Thyroid gland
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The document summarizes key information about the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes that the thyroid gland consists of two lobes located on either side of the trachea and produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The parathyroid glands, usually four in humans, are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels in the blood through hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Both glands play an important role in calcium and other mineral homeostasis and metabolism in the body.
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Physiology of Parathyroid glands
Physiology of Parathyroid glands
Outline :
- Location of Parathyroid glands.
- Who discovered the glands.
- Some info. about it.
- Parathyroid hormone.
- Histology of the gland.
- PTH biosynthesis.
- The calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR)
- Why Calcium is so Important?
- Calcitonin
- vitamin D
-Metabolic bone diseases (Hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia)
Thyroid gland
The document contains multiple choice questions about the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It tests knowledge in areas such as:
- Hormones involved in regulating thyroid function (TSH, TRH)
- Classes of thyroid hormones (polypeptides)
- Location of C-cells (thyroid gland)
- Proportions of T4 and T3 secreted by the thyroid gland
- Actions of thyroid hormones (increases BMR, cardiac output)
- Features of hypothyroidism (subnormal temperature, exophthalmos)
- Treatment for hyperthyroidism (thyroid peroxidase inhibitors)
- Binding and mechanisms of thyroid hormones
- Features and regulation of thyroid function
Anatomy - parathyroid glands
There are four small parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium absorption from the small intestine and reabsorption from the kidneys to raise low blood calcium levels. If more calcium is still needed, PTH triggers calcium release from bones through osteoclast activation. PTH and calcitonin work together to maintain normal blood calcium, which is necessary for muscle function, blood clotting, and nerve impulses.
CALCITROPIC HORMONES
This document discusses calcitropic hormones including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin. It covers the structure, regulation, and actions of these hormones on calcium levels in bone, kidney, and intestine. Conditions related to abnormal levels of these hormones are also summarized, such as hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.
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Physiology of Parathyroid glands
Physiology of Parathyroid glands
Outline :
- Location of Parathyroid glands.
- Who discovered the glands.
- Some info. about it.
- Parathyroid hormone.
- Histology of the gland.
- PTH biosynthesis.
- The calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR)
- Why Calcium is so Important?
- Calcitonin
- vitamin D
-Metabolic bone diseases (Hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia)
Thyroid gland
The document contains multiple choice questions about the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It tests knowledge in areas such as:
- Hormones involved in regulating thyroid function (TSH, TRH)
- Classes of thyroid hormones (polypeptides)
- Location of C-cells (thyroid gland)
- Proportions of T4 and T3 secreted by the thyroid gland
- Actions of thyroid hormones (increases BMR, cardiac output)
- Features of hypothyroidism (subnormal temperature, exophthalmos)
- Treatment for hyperthyroidism (thyroid peroxidase inhibitors)
- Binding and mechanisms of thyroid hormones
- Features and regulation of thyroid function
Anatomy - parathyroid glands
There are four small parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium absorption from the small intestine and reabsorption from the kidneys to raise low blood calcium levels. If more calcium is still needed, PTH triggers calcium release from bones through osteoclast activation. PTH and calcitonin work together to maintain normal blood calcium, which is necessary for muscle function, blood clotting, and nerve impulses.
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This document discusses calcitropic hormones including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin. It covers the structure, regulation, and actions of these hormones on calcium levels in bone, kidney, and intestine. Conditions related to abnormal levels of these hormones are also summarized, such as hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.
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Eicosanoids are oxygenation products of arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal and plant cell membranes. AA is released from membranes by phospholipase A2 and metabolized via either the cyclooxygenase pathway to form prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes, or the lipoxygenase pathway to form leukotrienes. These eicosanoids are involved in various physiological functions including inflammation, smooth muscle tone, blood coagulation, reproduction, and GI secretion. Clinical applications of prostaglandins include female and male reproductive health, inflammation and immunity, gastrointestinal, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, ocular health, and cancer.
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- Their structure, synthesis in the pituitary gland, regulation by hypothalamic hormones, and actions in the body.
