to present a review on several algorithms and methods used for face detection. We read the various surveys and related various techniques according to how they extract features and what learning algorithms are adopted for. Face detection system has two major phases, first to segment skin region from an image and second to decide these regions cover human face or not. There are number of algorithms used in face detection namely Genetic, Hausdorff Distance etc.
Deposition and Characterization of Sisal Fiber Composite Prepare By Iron Oxid...IJERA Editor
Iron oxide synthesized through sintering route. The present research work deals with ferrite composite prepared using chemical reactions. Ferric nitrates and ammonium chloride doped with sisal fiber has been prepared. The comparative studies of ferric oxide were examined through few characterizations. The structural behavior of iron oxide was studied in XRD, FT/IR, TEM and SEM. This behavior showed ferrite nature of the sample.
Implementation of Transformer Protection by Intelligent Electronic Device for...IJERA Editor
Protection of power system equipments was traditionally done by using electromagnetic relay, static relays, and
numerical relays. At present the microprocessor based relays are replacing the old Electromagnetic relays
because of their high level accuracy and fast operation. RET670(Transformer protection relay ), an IED
(INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICE) provides fast and selective protection, monitoring, and control of all
types of transformer. The configured IED is tested under different fault conditions simulated by using mobile test
kit to ensure IED’s reliable operation on site. With preconfigured algorithms, the IED will automatically
reconfigure the network in case of a fault, and a service restoration is carried out within milliseconds by giving
trip signal to the corresponding Circuit breakers. On receiving the trip signal the circuit breaker operates
providing quicker isolation of transformers under the fault condition. This enables to have a complete and an
adequate protection to the specified power transformer.
To enable sound on a device, go to the settings menu, select internet options, click on the advanced tab, scroll down to multimedia and check the box to play sounds in webpages, click apply and ok, then refresh the current page.
Carry Trading - wykorzystaj możliwości inwestowania dużych banków i funduszy inwestycyjnych! Zacznij wreszcie zarabiać naprawdę konkretne pieniądze wykorzystując sprawdzone sposoby!
Czego dokładnie będziesz się uczył?
Na samym początku poznasz wprowadzenie do pojęć takich jak:
Grid Trade
Carry Trade
Hedge
Czego ponadto dowiesz się z publikacji?
W jaki sposób wyznaczać cele finansowe oraz stosować odpowiednią strategię?
Czym jest psychologia inwestowania?
Czym jest basket-trade w teorii i jakie niesie zyski?
Czym jest Carry Trade?
Czym jest Grid Trade?
Czym jest Hedge?
W jaki sposób przygotować się do inwestowania?
I na koniec najlepsze!
W publikacji tej znajdziesz dosłownie instrukcję "krok po kroku", w jaki sposób postępować, aby wprowadzić w życie swój inwestycyjny plan. Czyli jak założyć konto, jak je skonfigurować, w jaki sposób śledzić swoje wyniki itd. A wszystko to poparte ilustracjami.
Central cord syndrome is an acute spinal cord injury caused by trauma, most commonly from hyperextension injuries in individuals with cervical spondylosis. It is characterized by disproportionate weakness in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities, along with bladder dysfunction and sensory loss below the injury level. Rehabilitation focuses on physical, occupational, speech, and recreational therapies to preserve mobility and range of motion, restore activities of daily living, and help patients return to pre-injury activities through adapted devices and techniques.
TRANSPARÊNCIA DO BENEFICIÁRIO FINAL E O CONTROLE DA CORRUPÇÃOFabiano Angélico
Apresentação no painel "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA TRANSPARÊNCIA E DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE A ESTRUTURA SOCIETÁRIA DAS EMPRESAS: O BENEFICIÁRIO FINAL", que integrou a programação da Conferência Ethos 360 em setembro de 2016
Three men used $5,000 in donated funds to provide urgent supplies to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe protesting the Dakota Access Pipeline. They delivered firewood, medical supplies, camping gear, milk, and ceremonial tobacco. While the initial need for shelter was not fully met, immediate needs for warmth and sustenance were addressed. Organizers will return in late September with additional supplies and to install three winter shelters for youth, elders and leaders as temperatures drop. The protest continues despite a temporary halt to pipeline construction near the river crossing.
Valliammai Chellappan presented on her internship at Blue Shield of California, where she worked on the migration of content from an old portal to a new content management system. She faced challenges including learning new domain knowledge, tools, and processes quickly. Through her work, she gained experience with QA methodologies, tools, testing web services, and time management. She accomplished her intern goals, served as a point of contact, and feels prepared to enter project management.
Data integratie in logistieke ketens (Dutch)Felix Faassen
Presentatie over de succesfactoren en oplossingen die nodig zijn om data integratie mogelijk te maken binnen logistieke ketens.
