Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous cesarean birth.
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Annual Conference of ISAR (Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction) held at Kolkata in November, 2019
Invited Lecture delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the Annual Conference of ISAR (Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction) held at Kolkata in November, 2019
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Hysteroscopic procedures are getting refined and with the advent of miniature scopes , doing these procedures in he office is getting better and more comfortable.
ESHRE Guideline on Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL)Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta invited to deliver a lecture on "RPL- ESHRE Guideline" in the Annual Conference of RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) IRC (International Representative Committee) India East held on 20-21 May, 2023
In cases of Nulliparous prolapse or even patients deserving child bearing uterus preserving surgeries are done.
Recently even for prolapse if women want to preserve uterus for variety of reasons ,with newer minimally invasive methods it is now gaining popularity.Larger studies and longer followup is required.
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period.
This Presentation is made by Dr.Laxmi Shrikhande
Adherent placenta occurs when there is a defect in the decidua basalis, Resulting in an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the substance of the uterus
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Hysteroscopic procedures are getting refined and with the advent of miniature scopes , doing these procedures in he office is getting better and more comfortable.
ESHRE Guideline on Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL)Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta invited to deliver a lecture on "RPL- ESHRE Guideline" in the Annual Conference of RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) IRC (International Representative Committee) India East held on 20-21 May, 2023
In cases of Nulliparous prolapse or even patients deserving child bearing uterus preserving surgeries are done.
Recently even for prolapse if women want to preserve uterus for variety of reasons ,with newer minimally invasive methods it is now gaining popularity.Larger studies and longer followup is required.
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period.
This Presentation is made by Dr.Laxmi Shrikhande
Adherent placenta occurs when there is a defect in the decidua basalis, Resulting in an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the substance of the uterus
Uterine prolapse (also called descensus or procidentia) means the uterus has descended from its normal position in the pelvis farther down into the vagina.Cervicopexy is fertility conserving surgical management of prolapse.
A case report of cervical ectopic pregnancy misdiagnosed as cervical miscarriageApollo Hospitals
Cervical pregnancy is a rare variety of ectopic gestation. The aetiology is obscure. Diagnosis may be difficult unless the clinician/the radiologist is conscious of the entity. The evaluation of first trimester vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain is an important task for the emergency physician. The early identification of an ectopic pregnancy can help prevent significant morbidity and mortality for patients seeking emergency care. We present the case of a patient found to have a cervical ectopic pregnancy.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer.
According to the American Cancer Society, more than 193,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year, with an estimated 40,000 deaths.
About 1% of these cancers occur in men.
This includes introduction its classification,etiology,clinical manifestations,diagnostic criteria,management.
Case Report on Invasive Mole. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) encom...Niranjan Chavan
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) encompasses a suite of rare but significant gynecological malignancies arising from aberrant placental trophoblast cells. As medical professionals and researchers, our comprehension of GTN's complexities is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This introduction serves to illuminate the key features, diagnostic procedures, and treatment protocols associated with GTN, helping to navigate the intricate landscape of this disease.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare form of heart failure that occurs during the last month of pregnancy or within the first five months postpartum. It presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its overlap with symptoms of normal pregnancy and postpartum changes. This condition varies in incidence across different racial groups and geographical locations, with a notable occurrence in the United States and southern India.
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Our journey will navigate the evolution of laparoscopy in the context of pregnancy, detailing key milestones, breakthroughs, and advancements in technology and techniques. The presentation highlights how laparoscopy has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts and other gynecological disorders during pregnancy.
Optimising Delivery Of 1kg Fetus - Special Considerations.pptxNiranjan Chavan
After an uncomplicated vaginal birth in a health facility, healthy mothers and newborns should receive care in the facility for at least 24 hours after birth.
