Thermodynamics
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thermodynamics. in physical world outside and inside the living body. important factor for heat and energy for the living. different forms of energy, kinetic energy and pottential energy. different forms of system, open and closed. laws of thermodynamics and gibbs free energy. entrophy and enthalphy
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Here are the key steps to derive the expression for heat of reaction at constant pressure:
1) For a chemical reaction occurring at constant pressure, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is equal to the heat absorbed or released by the system (qP).
2) Enthalpy change (ΔH) is defined as the change in internal energy (ΔU) plus the product of pressure (P) and change in volume (ΔV).
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV
3) For a reaction at constant pressure, the volume change (ΔV) is small and pressure remains constant.
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M.THIRUNAVUKKARASU
Sr. LECTURER
Bharathiyar college of Engineering and Technology at karaikal
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Here are the key steps to derive the expression for heat of reaction at constant pressure:
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Ch01 bcm 311
1) The document discusses key concepts in bioenergetics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, coupled reactions, and how these concepts relate to biochemical processes.
2) Thermodynamics is essential for understanding metabolic pathways, why molecules cross membranes, and how muscles generate force. The first law states that energy is conserved while the second law states that spontaneous processes increase disorder.
3) Free energy is used to determine reaction spontaneity and how coupled reactions allow endergonic reactions to be driven by exergonic ones, providing a thermodynamic basis for metabolic pathways.
4-Thermodynamics(Physical Pharmacy)
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics concepts including:
- The various forms of energy and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, and boundary.
- The three laws of thermodynamics - the zero law states thermal equilibrium is transitive, the first law concerns conservation of energy, and the second law involves entropy and the spontaneity of processes.
- Other concepts like heat, work, internal energy, and free energy are discussed in relation to the first and second laws. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the principles.
Thermodynamics.PPT
Thermodynamics deals with concepts of heat, temperature, and energy conversion. Thermal equilibrium occurs between substances when there is no further heat transfer between them. Internal energy is the total energy of all atoms and molecules in a substance due to their random motion. Thermodynamic systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated based on heat and matter transfer ability. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat and work through a mathematical equation. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness that increases for energy received by a system and decreases for energy given out. The second law of thermodynamics prohibits heat from spontaneously flowing from cold to hot without work.
Bioenergetics by lecture Biswanath.pdf
Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformations that occur in living cells. It examines how cells acquire chemical energy from nutrients and transform that energy to power biological processes through reactions like oxidative phosphorylation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as the main energy currency, being produced from energy sources and broken down to release energy for cellular work. Thermodynamic principles like the first and second laws govern these energy transformations, requiring a constant total energy while increasing entropy as energy is dissipated into less useful forms like heat.
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Thermodynamics ,types of system,formulae ,gibbs free energy .pptx
Thermodynamics ,types of system,formulae ,gibbs free energy .pptx
Principle of bioenergetics & photobiology and photosynthesis
Principle of bioenergetics & photobiology and photosynthesis
More from Shlok Mathur
Thalassemia
Thalassemia for medicine students or anyone interested in the disease.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
A blood disorder involving lower-than-normal amounts of an oxygen-carrying protein.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal.
Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness, and slow growth.
Mild forms may not need treatment. Severe forms may require blood transfusions or a donor stem-cell transplant.
The milgram shock experiment
The Milgram experiment was carried out many times whereby Milgram (1965) varied the basic procedure (changed the IV). By doing this Milgram could identify which factors affected obedience (the DV). Obedience was measured by how many participants were shocked to the maximum 450 volts (65% in the original study).
This File contains my perspective of the experiment and gives a better idea about the concept of obedience.
Blood group substances
Blood group substances biochemistry presentation.
this presentation helps in the better understanding of the topic h substances which are the primitive substances that help in the formation of the ABO blood groups.
Testes
General idea about the histology of the Testes. the gross anatomy and the major structures important for the understanding of the microscopic structures of testes including spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis can be found.
Also the practical identification of a testes can also be found in this presentation. the Staining used for each and every slide shown in the presentation are the H&E staining that gives the pink and purple coloured slides.
Transport across cell membrane
cell biology topic transport across cell membrane. transport of important structures accross plasma mebrane of different types of cell in humans. structure and function of cell membane
Retina
histological and physiological discription of the retina or tunica interna or tunica nervosa.
an important structure in the eye to conduct the visual impulses from physical world to the brain.
Peristalsis
motion of the gastro intestinal tract. movement of the food or bolus from the mouth to the anus. biophysics of smooth muscle contraction in the git.
Muscles of mastication
anatomy of head and neck. muscles of mastication is an important topic to learn. muscles of the tongue.
Medical ai and healthcare
Artificial intelligence in the field of medicine and healthcare.
use of Information Technology in everyday lifestyle.