Presentatie gehouden op Topector Logistiek Congres 2016
Este documento presenta la estructura y objetivos del portal educativo EduTic Hoy. El portal busca promover el uso de las TIC en la educación en el país a través de recursos para docentes como herramientas virtuales, alternativas a PowerPoint, cuestionarios interactivos y enlaces recomendados. El documento también incluye secciones para bienvenida, finalidad y contacto en el portal.
Brasil Coração do Mundo Pátria do EvangelhoDaniele Parra
O documento descreve a história do Brasil desde sua descoberta por Pedro Álvares Cabral em 1500. Narra a atuação de figuras como Helil, Ismael e os jesuítas na evangelização dos índios e na construção da nação brasileira. Também aborda a escravização dos africanos trazidos pelos portugueses e a invasão holandesa do nordeste do país no século XVII.
Features of titanium building materials, like corrosion resistance, lightweight. strength., etc.
you can contact sally by titaniummanufacturer@yahoo.com to get more details.
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium occurs naturally combined with other elements and was first discovered in 1791. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is resistant to corrosion, making it useful for aerospace and medical applications. Titanium can exist in alpha and beta phases with different crystal structures. Photochemical etching uses light and chemicals to dissolve titanium selectively and create patterns. ACE developed a safer non-HF etching process called TiME and has expanded their business due to its success.
Cutting tool materials and their study in machiningUttakanthaDixit1
The chip formation in machining operations is commonly accomplished by a combination of several elements working together to complete the job. Among these components, cutting tool is the key element that serves in the front line of cutting action. Cutting action becomes a challenge when it comes to machining difficult-to-cut materials. Titanium and its alloys are among the most difficult-to-cut materials which are widely used in diverse industrial sectors. This chapter aims to provide a historical background and application of different cutting tools in machining industry with a main focus on the applicable cutting tools in machining titanium and titanium alloys. Selection of appropriate tool material for a certain application is directly influenced by the characteristics of material to be machined. In this context, a brief overview of the metallurgy of titanium and its alloys is also presented. Recent progresses in tool materials, appropriate tools for cutting titanium alloys, and their dominant wear mechanisms will also be covered in this chapter.
Titanium is a light, strong, corrosion-resistant transition metal that is commonly used in aerospace applications. It is extracted from ilmenite and rutile ores using the Kroll or Hunter processes. Titanium can be alloyed with other metals like aluminum and vanadium to produce high-strength, lightweight alloys used in aircraft, spacecraft, industrial equipment, and more. It has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal and excellent corrosion resistance, making it well-suited for applications where strength and durability are important. Titanium reserves are abundant, though extraction is difficult.
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its physical properties, production process, uses as a building material, and examples of architectural applications. Titanium is a strong yet lightweight transition metal that is extracted from ores through a chlorine process and then purified. It has high strength, corrosion resistance, and is lighter than steel. Some key uses of titanium in architecture include cladding for buildings, structures like stadiums and theaters, and applications where corrosion resistance is important like chemical plants. It can be formed and fabricated into parts for its aesthetic and durable properties in construction.
Titanium alloy is a kind of nonferrous metal that is good at small density, high strength, good mechanical performance, anticorrosion, heat and cold resistant, non-poisonous, and non-magnetic. And is widely used in chemical equipment, petrochemical, marine, aerospace, medical, vehicle, sports etc.
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
Titanium is extracted from its two most common ores, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile has a tetragonal crystal structure and is the preferred polymorph of titanium dioxide. Ilmenite is an iron-titanium oxide mineral. Titanium is extracted from these ores through chlorination to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then purified and reduced, often using magnesium or sodium, to produce titanium sponge. Titanium has a variety of applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, including use in aircraft, armor, ships, and prosthetics.
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document describes a titanium dioxide facade for a building. It discusses how titanium dioxide acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to UV light, using sunlight during the day and UV lights at night. This triggers a reaction that helps purify the air by pulling dirt, grease, and bacteria out of the air. The facade is composed of a nano-coating of titanium dioxide on the building's outer skin, which is powered by this photocatalytic reaction and by PV panels during the day.
This document summarizes research on modifying the surface of titanium alloys through radio frequency magnetron sputtering of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films at different thicknesses. TiO2 films with thicknesses of 200, 300, and 500nm were deposited on commercially pure titanium (CPTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates heated to 100°C using argon gas under low pressure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness tests were performed to analyze surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness at each film thickness. Preliminary results indicate hardness increases and corrosion resistance improves for coated samples compared to uncoated, especially for the 300nm film thickness.
To enable sound on a device, go to the settings menu, select internet options, click on the advanced tab, scroll down to multimedia and check the box to play sounds in webpages, click apply and ok, then refresh the current page.
