This document provides guidance on conducting research and writing a thesis for a postgraduate medical degree. It discusses selecting a topic, the role of the guide, time management, reviewing literature, and the required sections of a thesis. Key points include selecting a topic of present significance; the guide's role in providing expertise, assessing progress, and ensuring standards are met; conducting a thorough literature review; and including sections on introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Regular progress reports and obtaining ethics approval are also emphasized. The document aims to help postgraduate students successfully complete their required thesis work.
4 cases of pelvic mass are discussed .Adnexal mass invilves masses arisinf from ovary,fallopian tube,uterus,bowel and some miscellenious masses.USG is used to detect its size and the origin.Histopathological findings are diagnostic.
Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous cesarean birth.
It is considerable cycle variability in the adolescent years. Regular ovulatory menstrual cycles occur every 21 to 35 days and last up to 7 days, with an average blood loss of 25 to 69 mL. Many patients complain of menstrual problems that actually fall within normal variations. In the first year after menarche, 50% of cycles are anovulatory, but 80% still fall in the normal range for duration. By the third year of menarche, 95% of menstrual cycles fall into this range. Charting the menstrual flow on a calendar can be helpful to clarify normal versus abnormal cycles. Cycles that fall outside of the norm should be evaluated for underlying pathology. There are multiple causes for abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents, the most likely cause is dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) due to an immature hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, causing an ovulatory cycles and irregular bleeding
Robson classification Dr. Iqra Malik.pptJawad Awan
Cesarean section (CS) was introduced to obstetrical practice as a lifesaving procedure both for mother and her child. It gives an opportunity to evaluate the prevalence of CSs among various groups of women, to compare data between institutions, learn from each other and to create strategies for better results.
Based on the available knowledge, the Robson classification (the Ten-group classification system) meets the current needs the best.
Caesarean section (CS) rates have been increasing worldwide and have caused concerns. For meaningful comparisons to be made World Health Organization recommends the use of the Ten-Group Robson classification as the global standard for assessing CS rates.
4 cases of pelvic mass are discussed .Adnexal mass invilves masses arisinf from ovary,fallopian tube,uterus,bowel and some miscellenious masses.USG is used to detect its size and the origin.Histopathological findings are diagnostic.
Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous cesarean birth.
It is considerable cycle variability in the adolescent years. Regular ovulatory menstrual cycles occur every 21 to 35 days and last up to 7 days, with an average blood loss of 25 to 69 mL. Many patients complain of menstrual problems that actually fall within normal variations. In the first year after menarche, 50% of cycles are anovulatory, but 80% still fall in the normal range for duration. By the third year of menarche, 95% of menstrual cycles fall into this range. Charting the menstrual flow on a calendar can be helpful to clarify normal versus abnormal cycles. Cycles that fall outside of the norm should be evaluated for underlying pathology. There are multiple causes for abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents, the most likely cause is dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) due to an immature hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, causing an ovulatory cycles and irregular bleeding
Robson classification Dr. Iqra Malik.pptJawad Awan
Cesarean section (CS) was introduced to obstetrical practice as a lifesaving procedure both for mother and her child. It gives an opportunity to evaluate the prevalence of CSs among various groups of women, to compare data between institutions, learn from each other and to create strategies for better results.
Based on the available knowledge, the Robson classification (the Ten-group classification system) meets the current needs the best.
Caesarean section (CS) rates have been increasing worldwide and have caused concerns. For meaningful comparisons to be made World Health Organization recommends the use of the Ten-Group Robson classification as the global standard for assessing CS rates.
Example to help in PPT preparation for dissertation defense in medicine. This thesis was in PCOS and infertility management. Fresh versus frozen thawed ET in PCOS
Le contrôle de projet prend de plus en plus de place dans la gestion de portefeuille. Puisque les PCO sont les gardiens de la portée du projet, des coûts et de l’échéancier. Ils ont donc une valeur ajoutée dans cette science...
Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors for superovulation in women with u...Aboubakr Elnashar
Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors for
superovulation in women with unexplained infertility
undergoing intrauterine insemination:
a prospective
randomized trial
These were slides I was not able to use during the lecture I gave for the weekend POGS research workshop because of a mix up in assigned topics. Nevertheless, I think OBGYN residents may find these slides useful in crafting their research proposals.