VACCINE IN WOMEN TOWARDS SDG 2030 DR.N N CHAVAN 10012024 AICOG HYDERABAD.pptxNiranjan Chavan
In our presentation today, we will unravel the transformative power of vaccines in women, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. By exploring the pivotal role of vaccinations, we aim to elucidate how they contribute to women's health, empowerment, and overall well-being. Through this lens, we envision a future where widespread vaccine access propels us closer to achieving the SDGs and ensures a healthier, more equitable world for women globally.
RRRR IN OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE 09012024 AICOG 2024 HEYDERABAD.pptxNiranjan Chavan
This presentation focuses on a critical aspect of maternal care: "Reducing Maternal Mortality through Rapid Response in Obstetric Haemorrhage" (RRRR). As we navigate through this presentation, let us collectively work towards advancing our understanding and application of RRRR in obstetric care to safeguard the well-being of mothers during childbirth.
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and/OR their oxy...Niranjan Chavan
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and/OR their
oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet the body’s physiological needs.
HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy complication. It is a type of preeclampsia. It ...Niranjan Chavan
HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy complication. It is a type of preeclampsia. It usually occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy. But it also can develop in the first week after childbirth
Guidelines & Identification of Early Sepsis DR. NN CHAVAN 02122023.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Here is a highly informative session on guidelines and identification of early sepsis as it is critical for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE IN OBGYN INFECTIONS 01102023.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Today, we face new infectious threats; but also benefit from advanced diagnostics and treatments. Looking ahead, it’s crucial to continue
adapting to emerging pathogens, implement stringent preventive measures, and
leverage cutting-edge technologies to ensure the safety and well-being of our patients in the ever-evolving landscape of obstetrics and gynecology.
Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial to protect both the mother and the developing baby. It helps prevent serious complications and ensures a healthier start in life. #VaccinateForTwo 🤰💉
Explore a comprehensive presentation on Invasive Cervical Carcinoma, shedding light on its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Dr. Niranjan Chavan
MD, FCPS, DGO, DFP, MICOG, DICOG, FICOG
Professor and Unit Chief, L.T.M.M.C & L.T.M.G.H
Chairperson, FOGSI Oncology and TT Committee (2012-2014)
Treasurer, MOGS (2017- 2018)
Chair and Convener, FOGSI Cell- Violence against Doctors (2015-2016)
Chief Editor, AFG Times (2015-2017)
Editorial Board, European Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
Editor of FOGSI FOCUS, MOGS, AFG & IAGE Newsletters
Member, Managing Committee, IAGE (2013-2017)
Member , Oncology Committee, AOFOG (2013 -2015)
Recipient of 6 National & International Awards
Author of 15 Research Papers and 19 Scientific Chapters
Course Co-Ordinator, of 11 batches, of MUHS recognized Certificate Course of
Basic Infertility Management Including Endoscopy (BIMIE) at LTMGH
3. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• The word "ectopic" means "out of place“.
• The blastocyst normally implants in the endometrial
lining of the uterine cavity. Implantation anywhere else is
considered an ectopic pregnancy. (WHO)
• The first known description of an ectopic pregnancy is
by Albucasis in the 11th century.
Abulcasis an Arab Mu
slim physician and surg
eon
4. SITES OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
The most common sites for an ectopic pregnancy are the
• Ampullary mid portion of the fallopian tube (80-90%),
• Isthmic portion of the fallopian tube (5-10%),
• Fimbrial end of the fallopian tube (about 5%),
• Cornual (1-2%),
• Abdomen (1-2%),
• Ovary (< 1%),
• Cervix (< 1%).
• Previous Uterine Scar (< 1%)
5. INCIDENCE
• Ectopic pregnancy accounts for 4 to 10 percent of all pregnancy
related deaths.
• The overall rate of EP is 1–2 % in the general population, and 2–
5 % among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive
technology (ART). *
• The natural incidence of these heterotopic pregnancies
approximates 1 per 30,000 pregnancies.
• Rarely, twin tubal pregnancy with both embryos in the same
tube or with one in each tube has been reported. #
* Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of
ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013;100:638–44.