Carry Trading - wykorzystaj możliwości inwestowania dużych banków i funduszy inwestycyjnych! Zacznij wreszcie zarabiać naprawdę konkretne pieniądze wykorzystując sprawdzone sposoby!
Czego dokładnie będziesz się uczył?
Na samym początku poznasz wprowadzenie do pojęć takich jak:
Grid Trade
Carry Trade
Hedge
Czego ponadto dowiesz się z publikacji?
W jaki sposób wyznaczać cele finansowe oraz stosować odpowiednią strategię?
Czym jest psychologia inwestowania?
Czym jest basket-trade w teorii i jakie niesie zyski?
Czym jest Carry Trade?
Czym jest Grid Trade?
Czym jest Hedge?
W jaki sposób przygotować się do inwestowania?
I na koniec najlepsze!
W publikacji tej znajdziesz dosłownie instrukcję "krok po kroku", w jaki sposób postępować, aby wprowadzić w życie swój inwestycyjny plan. Czyli jak założyć konto, jak je skonfigurować, w jaki sposób śledzić swoje wyniki itd. A wszystko to poparte ilustracjami.
Central cord syndrome is an acute spinal cord injury caused by trauma, most commonly from hyperextension injuries in individuals with cervical spondylosis. It is characterized by disproportionate weakness in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities, along with bladder dysfunction and sensory loss below the injury level. Rehabilitation focuses on physical, occupational, speech, and recreational therapies to preserve mobility and range of motion, restore activities of daily living, and help patients return to pre-injury activities through adapted devices and techniques.
TRANSPARÊNCIA DO BENEFICIÁRIO FINAL E O CONTROLE DA CORRUPÇÃOFabiano Angélico
Apresentação no painel "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA TRANSPARÊNCIA E DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE A ESTRUTURA SOCIETÁRIA DAS EMPRESAS: O BENEFICIÁRIO FINAL", que integrou a programação da Conferência Ethos 360 em setembro de 2016
Three men used $5,000 in donated funds to provide urgent supplies to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe protesting the Dakota Access Pipeline. They delivered firewood, medical supplies, camping gear, milk, and ceremonial tobacco. While the initial need for shelter was not fully met, immediate needs for warmth and sustenance were addressed. Organizers will return in late September with additional supplies and to install three winter shelters for youth, elders and leaders as temperatures drop. The protest continues despite a temporary halt to pipeline construction near the river crossing.
Valliammai Chellappan presented on her internship at Blue Shield of California, where she worked on the migration of content from an old portal to a new content management system. She faced challenges including learning new domain knowledge, tools, and processes quickly. Through her work, she gained experience with QA methodologies, tools, testing web services, and time management. She accomplished her intern goals, served as a point of contact, and feels prepared to enter project management.
Data integratie in logistieke ketens (Dutch)Felix Faassen
Presentatie over de succesfactoren en oplossingen die nodig zijn om data integratie mogelijk te maken binnen logistieke ketens.
Presentatie gehouden op Topector Logistiek Congres 2016
Este documento presenta la estructura y objetivos del portal educativo EduTic Hoy. El portal busca promover el uso de las TIC en la educación en el país a través de recursos para docentes como herramientas virtuales, alternativas a PowerPoint, cuestionarios interactivos y enlaces recomendados. El documento también incluye secciones para bienvenida, finalidad y contacto en el portal.
Brasil Coração do Mundo Pátria do EvangelhoDaniele Parra
O documento descreve a história do Brasil desde sua descoberta por Pedro Álvares Cabral em 1500. Narra a atuação de figuras como Helil, Ismael e os jesuítas na evangelização dos índios e na construção da nação brasileira. Também aborda a escravização dos africanos trazidos pelos portugueses e a invasão holandesa do nordeste do país no século XVII.
Features of titanium building materials, like corrosion resistance, lightweight. strength., etc.
you can contact sally by titaniummanufacturer@yahoo.com to get more details.
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its history, properties, uses in dentistry, and production. Some key points:
- Titanium was first identified as a metal in 1795 and has several advantageous properties for medical and dental uses, such as excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility matching bone, and biocompatibility.
- Commercially pure titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used for dental and orthopedic implants due to their strength and compatibility with human tissue.
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is non-magnetic, resistant to corrosion, and its modulus of elasticity is similar to bone, reducing stress shielding of
Titanium occurs naturally combined with other elements and was first discovered in 1791. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is resistant to corrosion, making it useful for aerospace and medical applications. Titanium can exist in alpha and beta phases with different crystal structures. Photochemical etching uses light and chemicals to dissolve titanium selectively and create patterns. ACE developed a safer non-HF etching process called TiME and has expanded their business due to its success.