- Growth hormones are released in a pulsatile fashion and stimulate growth and metabolism. Their levels are regulated by hormones like growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone.
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The document discusses four calcitropic hormones: parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, calcitonin, and their roles in calcium homeostasis. It describes the structure and function of the parathyroid glands and PTH, including how PTH regulates serum calcium levels by acting on bone, kidneys, and intestines. PTH secretion is regulated by serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels. Vitamin D (calcitriol) promotes intestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption when activated by the kidneys in response to PTH. Calcitonin from the thyroid opposes PTH and lowers blood calcium levels. Disruptions to these hormones can cause hypercalcemia,
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The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands.
The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. It weighs about 15-20g.
It consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The isthmus usually overlies the region from the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage.
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1) Thyroid disorders involve the thyroid gland, which secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism. Common thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules.
2) Hypothyroidism is a syndrome caused by thyroid hormone deficiency and can cause mental retardation if untreated. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is excessive production of thyroid hormones.
3) Treatment for thyroid disorders involves replacing thyroid hormones for hypothyroidism or suppressing thyroid hormone production and action for hyperthyroidism. Medications like levothyroxine and antithyroid drugs are often used.
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2. Iron is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow bound to the protein ferritin or hemosiderin. It is used to synthesize hemoglobin and myoglobin as well as iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes.
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This document discusses the key functions and mechanisms of the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and excreting metabolic waste products like urea and creatinine. They also retain substances vital to the body like glucose and amino acids. The kidneys function as endocrine organs by producing hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are the key processes in urine formation. Various tests are used to assess kidney function, including clearance tests using creatinine and urea, as well as examining the blood, urine and using thresholds.
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Similar to Thyroid gland
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This power point has 24 slides. These are prepared to provide relevant information for interested students & faculty in the areas of human & Veterinary endocrine & metabolic physiology.
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Thyroid Gland and Disease of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands.
The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. It weighs about 15-20g.
It consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.
The isthmus usually overlies the region from the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage.
Thyroid disorders treatment
1) Thyroid disorders involve the thyroid gland, which secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism. Common thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules.
2) Hypothyroidism is a syndrome caused by thyroid hormone deficiency and can cause mental retardation if untreated. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is excessive production of thyroid hormones.
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Parathyroid gland
<PARATHYROID HORMONES (The Calcium Regulating Gland)> first recognized in 1850 by Richard Owen.
<INTRODUCTION>Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system which are located in the neck behind the thyroid.><Called parathyroid due to proximity to the thyroid gland.><Yellowish brown, small ovoid bodies about 6 mm long, 3mm wide and 2mm thick.><Human being have 4 tiny parathyroid glands.><Each weighting around 30-50mg, but may weight as much as 70 mg, and in diameter is 3-4 or till 8 millimeters>
<Each parathyroid gland is made up of chief cells and oxyphil cells.><Chief cells more numerous, smaller, with a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm.><secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Also known as parathormone or parathyrin.>
<PARATHORMONE>Protein in nature (84 amino acids)><Molecular weight= 9,500.>< Half- life = 10 minutes><Normal plasma level of PTH = 1.5 to 5.5 ng/dL>
<SYNTHESIS OF AND SECRETION OF PARATHORMONE>PTH is encoded by a gene in chromosome 11><After translation, it become pre-pro-parathyroid hormone (pre-pro-PTH) contains 115 amino acids><In endoplasmic reticulum 29 amino acids removed, so it called pro-parathyroid hormone (pro-PTH) contains 89 amino acids><In the Golgi, removed more amino acids by peptidase to become mature hormone (PTH).><It is stored in secretory vesicles within the cells, and released when required>
<METABOLISM OF PTH>Half-life= 4 minute><60- 70 % of PTH is degraded by kupffer cells of liver, by means of proteolysis><Degradation of about 20-30% PTH occurs in kidneys and to a lesser extent in other organs>