# Eze, J.N., Obuna, J.A. and Ejikeme, B.N. (2012) Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies: A Report of
Two Cases. Annals of African Medicine, 11, 112-115.
8. SCAR ECTOPIC
• Caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is an ectopic
pregnancy implanted in the myometrium at the site of
a previous caesarean section scar.
• Caesarean scar pregnancy was first described in 1978
in a South African Journal by Larsen and Solomon. *
• It was recently estimated that 1 in 531 women with a
caesarean scar will have a CSP.
• Prevalence of 1:1800 in total women attending the
early pregnancy assessment.
* Larsen JV, Solomon MH. Pregnancy in a uterine scar sacculus--an unusual cause of postabortal haemorrhage.
A case report. S Afr Med J 1978; 53:142-3.
9. SCAR ECTOPIC
• CSP has been described in spontaneously
conceived pregnancy as well as after in vitro
fertilisation (IVF) and embryo transfer.
• IVF associated heterotopic CSP, a rarer event, has
also been described, both with twins and triplets. *
• The gestational age at diagnosis ranged from 5 to
12.4 weeks.
* Hsieh BC, Hwang JL, Pan HS, Huang SC, Chen CY, Chen PH. Heterotopic Caesarean scar
pregnancy combined with intrauterine pregnancy successfully treated with embryo aspiration for
selective embryo reduction: case report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:285–7
10. NATURAL HISTORY
• Very few of these pregnancies reported in the literature
progressed beyond first trimester.
• A pregnancy in a caesarean section scar were to continue
to the second or third trimesters, there would be a
substantial risk of uterine rupture with catastrophic
haemorrhage, with a high risk of hysterectomy causing
serious maternal morbidity and loss of future fertility.
• If the pregnancy continues within the uterus, the risk of
placenta accreta is significantly increased, up to three- to
five-fold.
11. NATURAL HISTORY
• A pregnancy that protrudes through the scar, if viable, can
implant on other abdominal organs and continue to grow as a
secondary abdominal pregnancy.
• A Caesarean Scar Pregnancy progressing to 35 weeks of
gestation has been described in British Journal in 1995. *
• But this case was complicated by massive haemorrhage and
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy at CS, requiring a
life-saving hysterectomy.
* Herman A, Weinraub Z, Avrech O, Maymon R, Ron-El R, Bukovsky Y. Follow up and
outcome of isthmic pregnancy located in a previous caesarean section scar. Br J
Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:839–41.
12. WHY THERE IS AN INCREASE IN
SCAR ECTOPIC?
• TRUE INCREASE : as there is tremendous increase in
caesarean section rate, the rates of caesarean scar
pregnancy has also gone up.
• Half of the reported CSP cases have been published within
the last year, primarily from China. This bias in contribution
by country is most likely explained by the high frequency of
CS rates (two to four million per year)
• FALSE INCREASE : with improved diagnostic techniques,
like 3D Sonography and MRI , Diagnosing CSP is becoming
more and more common.
13. TYPES
Based on ultrasound scan findings and pregnancy progression,
CSP is classified into two types:
Type one or endogenic CSP, is where implantation occurs
on the scar and the gestational sac grows towards the
cervico-isthmic or uterine cavity
Type two or exogenic CSP, occurs when the gestational sac
is deeply embedded in the scar and the surrounding
myometrium and grows towards the bladder
14. Type one or endogenic Scar Pregnancy
Type two or exogenic Scar Pregnancy
15. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• In CSP, the gestation sac is completely surrounded by
myometrium and the fibrous tissue of the scar, quite
separate from the endometrial cavity.
• The most probable mechanism is that there is invasion of
the myometrium through a microtubular tract between the
caesarean section scar and the endometrial canal.
• Such a tract can also develop from the trauma of other
uterine surgery, e.g. curettage, myomectomy, metroplasty,
hysteroscopy and even manual removal of placenta.