Cutting tool materials and their study in machiningUttakanthaDixit1
The chip formation in machining operations is commonly accomplished by a combination of several elements working together to complete the job. Among these components, cutting tool is the key element that serves in the front line of cutting action. Cutting action becomes a challenge when it comes to machining difficult-to-cut materials. Titanium and its alloys are among the most difficult-to-cut materials which are widely used in diverse industrial sectors. This chapter aims to provide a historical background and application of different cutting tools in machining industry with a main focus on the applicable cutting tools in machining titanium and titanium alloys. Selection of appropriate tool material for a certain application is directly influenced by the characteristics of material to be machined. In this context, a brief overview of the metallurgy of titanium and its alloys is also presented. Recent progresses in tool materials, appropriate tools for cutting titanium alloys, and their dominant wear mechanisms will also be covered in this chapter.
Titanium is a light, strong, corrosion-resistant transition metal that is commonly used in aerospace applications. It is extracted from ilmenite and rutile ores using the Kroll or Hunter processes. Titanium can be alloyed with other metals like aluminum and vanadium to produce high-strength, lightweight alloys used in aircraft, spacecraft, industrial equipment, and more. It has the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal and excellent corrosion resistance, making it well-suited for applications where strength and durability are important. Titanium reserves are abundant, though extraction is difficult.
This document provides an overview of titanium, including its physical properties, production process, uses as a building material, and examples of architectural applications. Titanium is a strong yet lightweight transition metal that is extracted from ores through a chlorine process and then purified. It has high strength, corrosion resistance, and is lighter than steel. Some key uses of titanium in architecture include cladding for buildings, structures like stadiums and theaters, and applications where corrosion resistance is important like chemical plants. It can be formed and fabricated into parts for its aesthetic and durable properties in construction.
Titanium alloy is a kind of nonferrous metal that is good at small density, high strength, good mechanical performance, anticorrosion, heat and cold resistant, non-poisonous, and non-magnetic. And is widely used in chemical equipment, petrochemical, marine, aerospace, medical, vehicle, sports etc.
Titanium alloys have various clinical applications in dentistry due to their high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium can be used for removable partial denture frameworks, complete dentures, implant abutments, fixed partial dentures, and maxillofacial prostheses. Titanium exists in two crystalline forms and various grades suitable for different applications. Special casting and machining techniques must be used to process titanium due to its high reactivity and potential to form surface oxides. Low-fusing porcelains and special protocols are required for veneering titanium fixed partial dentures.
Titanium is extracted from its two most common ores, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile has a tetragonal crystal structure and is the preferred polymorph of titanium dioxide. Ilmenite is an iron-titanium oxide mineral. Titanium is extracted from these ores through chlorination to produce titanium tetrachloride, which is then purified and reduced, often using magnesium or sodium, to produce titanium sponge. Titanium has a variety of applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, including use in aircraft, armor, ships, and prosthetics.
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document describes a titanium dioxide facade for a building. It discusses how titanium dioxide acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to UV light, using sunlight during the day and UV lights at night. This triggers a reaction that helps purify the air by pulling dirt, grease, and bacteria out of the air. The facade is composed of a nano-coating of titanium dioxide on the building's outer skin, which is powered by this photocatalytic reaction and by PV panels during the day.
This document summarizes research on modifying the surface of titanium alloys through radio frequency magnetron sputtering of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films at different thicknesses. TiO2 films with thicknesses of 200, 300, and 500nm were deposited on commercially pure titanium (CPTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates heated to 100°C using argon gas under low pressure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness tests were performed to analyze surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness at each film thickness. Preliminary results indicate hardness increases and corrosion resistance improves for coated samples compared to uncoated, especially for the 300nm film thickness.
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, focusing on ferritic stainless steel. It defines ferritic stainless steel as a low carbon steel alloyed with 12-21% chromium that has a body centered cubic crystal structure. It notes common applications include welded combination parts, kitchen appliances, and automotive and truck exhausts. The document also discusses corrosion of ferritic stainless steel and strategies to prevent corrosion such as adding more chromium and controlling grain growth during welding.
Human: Here is another document for you to summarize:
[DOCUMENT]
Ferritic stainless steels are iron-chromium alloys containing 12-30% chromium. They are magnetic and have good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Ferritic stainless steels
Titanium bellows have properties suitable for manufacturing bellows such as working temperature, cyclic stress resistance, and corrosion resistance. However, titanium has poor formability due to its high work hardening rate and poor plastic deformation ability. This makes the production of titanium bellows very difficult. Titanium is also active chemically and can react with elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures, making the material brittle. For these reasons, only a small number of studies have reported the production and use of titanium bellows so far.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 and named in 1795, with processes for extracting it developed in 1910 and refined further. It is a light but very hard, corrosion-resistant metal that remains stable at high temperatures and is non-toxic, making it suitable for implants, jewelry, and industrial applications like aircraft and spacecraft where strength and weight are important factors. Precautions must be taken when working with titanium in powder or shaving form due to fire risks.