<Half life – 4 min. How does PTH produce its effect on biological system?>
<REGULATION OF PARATHORMONE SECRETION>Regulators of secretion of PTH include calcium, vit D and phosphorus.>
<MECHANISM OF SECRETION OF PARATHORMONE> <CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTORS (CaSR)><CaSR is a plasma membrane or a cell surface receptor, structured as G protein-coupled that is expressed in the parathyroid hormone-producing chief cells of the parathyroid gland and the cells lining the kidney tubule. (Hendy & et al., 2000)><PTH RECEPTORS>PTHR1 is physiologically more important than others two.><PTHR = 60-80 kDa membrane glycoprotein.>
<ACTION OF PTH>Important role in maintaining blood calcium level.>< Also controls blood phosphate level>
<DISORDERS OF PARATHORMONE.><increased pth secretion leads to an increase in serum levels by increasing bone resorption and enhancing renal calcium reabsorption. >
<3 TYPES>Primary hyperparathyroidism, Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Tertiary hyperparathyroidism.><The most common cause of hypercalcaemia is primary hyperparathyroidism>
Thyoid hormones and thyroid inhibitors
antithyroid drugs, hypothyrodism, hperthyrodism, Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin, biosynthesis of thyroid hormone, mechanism of action of thyroid hormones, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Carbimazole, Thiocyanates (–SCN), Perchlorates (–ClO4), Nitrates
(–NO3).
Iodine, Iodides of Na and K, Organic iodide.
Radioactive iodine (131I, 125I, 123I).
thyriod gd & parathyod
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Follicles in the thyroid produce thyroglobulin, which is iodinated to form the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up most thyroid hormone production and is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, which regulates calcium levels.
Thyroid gland¶thyroid gland - Secretion, Function and Regulation
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels in the blood by increasing their release from bone and affecting their reabsorption and excretion in the kidneys. The thyroid also produces calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown. Thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback loops.
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A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
Thyroid hormone
The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3 and T4. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3.The ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is roughly 20 to 1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5'-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.
Thyroid hormones
The document discusses thyroid hormones and their functions. It describes the thyroid gland and its production of the major thyroid hormones T4 and T3. It discusses the regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones as well as thyroid disorders. The physiological actions, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and drugs used to treat thyroid disorders are summarized. These include levothyroxine, anti-thyroid drugs like thioamides, radioactive iodine, and iodides. The document provides details on the mechanisms and adverse effects of these drugs.
Thyroid hormones and Inhibitors
The thyroid gland secretes the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism and growth. T4 makes up the majority of thyroid hormones produced, but T3 is the more biologically active form. Their secretion is controlled by TSH from the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and affect growth and development, especially of the nervous system. They also increase heart rate and contractility, causing a hyperdynamic circulation.
Sodium
Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body. It plays important roles in fluid balance, acid-base balance, glucose and amino acid absorption, and cell permeability. The total body sodium content is 4000 meq, with 50% in bones, 40% in extracellular fluid, and 10% in soft tissues. The daily sodium requirement is 5-10 g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1 g. Common sodium sources include table salt, bread, vegetables, and dairy. Sodium levels are regulated by the kidneys, which filter and reabsorb most of the sodium from the glomerulus under control of aldosterone. Deviations from the normal serum sodium range of 135-145 meq/L can
PARATHYROID GLAND & ITS HORMONES
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels in the blood. PTH acts on bone, kidney and intestine to increase blood calcium. It causes bone to release calcium, kidneys to reabsorb more calcium, and intestine to absorb more calcium. When calcium levels decrease, PTH secretion increases to restore normal levels. Calcitonin from the thyroid gland acts opposing PTH to decrease blood calcium and is released when calcium levels rise. Vitamin D aids in intestinal calcium absorption and works synergistically with PTH on bone. Calcium is essential for many bodily functions and maintaining normal blood levels of 10mg/dl is important.
17. thyroid gland
The thyroid gland regulates calcium homeostasis through a complex interplay of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (vitamin D). PTH increases blood calcium by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Calcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium absorption. Together, these hormones tightly control blood calcium levels through effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. Imbalances can lead to hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or vitamin D deficiency disorders.