16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• There is no clear correlation between the risk of CSP and the
number of previous CS as most CSP occur after one previous
CS.
• The risk of scar implantation might be proportional to the size of
the anterior uterine wall defect possibly due to larger surface
area induced by the scar.
• Elective CS for breech presentation in a previous pregnancy
appears to be most frequently associated with future risk of CSP.
• The impact of the time interval between the previous caesarean
sections and the subsequent CSP implantation is also not clear.
17. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• CSP may present from as early as 5–6 weeks5 to as late as
16 weeks.
• A light, painless vaginal bleeding (39%).
• Abdominal pain with bleeding (16%)
• Only abdominal pain (9%)
• Incidental finding in an asymptomatic woman (37%).
• Severe acute pain with profuse bleeding implies an
impending rupture.
• Collapse or haemodynamic instability strongly indicates a
ruptured CSP.
18. DIAGNOSIS
ULTRASOUND
• Ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic tool for CSP.
• The following ultrasound criteria have been put forward for
the diagnosis of a CSP.
1. An empty uterine cavity, without contact with the sac
2. A clearly visible empty cervical canal, without contact
with the sac
3. Presence of the gestation sac with or without a fetal
pole with or without fetal cardiac activity (depending
on the gestation age) in the anterior part of the
uterine isthmus, and
4. Absence of or a defect in the myometrial tissue
between the bladder and the sac.
19. DIAGNOSIS
DOPPLER
• Shows distinct circular peritrophoblastic perfusion
surrounding the gestation sac and can help show the
relation of placenta to the scar and bladder.
THREE DIMENSIONAL ULTRA SOUND
• New 3-D colour Doppler imaging technique (termed 3-
D-virtual organ computer-aided analysis [VOCAL])
can be used to monitor the quantification of changes of
uterine neovascularisation characteristics before and
after successful treatment of CSP. *
* Chou MM, Hwang JI, Tseng JJ, Huang YF, Ho ESC. Cesarean scar pregnancy: Quantitative assessment of
uterine neovascularization with 3- dimensional color power Doppler imaging and successful treatment
with uterine artery embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:866–8.
20. DIAGNOSIS
MRI
• MRI can measure the volume of the lesion and thus help
assess the indication and success of local methotrexate
(MTX), with an added advantage that it can also improve
intraoperative orientation.
DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
• The uterus is usually seen normal sized or bulky with the
CSP arising as a hillock with a ‘salmon red’ ecchymotic
appearance, bulging the uterine serosa from the
previous caesarean section scar behind the bladder.
21. HISTOPATHOLOGY *
• The myometrium usually thins out to merge with the thin
and fibrous scar of previous caesarean section.
• The placental attachment in the lower segment may lack
both decidua basalis and myometrium, merely consisting
of some connective tissue.
• These microscopic features coupled with absence of
surrounding endocervical glands confirm a CSP and rules
out a cervical pregnancy.
• Immunostaining with b-human chorionic gonadotrophin
(bhCG) and desmin confirm the presence of trophoblast
cells within smooth myometrial muscle fibres.
* European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
22. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Spontaneous Abortion : the gestation sac should be
seen in the cervical canal on TVS, and on colour flow
Doppler, the sac should appear avascular, indicating that
the sac has been detached from its implantation site, in
contrast to the well-perfused CSP located in its unique
site.
2. Cervicoisthmic Pregnancy :unlike a CSP, there would be
a layer of healthy myometrium visible between the
bladder and the gestation sac on USG and bleeding as
the presenting symptom is much heavier.
3. Trophoblastic Tumour
4. Very low implanted intrauterine pregnancy
23. MANAGEMENT
• Treatment of CSP should be evidence based and focus on
prevention of severe complications and conservation of fertility.
• A recent article from Timor-Tritsch and Monteagudo identified
31 different primary treatment options in 751 women with CSP.
*
• American Society of Reproductive Medicine published a largest
systematic review treatment studies for CSP in January 2016. It
included 14 treatment modalities.
* Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A. Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta
accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:14–29.
24. MANAGEMENT
I. EXPECTANT
MANAGEMENT
II. MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
III. SURGICAL
MANGEMENT
II.A Systemic Methotrexate
II.B Local injection of
embryocides
II.C Combined medical
treatment
II.D Medical treatment
combined with surgical sac
aspiration
III.A Uterine curettage
III.B Hysteroscopic
evacuation
III.C Laparoscopic removal
III.D Primary open surgical
treatment
III.E Hysterectomy
IV. OTHERS
IV.A High-intensity Focused
Ultrasound Ablation
IV.B High-intensity Focused
Ultrasound with
Hysteroscopic Suction
Curettage
25. I. EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT
• If woman does not wish to have a TOP and wants to
continue the pregnancy, and there is sonographic
evidence of the sac growing towards the uterine cavity,
an EXPECTANT Management can be considered at life
threatening risks.
• The minimum thickness of the myometrium anterior to
the CSP sac to warrant safety of a continuing pregnancy
is unknown.
• An elective delivery by caesarean section around 28–30
weeks with antenatal corticosteroid administered 24–48
hours before delivery.
• The efficacy is low (41.5%), and the complication rate is
high (53.7%).
26. II. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
II.A Systemic Methotrexate
II.B Local injection of embryocides
II.C Combined medical treatment
II.D Medical treatment combined with
surgical sac aspiration
27. II.A SYSTEMIC METHOTREXATE
• Dose : single dose of 50 mg/m2 IM
• CRITERIA: Hemodynamically stable
Patients without pain
Gestation age < 8 weeks
Myometrium thickness <2 mm between
pregnancy and the bladder
Serum hCG < 5000IU/L
Gestation sac <2.5 cm
No foetal heart
• Complications rate is 13%
28. II.B LOCAL INJECTION OF EMBRYOCIDES
• Local injection of MTX, potassium chloride (KCl), hyperosmolar
glucose36 and crystalline trichosanthin have been used for
termination of CSP, but Methotrexate is the preferred agent.
• Under ultrasound guidance, MTX can be injected locally to the
gestation sac via transabdominal or via transvaginal route.
• The usual technique for injection of MTX uses 20- to 22-gauge
needle.
• 16-gauge double-lumen oocyte-retrieval IVF needles ensure
better aspiration of the trophoblastic tissue via one lumen and
injection of MTX through the other.
29. II.C COMBINED MEDICAL TREATMENT
• Combined medical treatment in varying regimens has
been described by many authors.
• Local injection of 8 mEq potassium chloride (2 mEq/ml)
followed by 60 mg of MTX injected into the gestation
sac.
• Direct injection of 3 ml of 50% glucose plus oral MTX (2.5
mg three times a day for 5 days)
• Cervical injection of crystalline trichosanthin (1.2 mg)
followed by oral mifepristone (50 mg orally every 12
hours for 3 days) or intramuscular MTX and systemic
MXT followed by oral mifepristone.
30. II.D MEDICAL TREATMENT COMBINED
WITH SURGICAL SAC ASPIRATION
• Medical treatment has therefore been combined with surgical
aspiration of the sac in some cases. Various sequences of combination
have been described:
1. Local potassium chloride / TVS-guided sac aspiration / local MTX
injection / intramuscular MTX injection
2. Systemic MTX / TVS-guided sac aspiration
3. Sac aspiration (transvaginal or transabdominal) / local or sytemic
MTX injection
4. Systemic MTX / sac aspiration by vaginal route / local MTX.
• Ultrasound guided D n C with methotrexate is the most common
treatment modality.
31. III. SURGICAL MANGEMENT
III.A Uterine curettage
III.B Hysteroscopic evacuation
III.C Laparoscopic removal
III.D Primary open surgical treatment
III.E Hysterectomy
32. III.A UTERINE CURETTAGE
• The gestation sac of a CSP is not actually within the uterine
cavity. Therefore, not only the trophoblastic tissue is
unreachable by the curette but also such attempts can
potentially rupture the uterine scar.