This document provides information on the element titanium. It begins with a brief history of titanium's discovery. It then discusses titanium's physical properties, common ores that contain titanium like rutile and ilmenite, and the extraction processes developed by Kroll and Hunter to produce titanium metal. The document outlines some common titanium alloys produced by adding elements like aluminum and vanadium. Finally, it discusses applications of titanium in various industries like aerospace, medical implants, and automotive due to its high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
This document discusses transition metals, their properties, and common uses. It lists 38 transition metals including iron, titanium, copper, platinum, manganese, cobalt, silver, mercury, gold, and nickel. Transition metals form colored compounds, are good conductors, can be easily shaped, have high melting points, and are harder than alkali metals. Some key uses of transition metals mentioned are using titanium in airplanes and implants, iron in buildings and steel, copper for electricity conduction, platinum in jewelry and catalytic converters, and gold in electronics and dentistry.
This document discusses the process of producing titanium from ore to final products. It begins with extracting titanium from ores like ilmenite and rutile, which are then converted to titanium tetrachloride and metallic sponge through chemical processes. This sponge is then melted and alloyed using vacuum arc remelting or cold hearth melting to produce ingots. These ingots are forged, rolled, or extruded into mill products like bars, sheets, and extrusions. It also discusses casting and powder metallurgy as alternative production methods to produce near-net shapes with less machining. The document provides details on various titanium alloys, products, and fabrication techniques.
Titanium is a light, strong transition metal that is resistant to corrosion. It was discovered in 1791 and named after the Titans of Greek mythology. Titanium is extracted from its mineral ores using the Kroll and Hunter processes. As a metal, titanium has high strength-to-weight ratio and is lustrous, ductile and white in color. It is used in aircraft, armor, ships, spacecraft and sporting goods due to its combination of high strength, corrosion resistance and ability to withstand heat.
Similar to Titanium: A New Generation Material for Architectural Applications (20)
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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Titanium: A New Generation Material for Architectural Applications
1. Anjali Acharya Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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Titanium: A New Generation Material for Architectural
Applications
Anjali Acharya*, Vasudha A. Gokhale**
Professor of Chemistry, Institute for Excellence in Higher Education Bhopal, India.
Professor B.N. College of Architecture, Pune, India.
Abstract
Advanced Materials are defined as unique combinations of materials, process technologies, that together, help
create and capture value by addressing large, global unmet wants and needs of building industry. There is a wide
range of innovation enabled by technologies for processing materials and integrating currently available
materials for creation of new generation buildings “Titaniun” is one of them. It is an incredibly durable and
stunning material known for its wide-range of color, high-tensile strength. Titanium can be processed to achieve
a variety of surface textures, from a soft matte to a near gleaming reflectivity suitable for architectural
application. Titanium's corrosion immunity, strength and physical properties combine to allow reduced wall
thickness, lowering its installed unit cost which is favourable as far as its application in densely populated urban
areas is concerned. Many countries like United Sates of America, China, and Spain etc have also stared its use
however its use in developing country like India is still limited. The paper attempts to analyze the chemical
properties of Titanium as a futuristic building material. It also observes the variant of the material as option to
make self-cleaning buildings in the future, reducing the amount of harmful cleansers used currently.
Key words – Titanium, Anodizing, surface textures, recyclable.
I. Introduction -
Advanced Materials are defined as unique
combinations of materials, process technologies, that
together, help create and capture value by addressing
large, global unmet wants and needs of building
industry. There is a wide range of innovation enabled
by technologies for processing materials and
integrating currently available materials for creation
of new generation buildings “Titaniun” is one of
them. Occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or
rutile (TiO2) and Titaniferous magnetite, titanite
(CaTiSiO5), and iron ores, titanium is the most noble
metal which is highly resistant to environmental
pollution, marine environments, which perform well
in even more aggressive environments. It is an
incredibly durable and stunning material known for
its wide-range of color, high-tensile strength. Since it
is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2), is used in paint, rubber,
paper and many other materials as well as used in
heat exchangers, airplane motors, bone pins and other
things requiring light weight metals or metals that
resist corrosion or high temperatures. These
properties make titanium a material suitable for
architectural applications for futuristic buildings.
II. Historic Background
Titanium, is an element named after the “Titans”
earth giants in ancient Greek mythology was
discovered by Rev. W. Gregor in 1790. It was
discovered from black magnetic sand found in
Cornwall, south England by isolation of its Oxide.