Drug use in Thyroid and Anti Thyroid analogue.pptx
The document discusses thyroid hormones and related drugs. It covers the following key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate metabolism. T4 and T3 affect growth, development, metabolism, temperature regulation, the cardiovascular system, and other body systems.
- Antithyroid drugs like methimazole and propylthiouracil are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. They control the overactive thyroid gland in conditions like Graves' disease.
- Thyroid hormones are also used as replacement therapy for hypothyroidism and other deficiency states like cretinism and myxedema. L-thyroxine
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Swine Flu
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Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through oxidative metabolism and reactions involving oxygen. Common free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. While free radicals can cause damage to tissues, the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins C and E that help neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants protect cells from the harmful effects of free radical formation and oxidative stress.
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Chromatography,
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Thyroid gland
- 1. M . P R A S A D N A I D U M S C M E D I C A L B I O C H E M I S T R Y , P H . D , . THYROID GLAND
- 2. Thyroid gland Thyroid tissue is present in all vertebrates TG consists of 2 lobes, one on each side of trachea H- shape 25 gms Season, climate, geographical location, food
- 3. Thyroid gland Thyroglobulin : glyco protein – storage form of thyroid glands TGb on hydrolysis – MIT & DIT TGb on hydrolysis also yields non-iodinated compounds which ↓serum Ca2+
- 4. Biosynthesis & secretion Entry of iodide ions from the blood Against the conc. Gradient (Active tpt) ↑TSH ↓Thiocyanate, perchlorate Oxidation of I- to I+/ HIO- (iodide peroxidase) Iodination first at 3rd & 5th MIT DIT Synthesis of T2,T3 and T4
- 5. Functions T3 is the most reactive 5-10 time more active than T4 ↑ Protein synthesis ↑ blood sugar ( Hyperglycemia) ↑ utilization of glucose ↑ glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt ↑ lipolysis & lipogenesis ↑ degradation of cholesterol – bile acids ↑ rate of energy exchange & O2 consumption (calorigenic effect) ↑ requirement of certain B complex vitamins ↑normal growth & skeletal maturation ↑ heart beat rate (T4) Partly effects calcium levels
- 6. Regulation TSH Growth of TG, iodide uptake, oxidation, iodination, coupling & release of thyroid hormones
- 7. Clinical importance T3 & T4 are synthesized only when sufficient iodine is supplied in the diet Goiter – Iodine deficiency hypothyroidism: Myxedema in adults Cretinism in children Hyper thyroidism: Graves disease
- 8. Parathyroid gland In humans , usually 4 2 are superior poles & 2 are in inferior poles of thyroid gland 4 glands weigh about 0.3gm 2 hormones namely Parathormone (PTH) Calcitonin
- 9. PTH Linear PP 84 aa 8500 N- Ala & C- glutamine Chief cells of parathyroid glands
- 10. functions ↑ Ca conc in serum by i) ↑ absorption of Ca from the intestine ii) ↑ rate of mobilization of Ca from bones iii) ↑ renal tubular reabsorption Thus PTH produces Hypercalcimia ↓ P conc in serum ↑ elimination of Ca & P in urine ↑ citrate content of blood, kidney & bones ↑ alkaline phospatase & acidphosphatase in blood plasma Depolymerization of skeletal mucopolysaccharides Acts on kidney through ↑ cAMP
- 11. Regulation PTH is not stored in the gland Synthesized & secreted continuously PTH requires Vit D for its functioning When Ca conc is low , PTH secretion is ↑
- 12. Calcitonin Thyroid and parathyroids Synthesized from C-cells or parafollicular cells Single PP 32 aa 3600 N- Cys & C- prolinamide
- 13. Functions Causes rapid & brief ↓ Ca level in blood Influences the tpt of ions in the kidney Regulation: Blood Ca levels ↑ in serum Ca ↑ calcitonin - hypocalcimia
- 14. THANK YOU