• Suction curettage can be done under ultrasound guidance
when gestation is < 7 weeks and the myometrial thickness
anterior to the CSP is >3.5 mm. *
• Adjuvant haemostatic measures like local injection of
vasopressin, intrauterine balloon tamponade, bilateral uterine
artery embolization might be required
• Complication rate 21%
* Arslan M, Pata O, Dilek TU, Aktas A, Aban M, Dilek S. Treatment of viable cesarean scar
ectopic pregnancy with suction curettage. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2005;89:163–6
33. III.B HYSTEROSCOPIC EVACUATION
• Successful treatment of CSP by operative hysteroscopy
and suction curettage in 2005 by Chang et al *
• The gestational sac is dissected free of the uterine wall
through a natural entrance, and hemostasis can be
achieved with electro-coagulation using a wire-loop or
roller-ball.
• A balloon catheter can be placed postoperatively for
compression haemostasis and wound surface drainage.
• Complication rate 3.1%
* Sugawara J, Senoo M, Chisaka H, Yaegashi N, Okamura K. Successful conservative
treatment of a caesarean scar pregnancy with uterine artery embolisation. Tohoku J
Exp Med 2005;206:261–5.
34. III.C LAPAROSCOPIC REMOVAL
• Lee et al. were the first to perform a successful
laparoscopic resection of a CSP in 1999.*
• The CSP mass is incised and the pregnancy tissue
removed in an endobag.
• Bleeding can be minimised by local injection of
vasopressin (1 unit/ml, 5–10 ml)
• Haemostasis achieved by bipolar diathermy and the
uterine defect closed with endoscopic suturing.
• The success rate was very high (97.1%), and there were
no reported severe complications.
* Lee CL, Wang CJ, Chao A, Yen CF, Soong YK. Laparoscopic management of an ectopic pregnancy in a
previous caesarean section scar. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1234–6.
35. III.D PRIMARY OPEN SURGICAL
TREATMENT
• Laparotomy followed by wedge resection of the
lesion should be considered in women who do not
respond to conservative medical and facilities for
endoscopy are not available.
• Laparotomy is mandatory when uterine rupture is
confirmed or strongly suspected.
• Some consider this as the best treatment option, as
the excision of the old scar removes the
microtubular tracts and thus reduces the risk of
recurrence.
• However, there is higher chance of placenta accrete
latter on.
36. III.E HYSTERECTOMY
• Hysterectomy is not advised as a primary procedure of
treatment except in cases of intractable haemorrhage
due to rupture.
• It is generally used as a last resort to previously failed
procedures or any life threatening complications of the
procedures.
37. IV. OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES
IV.A Repeated High-intensity Focused Ultrasound
Ablation
• HIFU beams are precisely focused on a small region of
diseased tissue to locally deposit high levels of energy.
The temperature of tissue at the focus will rise to between
65° and 85 °C, destroying the diseased tissue
by coagulative necrosis.
• This novel treatment modality was only described in one
high-quality case series of 16 women with treatment
failure or complication. *
* Xiao J, Zhang S, Wang F, Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhou X, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy:
noninvasive and effective treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2014;211:356.e1–7
38. IV. OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES
IV.B Repeated High-intensity Focused Ultrasound
with Hysteroscopic Suction Curettage
Similarly, this novel modality was described in
another high quality case series of 53 women, with a
success rate of 100% and no complications. *
* Zhu X, Deng X, Wan Y, Xiao S, Huang J, Zhang L, et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound
combined with suction curettage for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy. Medicine
(Baltimore) 2015;94:e854
41. FUTURE PREGNANCY
• Uneventful future pregnancies have been reported after
all modalities of conservative management of a CSP.