M.H.Klaproth a German chemist confirmed that
rutile ore consisted of the same Oxide in year 1795
and assigned the name “Titanium” to it. American
chemist M.A. Hunter successfully isolated titanium
metal from titanium tetrachloride by reducing it with
sodium which resulted in “Titanium metal”. It was
nearly a hundred years later (1887) when impure
titanium was first prepared by Nilson and Pettersson.
About 20 years later Hunter heated Titanium
Chloride TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb and
isolated 99.6% pure titanium. It is the ninth most
abundant element in the earth's crust and is also
found in meteorites and in the sun. It is found in the
ash of coal, in plants and even in the human body. It
occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite and sphene.
In year 1946 it was produced at large scale as a
major industrial product in the form of sponge made
with the process of reducing titanium tetrachloride
with magnesium developed by W.J. Kroll who as a
renowned chemist from Luxemburg. Later it was
used in the aerospace, chemical, electric-power and
other industries as well as in architectural, civil-
engineering and general-purpose applications.
Renowned architect Frank O. Gehry used Titanium
as faced material in the Guggenheim Museum
(Spain) in 1990, which made titanium the favorite
material having exceptional aesthetical appeal
(Fig.1).
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Anjali Acharya Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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Fig.1. Guggenheim museum Bilbao, Spain
Source: adventutte.howstuffworks.com Gehry's
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, with its distinctive
titanium curves and soaring glass atrium, was hailed
as one of the most important buildings of the 20th
century. The architect chose to coat the surfaces
facing the river with 0.3 mm thick sheets made of an
alloy of titanium and zinc, with posses’ outstanding
durability and ductility as well as provide a better
color than steel due to the cloudy climate of the city.
III. Chemical Properties
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4
element. The number of electrons in each of
Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electron
configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. The titanium atom has
a radius of 144.8.pm and its Van der Waals radius is
200.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-32-6,
titanium has a silvery grey-white appearance.
Titanium's properties are chemically and physically
similar to zirconium, both of which have the same
number of valence electrons and are in the same
group in the periodic table. Titanium has five
naturally occurring isotopes: 46Ti through 50Ti,
with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%). n its
metallic form, titanium is both strong and light
weight, and it's highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it
can be found in numerous aerospace and military
applications. In its oxide form, it is used in low
grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the
basis for numerous commercially essential compound
groups, such as titanates for electronic and di-electric
formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and
sapphire lasers. Fluoridesare another insoluble form
for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as
metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition
and in some optical coatings. Titanium is also
available in soluble forms including chlorides,
nitrates and acetates.
Titaniumis produced with the use of “Kroll
Proces” in which its ore (rutile sand) is treated with
gaseous chlorine to form titanium tetrachloride
(TiC14) then metallic magnesium is used to reduce
TiC14 into titanium in a sponge form. The titanium
sponge is then melted in a vacuum melting furnace to
produce slabs or ingots with or without addition of
titanium scarp. Then it is rolled into plates and rods.
3.1 . Anodizing and Oxidization
Titanium is generally used in its natural finish
but for applications where other colour is required it
can be anodized . Colour specifications can be met by
anodizing the metal and by modifying the natural
surface finish prior to anodising to vary the hue of a
colour. The colour and finish are inherent to the film
and the metal as a result of the anodising process.
When titanium's natural clear oxide film is increased
through anodic oxidation, colour is created by the
phenomenon of light interference - the rainbow
principle. As light rays travel through the film, they
are partially reflected, refracted and absorbed. The
reflected rays differ in phase, creating interference
that gives the titanium colour. As the film thickness
increases, the colour changes - from bronze, to green,
to red-violet, through the full range of spectral
colours. It offers outstanding corrosion resistance,
and it requires no corrosion preventive coating. It
possesses a subtle silver-grey colour having a
pleasing appearance due to its soft reflectivity. The
process of annealing and pickling the titanium
induces the reflective metallic surface finish.
Titanium can be processed to achieve a variety of
surface textures, from a soft matte to a near gleaming
reflectivity suitable for architectural application (Fig.
2,3).
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Fig. 2. Cerritos Library, California. The new portion of
the building is clad in titanium, the first building in the
U.S. to use this material. It shimmers in the light and
changes color with the weather.
Source: experienceology.wordpress.com
Fig.3. The Giant Mesh Wall acts like an air filter for
mexico city.
Source: www.gizmodo.in
IV. Physical Properties
Titanium highly compatible to steel, copper and
aluminum as it possess lowest thermal expansion.
Titanium's coefficient of thermal expansion is half
that of stainless steel and copper and one-third that of
aluminum and equal to that of glass and concrete.