This presentation describes the importance of literature review, how to run literature search, and how to write it. Tools to manage references are also covered.
Running head: RESEARCH TYPES
1
Title of PaperStudent NameWalden University
Class Number, Section Number, Class Name
Date of Submission
SEE PAGE 5
Title of Paper
Introduction to topic that gives the audience and idea of what you will be discussing in the paper. This should be a brief paragraph that provides an overview of the key points that will be addressed. This section should be concluded with a purpose statement. The purpose of this paper is …consider the intent of the application and list all requirements.
Research Methodologies
Discuss the attributes of quantitative and qualitative research methods and compare/contrast the type of information you can obtain from both types of research. Make sure you are referencing the course learning materials as well as some external references. You should have a minimum of three course learning resource references and two credible external references. Remember that web sites are only considered credible if they end in .gov, .edu, or .org.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Discuss the reality that there are advantages and disadvantages to both types of research.
Quantitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc.
Qualitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc. Also, make sure you address the argument that qualitative research is not real science. Is this true? Why or why not? What value does qualitative research have in nursing practice?
Summary
Write a one paragraph summary of the main points of the paper. This is not an area for adding new information. That should be in the body of your paper. Do not forget to appropriately cite in references in this section too. This is a good place to pull in your course learning resources again.
References
Last name, X. (Year of publication). Name of online article. Source. Retrieved from http:// www.nameofwebsite.com
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of book here. City, State Initial: Publisher.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication) ...
Due 32117You MUST use this outline for the format of your .docxharold7fisher61282
Due 3/21/17
You
MUST
use this outline for the format of your Week 1 Paper. If you do not know how to write a research essay please see the "Help with Writing" announcement. Remember that you want to identify what qualitative and quantitative research is and be sure to use critical thinking to explain how you know which type of research the article you chose is by illustrating the definition with information from the article.
I. Introduction -
a.Who are the authors and title of your article?
b.What is the question and the hypothesis present within this research article?
II. Area of Psychology
III. Ethical Issues
a. What APA Research Ethical Guidelines were a risk in this study?
b. How did the researchers ensure that they ethical guidelines were not violated?
IV. Conclusion
Research Article Identification
Read each of the abstracts for the articles listed below and then
select one of them to be the full article that you will use for all the written assignments in this course
. The abstracts and full-text versions of the articles can be accessed through the databases in the Ashford University Library. On the Library home page, use
[email protected]
to search most of the databases simultaneously. The article choices are:
Cruwys, T., South, E. I., Greenaway, K. H., & Haslam, S. A. (2015). Social identity reduces depression by fostering positive attributions.
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6
(1), 65-74. doi:10.1177/1948550614543309
Deliens, T., Clarys, P., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2014). Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions.
BMC Public Health, 14
(1), 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-53
Ko, S. J., Sadler, M. S., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). The sound of power: Conveying and detecting hierarchical rank through voice.
Psychological Science, 26
(1), 3-14. doi:10.1177/0956797614553009
McCann, T. V., & Lubman, D. I. (2012). Young people with depression and their satisfaction with the quality of care they receive from a primary care youth mental health service: A qualitative study.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21
(15/16), 2179-2187. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04086.x
Murphy, D., Hunt, E., Luzon, O., & Greenberg, N. (2014). Exploring positive pathways to care for members of the UK armed forces receiving treatment for PTSD: A qualitative study.
European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5,
1-8. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.21759
Patrick, V. M., & Hagtvedt, H. (2012). “I don’t” versus “I can’t”: When empowered refusal motivates goal-directed behavior.
Journal of Consumer Research, 39
(2), 371-381. doi:10.1086/663212
If you have questions about how to search for articles, you may refer to the tutorial titled, “Finding an Article When You Have the Citation”, which is available within the Ashford University Library. In addition, the Library has 24/7 chat to assist you with reference questions.
After making your selection, read the “Meth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
THESIS WRITING BY DR SHASHWAT JANI
1. Dr. Shashwat Jani.
M. S. ( Obs – Gyn )
Diploma in Advance Laparoscopy.
Consultant Assistant Professor,
Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College.
