Here are a few key points about the sample introduction: - It begins by stating the broad context of how technology is influencing education. This provides relevant background for the reader. - It then narrows the focus to introducing teacher candidates to applying technology in education. This establishes the purpose and audience for the paper. - A specific innovative strategy, flipped classroom, is introduced as what will be investigated. This clearly states the topic and scope of the paper. - The last sentence clearly outlines the research question - investigating teacher candidates' perceptions of flipped classroom for fostering learning autonomy. This directly states the aim of the paper. - Overall the introduction orients the reader to the relevance of the topic, establishes the purpose

1. +
Parts of an Academic
Essay
Mega Wulandari

2. +
What are the parts of Academic
Essay?

3. +Academic Essay generally contains
common elements and follow the same
basic format.
1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Methodology
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion
9. References
10. Appendices

4. + Title
 Should be brief, specific and informative, indicating
the nature and scope of your report.
 Which one is a better title?
a. Internet for English Writing
b. Implementing Pecha Kucha strategy to improve
speaking ability of freshmen EFL students
c. Homeschooling trials of 40 kids in 6 cities in
Indonesia report improved cognitive but not
affective function

5. +
Abstract
 a concise summary that enables readers to quickly
assess the contents and direction of your report.
 It should be brief, written in a single paragraph and
should cover:
 the scope and purpose;
 an overview of methodology;
 a summary of the main findings or results;
 principal conclusions or significance of the findings;
 recommendations made.

6. +
Can you analyze the parts of this
abstract?

7. +
Introduction
 It sets the context for your research.
 It should supply sufficient background to allow the reader to
understand your study.
 After reading the introduction your reader should understand
exactly what your research is about, what you plan to do, why
you are undertaking this research and which methods you have
used.
 Introductions generally include the rationale for your study:
why are you interested in this topic and why is this topic worth
investigating?

8. +
Literature Review
 Not all research reports have a separate literature review
section. In shorter research reports, the review can be part of
the introduction or the discussion.
 A literature review is an underlying theory from which your
research is based or theoretical study of of recent relevant
research in a particular field.
 Its purpose is both to offer the reader an overview of the current
state of research and to support your paper within that
research.

9. +
Methodology
 You need to briefly describe the subjects (if appropriate), along
with any equipment or materials used and the approach taken.
 If the research method or method of data analysis is commonly
used within your field of study, then it is appropriate to simply
reference the procedure and not describe it in detail.
 You need to describe them in more detail and provide a
rationale for your approach.

10. +
Results
 a concise, factual summary of your findings, listed under
headings appropriate to your research questions.
 It is better not to discuss your results here. Any analysis of your
results occurs in the Discussion section.
 Raw data, or details about the method of statistical analysis
used, should also not be included here but should appear in the
Appendices.

11. +
Discussion
 a major part of a research report and it is expected that you will
demonstrate an analysis of the data you have gathered. The
discussion links strongly with the issues identified in the
introduction and is of similar importance and length.
 This section of your paper is where you interpret your results and
explain their significance within the context of other research.
 It can also include : any problems with data collection or analysis
and any assumptions on which your study was based. This is the
place to discuss any disappointing results; the problems of making
meaningful conclusions with limited samples; or the difficulty of
conducting the research (for example, the difficulty of conducting
interviews with five year old subjects).

12. +
Conclusion
 In this section you should discuss the significance of your
findings.
 To what extent and in what ways are your findings useful or
conclusive? Is further research required? If so, based on your
research experience, what suggestions could you make about
improvements to the scope or methodology of future studies?
 Also, consider the practical implications of your results and any
recommendations you could make.
 For example, if your research is on reading strategies in the
primary school classroom, what are the implications of your results
for the classroom teacher? What recommendations could you
make for teachers?

13. +
Reference Lists
 Where you list only the authors whom you have cited in your
paper, are commonly required in disciplines that use in-text
referencing. Many lecturers cross-check the reference list.

14. +
Appendices
 Where you store materials that support your research but which
are inappropriate to include in the body of your paper. NOTE:
only include selected material that directly supports your report.
 Examples of such materials include:
 relevant letters to participants and organisations (e.g. regarding the
ethics or conduct of the project)
 details or samples of questionnaires, surveys or other relevant
instruments that were developed for the purpose of the study
 background reports or raw data.

15. +
So, where are we going?
 For project 1, we are going to make a simplified research paper
which consists of 6 parts:
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHOD (library study)
 DISCUSSION (with literature review)
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 For project 2, we are going to make a research report paper
which consists of all 10 parts of a research paper. However, we
will only conduct a small research (data gathered from
questionnaire, interview, or observation).

16. +
Question?

17. +
INTRODUCTION

18. + An introduction should tell your reader exactly
what your paper is about and how it is structured.

19. +
The advancement of technology is now
influencing all aspects in life, including
education.
It is important to introduce teacher
candidates with hands-on experience in
applying technology in education.
One of the innovative strategies which
gives a lot of benefits is flipped classroom.
This paper would like to investigate
teacher candidates’ perception on the
implementation of flipped classroom in
LTM class in fostering their learning
autonomy.
Sample of Introductory paragraph (outline)

20. +
Analyze the sample introduction