The specific gravity of titanium is 4.51 g/cm3 - about
60% that of steel, half that of copper and 1.7 times
that of aluminum. It is a lightweight metal which can
be easily fabricated and installed with ease as well as
it has less dead load. Because of its relative inertness
in most atmospheres, titanium is considered
environmentally friendly. It is 100% recyclable and
the product of a renewable resource. It is durable and
shock resistant having durable and shock resistant
mechanical strength to steel. It is shock resistant and
flexible than other architectural metals which
perform well during earthquakes and other periods of
violent movement. It is considered as a sustainable
material having thermal conductivity of 10 Btu/hr.-
ºF/ft. which si is very low (one-tenth that of
aluminum) increasing a building's energy efficiency.
It has exceptional weather resistance as it is superior
than platinum in sea water corrosion making it
suitable for application in coastal areas (Fig.4,5).
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Fig.4. Weather Resistance of Titanium
Source: www.nssmc.com Fig.5. Chemical Resistance of Titanium
Source: www.nssmc.com
V. Titanium As Photo catalyst
TiO2 exists in three crystalline modifications:
rutile, anatase, and brookite. Generally, titanium
dioxide is a semiconducting material which can be
chemically activated by light. The photoactivity of
TiO2 which is known for approx. 60 years is
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investigated extensively. Under the influence of light
the material tends to decompose organic materials.
This effect leads to the well-known phenomenon of
”paint chalking”, where the organic components of
the paint are decomposed as result of photocatalytic
processes. Compared with rutile and brookite,
anatase shows the highest photoactivity. Therefore,
the TiO2 used in industrial products is almost
exclusively from the rutile type. Although TiO2
absorbs only approx. 5 % of the solar light reaching
the surface of the earth, it is the best investigated
semiconductor in the field of chemical conversion
and storage of solar energy. In recent years
semiconductor photocatalysis using TiO2 has been
applied to important problems of environmental
interest like detoxification of water and of air(Fig.6).
Fig.6 . Source: bioprocoatings.com
5.1 Photocatalysis
A typical semiconductor, TiO2, creates holes and
electrons by irradiating light with higher energy than
TiO2's band gap energy (wave length < 380nm). The
holes and electrons react with oxygen and hydroxyl
ions, producing hydroxyl radicals and superoxide
anions. Oxidation power of the chemicals are so
strong that the chemicals decompose and eliminate
organic compounds and NOx.
VI. Photo-induced super-hydrophilicity
The surface coated with photocatalytic TiO2
shows super-hydrophilicity by UV irradiation. On the
super-hydrophilic surface, adsorbed water does not
create dew but become thin layer. Thus, the surface
exhibits anti-fogging effect and gets uneasy to be
attached by stain itself. Furthermore, the surface
becomes easy to wash away attached stain by water.
The photocatalytic reactivity of titanium oxides can
be applied for the reduction or elimination of polluted
compounds in air such as NOx, cigarette smoke, as
well as volatile compounds (Fig.7).
Fig.7 Mechanism of super-hydrophilicity Fig.8 Application
The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation with
TiO2 meets the following requirements what could
make it competitive with respect to other processes
oxidizing contaminants:
A low-cost material is used as photocatalyst.
The reaction is quite fast at mild operating
conditions (room temperature, atmospheric
pressure).
A wide spectrum of organic contaminants can be
converted to water and CO2.
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No chemical reactants must be used and no side
reactions are produced.
Photocatalysis has been used widely for
purification of water and air. It has many advantages
like ease of setup and operation at ambient
temperatures, no need for post processes, low
consumption of energy and consequently low costs as
compared with traditional advanced oxidation
processes. Titanium Dioxide (Oxide) UV-PCO
Coatings are a potential solution against bio-airborne
contaminants and pollution. It decomposes airborne
and surface bacteria, mal-odors, biological
contamination and microbial (mold) issues present in
almost all building materials. Surfaces treated with
TiO2 harness the natural power of light (UV or Full
Spectrum) to help clean the exterior surfaces of
building. It acts as an air purification system when
applied in building interiors.
Fig. 9 Application of TiO2 Photocatalysis
Source: www.iskweb.com
Fig. 10. Reaction Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis
Source: www.iskweb.com
VII. Working of Photo Catalytic Oxidation
(PCO)
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is achieved when
UV light rays combine with a Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
coated filter. This process creates hydroxyl radicals
and super-oxide ions, which are highly reactive
electrons. These highly reactive electrons
aggressively combine with other elements in the air,
such as bacteria and Volatile Organic Compounds,
which include harmful pollutants such as
formaldehyde, ammonia and many other common
contaminates released by building materials and
household cleaners generally used. The chemical
reaction takes place between the super-charged ion
and the pollutant, effectively "oxidizing" (or burning)
the pollutant. The pollutants break down into
harmless carbon dioxide and water molecules,
making the air more purified. Photo Catalytic
Oxidation (PCO) is an advanced process by which
volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), bacteria, mold
and fungus is destroyed by incorporating photon and
ultraviolet (UV) energy activating a catalyst creating
photo catalytic oxidation (PCO). PCO is produced
by the air being exposed to photon light and passing
through a catalyst comprised of specific nano-sized
mineral compounds. After exposure and upon
entering an area, three specific free radicals are
released which destroys the bioaerosols (bacteria,
molds, and fungus). During the process, hydrogen
peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydroxides attach
themselves to specific organisms and kill them. This
would be appropriate in places having high levels of
microbial contamination as well as in automobiles
with tobacco or musty odors.