Sheth V. S. General Hospital , Ahmedabad.
Mobile : 99099 44160.
E-mail : drshashwatjani@gmail.com
2. Selection of a topic for research
Thesis
Guide’s role
Time management
Review of literature
Bibliography
3. Thesis – Definition and Scope
‘ A dissertation or thesis is a document
submitted in support of candidature for
an academic degree or professional
qualification presenting the author's
research and findings. ‘
4 July 2016
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
3
4. Scope:
All university pg medical degree as well as
MCI.
Consider research or thesis work an
obligatory requirement.
Physician’s role as researcher.
Appraisal/utilization of new knowledge to
improve clinical knowledge.
5. How a dissertation conducted ?
A postgraduate conducts research on
a problem relevant to medical specialty
under the guidance of Faculty Members
and submits a protocol/synopsis at the
end of 1st year and the final
dissertation at the end of 2½ years.
4 July 2016
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
5
6. Basic purpose of research is to:
Prevent Disease
Promote Health
Ref :- RK Pillai et al,The significance of research in PG education
...[Clinical epidemiology& Global health 2015]
7. Ideal : have a clinical
Epidemiological Dept.
Voluminous clinical
material on University
archives.
Careful
documentation of
clinical information
SELECTION OF A TOPIC
8. • Choice of subject
of interest.
• Choice of guide
accordingly.
• Help of
biostatistics dept.
and guide –
discuss.
• Topic with present
day significance.
9. Eg:-
Good choice –
Eg: Doppler study in 1st and 2nd trimester
of pregnancy in predicting perinatal
outcome.
Bad choice –
Eg: Umbilical coiling index as a predictor
of perinatal outcome.
Already well evaluated [obsolete]
.
10. Who Selects The Thesis Topic ?
GUIDE or STUDENT ?
4 July 2016
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
10
11. On many occasions guide suggest
some topics with better understanding,
knowing very well the facilities available
in the Laboratory / Hospitals.
The student has also important role
in accepting what has been suggested,
Impracticable outdated ideas of
guides is catastrophic both to the
students and to the department.
4 July 2016 11
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
12. CONFLICTS IN GUIDE AND STUDENT
RELATIONS
4 July 2016
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
12
13. • A non committed students and a irrational
guides are the real areas of conflict what we see in
the working environment .
• Today’s youth too are intelligent wise and well
informed they can understand strengths and
weakness of the guides in few days of joining the
Department .
• Even guides should practice the policy of
Humble to learn and wise to teach .
4 July 2016 13
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
14. • Obviously your external
examiners will read the thesis.
• They will be experts in the general
field of your thesis but, on the exact topic
of your thesis, you are the world expert.
Keep this in mind:
You should write to make the topic clear to
a reader, who has not spent most of the
last three years thinking about it.
4 July 2016 14
Dr Shashwat Jani
9909944160
15. Some journals which may help you
while searching for topic :
Indian Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecological research
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecological research
Asian Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
BJOG-an international Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Journal of the federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology
International journal of Reproduction.
International Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics
& Gynecologist ( JOSAFOG)
IOSR Journals-International Organization of Scientific
Research.
Journal or PG Gynecology & Obstetrics.
16. PubMed/MEDLINE from the NLM
LexisNexis Academic
Opposing Viewpoint Resource Center from
Gale
Academic Search Complete from EBSCOhost
Annual Reviews
Science Citation Index from Thomson Web of
Science
ICTRP – Search Portal
Net Sites / Portals &
Search Engines
17. Pubmed’s journal catalog
Medknow (list of journals)
Directory of Indian Medical Sites.
http:/www.indianmedicalsites.in/
Directory of Open Access Journals
Ref: - www.qmed.org.in
‘Resources for you’ ‘QMed’s learning resources’
Other useful resources:
18. Clinical trials need clearance from IEC / IRB.
Clearance letter from IEC mandatory for
each research proposal involving
questionnaire based surveys or animal study.
Ref:-
Nuremberg code of ethics 1947.
Helsinki Declaration (I) 1975.