Electrical activity of the brain
Electrical activity of the brain as studied with the help of Electroencephalogram. Sleep wake cycle and circardian rythym.
learn more about different brain waves.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is an increasing and pretty dangerous disorder that is spreading all over the world due to week imunity, or genetic reasons.
this condition is harmful not only for the sweet tooth but also the fairly fit people too. to prevent and learn more about diabetes mellitus and its types please check the slide
Day 13
During the 13th day of development, primary villi form from cells of the cytotrophoblast that proliferate and penetrate the syncytiotrophoblast. The primary villi are cellular columns surrounded by syncytium. Additionally, cells from the hypoblast migrate along the exocoelomic membrane and form the secondary yolk sac or definitive yolk sac within the original exocoelomic cavity. As the secondary yolk sac forms, portions of the exocoelomic cavity are pinched off to form exocoelomic cysts in the chorionic cavity. The extraembryonic coelom expands and forms the large chorionic cavity, and the extraembryonic mesoderm lining is now referred to
Chemical kinetics
This document discusses key concepts in chemical kinetics including:
1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry concerned with understanding reaction rates.
2. Factors that affect reaction rates include temperature, pressure, concentration, surface area, and the presence of catalysts.
3. A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Beta oxidation
1. Beta oxidation is the major mechanism of fatty acid oxidation, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix. It removes two-carbon units as acetyl-CoA per cycle.
2. Fatty acids must first be activated through attachment to Coenzyme A before undergoing beta oxidation. The activated fatty acyl-CoA cannot enter the mitochondria on its own and requires the carnitine shuttle system for transport.
3. Each cycle of beta oxidation involves four steps: dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage. This releases acetyl-CoA while shortening the fatty acid chain by two carbons.
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Recently uploaded
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
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Thermodynamics
- 2. Introduction .. All organisms require energy to stay alive Orgamisms are energy transformer Organisms take energy and transduce it to new forms All chemicals reaction in cells involve energy transformations For example green plants transform radient energy into chemical energy.
- 3. Forms of energy .. Energy Kinetic energy Energy in motion Light, heat, electric power Potential energy Stored energy Dam, battery wood, fossil fuels
- 4. Kinnetic energy.. It is the energy of motion observable as a movement of a partial, or set of particles.
- 5. Potential Energy.. Is the Energy by virtual of an objects position related to other object .
- 6. What is system ? An assemblage of matter, which can interact with energy is called a system A system is separated from its surroundings by a boundary. 1. An open system 2. A closed system 3. An isolated system
- 7. Open System.. An open system exchanges matter and energy with its environment Biological system are open E.g. living cells, living things Earth is an open system.
- 8. Closed system.. A closed system exchanges only energy with its environment. E.g. universe When heat flows out of the system, the energy of the system decreases. When heat flows in, the energy of the system increases If the heat remains constant, it may be called an isotheral system.
- 9. Isolated system.. An isolated system exchanges neither matter or nor energy with its environment An isolated system has boundary which is impermeable to both and all forms of energy.
- 10. The First Law of Thermodynaics.. Law of conservation of energy – Robert Mayer “The first law states that the total energy of system plus its environment remains constant” This law declares that “Energy is neither created nor destroyed in the universe and it allows to be exchanged between a system and its surroundings.”
- 11. Gibbs Free Energy.. The driving forces of a chemical as two components ∆H is the drive toward stability (enthalpy) ∆S is the drive toward disorder (entropy) ∆ G is the net driving force of a chemical reaction. V G values depend upon temperature, pressure and the concentration of the reactants and products. If ∆ G<0 = the reaction is spontaneous If ∆ G>0= the reaction is non-spontaneous. If ∆ G=0= the reaction is at equilibrium Joseph Willard Gibbs
- 12. Second law of thermodynamics… Also called law of the degradation of energy or law of entropy This law was developed in 1850s by German Physicist Rudolf Clausius. This law states that “a system and its surroundings always proceed to a state of maximum disorder or maximum entropy”.
- 13. Concept of entropy (∆S).. The word entropy (from Greek entrope=change) is a measure of the unavailable energy resulting from transformations The term is used as a general index of the molecular disorder associated with energy degradation. Second law implies that the entropy of the universe is increasing because energy conversions are not 100% efficient. i.e some heat is always released. Second law also implies that if a particular system becomes more ordered, its surroundings become more disordered.
- 14. The Third law of thermodynamics .. The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal energy. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy energy.
- 15. Concept of enthalpy (∆h) .. Enthalpy is defined as a change in heat content or heat or formation of a system. The change in enthalpy is given by ∆H= ∆U+P ∆V Where ∆U= internal energy change P= pressure V=volume ∆U=the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. ∆U=Q-W Where Q= heat added to system W= work done by the system
- 16. Two types of biochemical reactions.. Exergonic reactions (catabolic) ΔG is negative ΔH is less than zero Increase in stability Spontaneous movement towards equilibrium Coupled to ATP formation catabolism Enderogenic reaction (anabolic) ΔG is Positive ΔH is greater than zero Decrease in stability Non spontaneous Movement away from Equilibrium Coupled to ATP utilization Anabolism