• The largest study shows a 50% CSP cases were followed
by uneventful pregnancy, with a mean interval of 13.3
months (range 3–34 months) between the previous CSP
and subsequent pregnancy. *
• The risk of recurrence has been reported to be 3.2% -5%
in women with one previous CSP treated by dilatation
and curettage with or without uterine artery
embolization.
* Seow K-M, Hwang J-L, Tsai Y-L, Huang L-W, Lin Y-H, Hseih B-C. Subsequent pregnancy outcome after
conservative treatment of a previous caesarean scar pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol 2004;83:1167–72
42. CASE 1: HISTORY
• A 29 Years old G4P2L2A1 Previous LSCS (2 years back) B/d 7.4wks presented with
complains of pain in abdomen with mild vaginal bleeding for 5 days
• Previous LSCS was done in view of Non Progress of labour 2years back . She also
gives history of a check curettage done 7 months back in view of missed abortion.
• No history of fever chills or rigor
• No history of fall or trauma
• No history of any major medical or surgical illness
43. CASE 1: EXAMINATION
• General examination: Pallor +, no icterus , no oedema
• P 86/min
• BP 110/60
• Per Abdomen:
no distension, no rigidity , no guarding
pfannestial scar present, well healed
• P/S : minimal bleeding present
• Per Vagina : Uterus bulky
44. CASE 4: INVESTIGATIONS
• Hb 7.2g/dl,
• WBC 9200/cu mm
• Platelets 398000/cu mm
• BUN 8, Creatinine 0.6
• PT 14
• INR 1.0
45. CASE 1: SONOGRAPHY
• USG suggestive of single live gestation
of 10weeks at lower anterior wall of the
uterus.
• Endometrial cavity empty
46. • This was a case of unruptured CSP.
• Patient was taken for Laparoscopic Removal of
Caesarean Scar Pregnancy electively.
• Intraoperatively Bilateral Internal Iliac Artery Ligation was
first, to reduce the bleeding.
47.
48. CASE 2 : HISTORY
• A 32 years old G3P2L2 previous 2 LSCS B/D 6 weeks wanted
Medical Termination of pregnancy.
• Patient did not have any other significant medical or surgical history.
• Patient had taken MTP pills, but, did not have any withdrawal
bleeding.
• Patient was vitally stable.
• All routine investigations were normal.
• USG was done.
49. CASE 2 : SONOGRAPHY
• TVS was suggestive of an empty uterine and
cervical cavity with a Gestation Sac growing
in the lower anterior uterine wall.
• There was a very thin tissue between the
gestation sac and the bladder.
• A diagnosis of Caesarean Scar Pregnancy
was made on the basis of USG findings.
50. CASE 2 : MANAGEMENT
• Patient was put on Inj Methotrexate 50mg IM , 3 dose alternated with folinic acid.
• CBC, Liver and Renal Functions were monitored.
• On Day7 Beta- hcg decreased by 15%.
• Sonography was repeated.
• USG showed a non viable embryo in the lower anterior uterine wall.
• Suction and Evacuation with MVA cannula under USG guidance was attempted.
• Patient had an uncontrollable bleeding and became vitally unstable.
• Patient was referred to her centre i/v/o ?Uterine Rupture.
51. CASE 2 : MANAGEMENT
• Patient was immediately taken for Emergency
Exploratory Laparotomy with SOS Obstetric
Hysterectomy.
• Intraoperatively : Uterus had ruptured at
Caesarean scar and remnants of gestation sac
was seen at the Scar
Decision do an Obstetric
Hysterectomy was taken.
52. CONCLUSIONS
• Embryo implantation in the region of a previous caesarean section scar is a rare
but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous caesarean birth.
• The exponential rise in its incidence during the past 5–6 years may be because of
rising caesarean section rate worldwide.
• Ultrasound diagnosis by TVS and colour flow Doppler, which yields a high
diagnostic accuracy—this is expected to emerge as a future gold standard.
• There is plethora of treatment modalities available, but there is no guidelines
available regarding the management or follow up of CSP.