Institutional Ethics
Committee / Review Board
19. WHAT YOU CHOOSE FOR
DISSERTATION
Do remember easier topics difficult to work
with
Do never select an outdated work, as you have
to remain in the Profession for > 4 decades
Your desertion is the reflection of your hands
on experience,
Avoid topics which do not give adequate and
modern skills
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20. Questions you must have asked when you
have chosen the topic for your study
· What is the problem?
· What is the relevance of this problem?
· What information is already available?
· What do you hope to achieve by your study?
· What additional data are needed to meet the
objectives?
· How these data are collected?
· Is it ethical to conduct the study in the way you want
to do?
· How these collected data are going to be analyzed?
· What is the expected outcome and how much it is
useful?
22. Requisites:
Good clinician having similar interests (similar
to topic of research)
Sufficient experience
Research oriented
Preferably present in the department
IGNORANCE IN METHODOLOGY LEADS TO POOR
RESEARCH QUALITY
23. Documentation should
be given importance in
practice
Guide also should
attend refresher courses
Questionnaire
preparation and data
analysis to be elaborate.
Regular assessment of
research work.
24. The Dissertation will be prepared /
written along the following headings:
1. Title Page
2. Certificate with signatures
3. Declaration by PG
4. Certificate of Ethics Committee
5. Acknowledgement
6. Contents
25. 1. Introduction
2. Aims and Objectives of the study
3. Summary of Literature Review
4. Methods and material
5. Results / Observations
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography / References
9. Annexure
Contents
26. COVER PAGE WITH UNIVERSITY LOGO & A PHOTOGRAPH OF
THE UNIVERSITY OFFICE BUILDING OR AS ADVISED
• The title: In upper case, Arial, Font Size 16
• Name of the candidate: Sentence case, Name followed by
qualifying degree, Arial, Font Size 14
• Names of Guides: Names followed by degrees (standard
short forms, e.g., MD Ph.D. ), Arial, Font Size 14
• Name of the institution: In upper case, Arial, Font Size 16
• Can covers be different colors? *****
NOTE :***** indicates topics which the dissertation
committee may especially like to re-evaluate
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27. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…
• It is very important to be clear who may be
acknowledged when writing a thesis – as
compared to compiling a manuscript…
• OBVIOUS INCLUSIONS:
• Guides, Dissertation committee members
• Assistance received for laboratory tests, statistical analysis,
compilation, library searches
• Sources of funding both Institutional (to be mentioned in all
cases), other funds
OPTIONAL (for a thesis not a manuscript)
Family and friends
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28. THE MAIN SECTIONS…..A FEW DETAILS :
• Each Section begins on a fresh page
• Section Titles should be in Times New
Roman font, Font size 14, centered, bold,
upper case
• After each Section Title the first Para of
each Section should be left aligned & not
be indented; subsequent pares are to be
indented
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29. REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT
LITERATURE
This Section should contain relevant references
from :
1. Traditional texts (ending with a clear link to
experimental research)
2. Early publications (e.g., books, Indexed Journals )
3. Recent publications – preferably publications, also
books
4. Tabulate the most relevant references at the end
of the Section
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30. Results
This main Section should be very concise
It should include – what was found – mentioning the
level of significance and other information considered
relevant depending on the test used
Mention the effect size
Tables
Graphs
Information in Tables & Graphs should NOT duplicate
each other
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31. RESULTS, TABLES
• Tables should be numbered in Arabic Numerals
• Each Table should have a comprehensive heading
– this should begin on the next line after the
Table No. Headings should be in Times NR (like
the rest of the text), Font size 12, Bold, Sentence
case
• Each Table should indicate significant changes
with asterisks
• The level of significance (e.g., * = p<.05…) should
be mentioned below the Table, Times NR, Font
size 12, Bold
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32. RESULTS, FIGURES
Figures should not duplicate data given in Tables
Figures should be numbered in Arabic numerals
Every Figure should have a legend written below it
in Times NR, font size 12, bold, sentence case
The units for all numbers should be provided in
SI units (e.g., length – meter (m), time – second
(s), frequency – cycles per second (Hz)
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33. DISCUSSION
• This is a very important Section!