Fig. 11, www.cmbcontrol.com.mx
FIG. 12
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VIII. Architectural Applications of
Titanium
Architects began to use titanium in the 1970s.
Its excellent corrosion-resistance properties make
many architectural designs possible for structures in
severely corrosive, salty atmospheres of coastal
areas. It is widely used in various building types like
museums, temples and shrines as well as in housing.
Some of the applications in buildings are shown in
figure 13, 14, 15, and 16 (Source: www.nssmc.com).
Fig. 13. The National Showa Memorial Museum is
a national museum in Chiyoda, Tokyo: Titanium
Aluminium Blasting Finish
Fig. 14. Fuji Television Head quarter: Titanium Roll Dust
Finish
Fig.15 Uchinada Town Center : Titanium Roll Dull
Colour Finish
Fig. 16.Koetsuji Temple;:Titanium Aluminium Blasting
Finish
The exterior of the Nathan and Fannye Shafran
Planetarium designed by Westlake Reed Leskosky is
surfaced with rose-colored titanium/stainless steel
panels, the first use of the material on an exterior
building in North America. Fiber-optic lights are
embedded in each panel. At night, the lighting system
gives the building a subtle glow (Fig 17,18).
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Fig 17. Ti-Stainless on the Shafran Planetarium Fig. 18. UNMC Tower with gold-tinted Ti
Buildings finished with titanium tested for their
resistance against weathering and it has been found
that in addition to excellent corrosion resistance they
does not become discolored (Fig 19,20). TiO2 coated
ceramic tiles are considered to be very effective
against organic and inorganic materials, as well as
against bacteria. The application of these tiles in
hospitals and care facilities to reduce the spread of
infections.
Fig. 19
Source: www.nssmc.com
Fig.20
Source: www.nssmc.com
IX. Futuristic Applications
Nano-coatings containing titanium dioxide
(TiO2) can make self-cleaning buildings in the
future, reducing the amount of harmful cleansers
used currently. Molecules of TiO2 have photo-
catalytic properties. They release an electric charge
when absorbing sunlight that forms reactive
radicals, which oxidize the nearby organic (and
some inorganic) substances when they exposed to
ultraviolet and/or sun rays. The acidic products
obtained in this process are washed away by rain or
neutralized by alkaline calcium carbonate contained
in the concrete. It is reported that nano-particles of
TiO2 can even reduce air pollution by removing
nitrogen oxides. Tests showed that road surfaces
with incorporated nano-TiO2 reduce concentrations
of nitrogen oxides by up to 60%. The use of nano-
particles of Portland cement, silica (SiO2), titanium
dioxide (TiO2), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) can
significantly improve compressive and flexural
strength of concrete [15]. In addition, nano-sensors
can be integrated into concrete with the aim to
collect performance data such as stress, corrosion of
steel, pH levels, moisture, temperature, density
shrinkage, etc.
X. Conclusion
Titanium with its beautiful soft gray finish
could become the favorite metal used for
architectural applications worldwide. Much like
aluminum in its early stages, only its economic
feasibility is standing in the way of a wider use in
the building industry. Japan is currently the only
country that has made an effort to use this metal in
architectural applications at a larger scale. Many
countries like United Sates of America, China, and
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Spain etc have also stared its use however its use in
developing country like India is still limited.
Titanium has come of age as a competitive building
material. New, more effective production
techniques, combined with an abundance of raw and
refined ore is required for an improved availability
of the material for large scale use in building
industry. Titanium's corrosion immunity, strength
and physical properties combine to allow reduced
wall thickness, lowering its installed unit cost which
is favourable as far as its application in densely
populated urban areas is concerned. Well-researched
designs that capitalize on its unique attributes and
long-term savings from durability and low
maintenance make titanium one of today's most cost
effective building materials on a lifecycle basis. It is
supposed to be a sustainable solution for
architectural applications in next generation
buildings.
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1
[12.] www.cmbcontrol.com.mx
[13.] www.iskweb.com
[14.] www.nssmc.com
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[17.] adventutte.howstuffworks.com