• It should attempt to describe what the study found
& possible reasons for the findings
• How the findings differ/are similar to those
described earlier – and reasons for differences if any
• Obvious drawbacks of the study design (etc.) and
how these could have influenced the outcome
• Implications of the findings
• Applications of the finding
• Sub-sections depending on variables studied,
integrating the discussion on each at the end
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34. SUMMARY
This Section should ideally ‘Stand Alone’ – if
anyone reads it they would know why the study
was done, what was done, what was found..
It should include:
1. The Background (1-2 sentences)
2. The Aim
3. The Methods
4. Results
5. Implications
6. Drawbacks
7. Directions for future research
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35. Training on research methodology
Approval of preliminary protocol
Regular review of progress on
research
Early identification of any obstacles
Resolution of problems
ENSURE THAT FINAL SUBMISSION MEETS
MINIMUM REQUIRED STANDARDS
Dissertation Review Committee
36. Issues not resolved at the
department level to be brought
to the office of the principal.
37. Name of the PG student
Date handed in
Research Title
Aim and Objective
Background including summary of key findings from
the Literature Review
Study design
Setting
Study patients
Measurements
Interventions
Study duration
Preliminary protocol (Form 1)
38. • Main outcome variables
• Statistical applications
• Consent
• Costing
• Remarks
• Signature of student
• Signature of the Guide / Co-Guide
• Name of the Guide / Co-Guide
• Receiving signature and date:
• Name of the person receiving:
Form 1 Contd...
39. GANTT CHART
A chart in which a series of horizontal
lines shows the amount of work done or
production completed in certain periods
of time in relation to the amount
planned for those periods.
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41. Name of the PG student
Report for quarter
Research title
Progress
Obstacles
Additional support needed
Signature of the student
Date submitted
Receiving signature and date
Thesis progress report (Form 3)
PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT IS
MANDATORY
42. Time Management
7 Months
Before Exam
FINAL DRAFT
DISSERTATION
6 Months
Before Exam
FINAL
DISSERTATION
6 Months
PRELIMINARY
PROTOCOL WITH
GANTT CHART
Every 3
Months
QUARTERLY
PROGRESS
REPORT
3 MonthsDRAFT
PROPOSAL
43. Assessment of a body of research that
addresses the research question.
It throws light on
What we know
What we don’t know, but may identify
Why we did the study
Review of literature
44. Steps of the research journey:
ITERATIVE process
1
• Rethink
2
• Refine
3
• Rework on the
Literature Review
Frame a question.
Search relevant sources.
Manage search results.
Synthesize results.
Write an assessment.
45. Def:- List of the sources used to get information. It is
included at the end of the report, on the last page (or
last few pages).
Keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article
you use while reading and taking notes.
Prepare preliminary draft bibliography by listing all
sources on a separate paper. (full title, author, place
of publication, publisher, and
date of publication for each source).
Bibliography
46. For final bibliography, list your
sources (texts, articles, interviews,
and so on) in alphabetical order by
authors' last names.
Sources that don't have authors
(encyclopedias, movies) should be
alphabetized by title.
48. An Ideal Thesis Should …
• Have ‘sound stuff’
• Be well written
• Be presented well
• Be accurate, complete
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50. BE BRAVE TO DEFEND YOUR THESIS /
DISSERTATION
Don’t panic
You’re probably the expert on this topic by now!
Your examiners may not be experts in your area of
work however you are
Your examiners are human
They’ve sat in your seat
They will help you find what changes (if any) are
needed to make this the required quality
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51. What are examiners looking for…
Review of literature
• •Is the literature relevant?
• •Is the review critical or just descriptive?
• •Is it comprehensive?
• •Does it link to the methodology in the thesis?
• •Does it summarize the essential aspects?
Methodology
• •Is there a clear hypothesis?
• •Are precautions taken against bias?
• •Are the limitations identified?
• •Is the data collected appropriately?
• •Is the methodology justified?4 July 2016 51
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52. What are examiners looking for…?
• Presentation of results
• •Have the hypotheses in fact been tested?
• •Are the results shown to support the hypothesis?
• •Is the data properly analyzed?
• •Are the results presented clearly?
• •Are patterns identified and summarized?
• Discussion and Conclusions
• •Are the limits of the research identified?
• •Are the main points to emerge identified?
• •Are links made to the literature?
• •Is there theoretical development?
• •Are the speculations well grounded?
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