Introduction
History
Definition
Law of thermodynamics
1st Law of thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
3rd Law of thermodynamics
Application
Conclusion
Reference
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
This file contains slides on Transient Heat conduction: Part-I
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India, during Sept. – Dec. 2010. Contents: Lumped system analysis – criteria for lumped system analysis – Biot and Fourier Numbers – Response time of a thermocouple - One-dimensional transient conduction in large plane walls, long cylinders and spheres when Bi > 0.1 – one-term approximation - Heisler and Grober charts- Problems
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
This file contains slides on Transient Heat conduction: Part-I
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India, during Sept. – Dec. 2010. Contents: Lumped system analysis – criteria for lumped system analysis – Biot and Fourier Numbers – Response time of a thermocouple - One-dimensional transient conduction in large plane walls, long cylinders and spheres when Bi > 0.1 – one-term approximation - Heisler and Grober charts- Problems
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
First law of thermodynamics as taught in introductory physical chemistry (includes general chemistry material). Covers concepts such as internal energy, heat, work, heat capacity, enthalpy, bomb calorimetry, Hess's law, thermochemical equations, bond energy, and heat of formations.
Mechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materials
Solution Manual for Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 6th edition (SI u...javan9
Solution Manual for Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 6th edition (SI units) by Yunus A. Cengel and Michael Boles
Download: https://goo.gl/eoktGZ
First law of thermodynamics as taught in introductory physical chemistry (includes general chemistry material). Covers concepts such as internal energy, heat, work, heat capacity, enthalpy, bomb calorimetry, Hess's law, thermochemical equations, bond energy, and heat of formations.
Mechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materialsMechanical properties of materials
Solution Manual for Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 6th edition (SI u...javan9
Solution Manual for Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 6th edition (SI units) by Yunus A. Cengel and Michael Boles
Download: https://goo.gl/eoktGZ
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
thermodynamics. in physical world outside and inside the living body. important factor for heat and energy for the living.
different forms of energy, kinetic energy and pottential energy.
different forms of system, open and closed. laws of thermodynamics and gibbs free energy. entrophy and enthalphy
Introduction
History
Tumor suppressor gene- pRB
- RB gene
- Role of RB in regulation of cell cycle
- Tumor associated with RB gene mutation
Tumor suppressor gene- p53
- What is p53 gene?
- Function of p53 gene
- How it regulates cell cycle
- What happen if p53 gene inactivated
- Cancer associated with p53 mutation
- Conclusion
- References
Introduction
Definition
History
Two hit hypothesis
Functions
Mutation in tumor suppressor genes
What is mutation
Inherited mutation of TSGs
Acquired mutation of TSGs
What is Oncogenes?
TSGs and Oncogenes : Brakes and accelerators
Stop and go signal
Examples of TSGs:
RB-The retinoblastoma gene
P53 protein
TSGs &cell suicide
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Protein synthesis
Synthesis of secretory proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes
Processing of newly synthesized proteins in the ER
Synthesis of integral membrane protein on membrane bound ribosomes
Maintenance of membrane asymmetry
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
Definition
History
central dogma
Major components
mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
Energy source
Amino acids
Protien factor
Enzymes
Inorganic ions
Step involves in translation:
Aminoacylation of tRNA
Initiation
Elongation
termination
Importance of translation
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
Protein modifications
Folding
Chaperon mediated
Enzymatic
Cleavage
Addition of functional groups
Chemical groups
Hydrophobic groups
Proteolysis
Conclusion
Reference
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION
PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION
HOW TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS
PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Enzyme Kinetics and thermodynamic analysisKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Kinetics and thermodynamicSG
Thermodynamic in enzymatic reactions
balanced equations in chemical reactions
changes in free energy determine the direction & equilibrium state of chemical reactions
the rates of reactions
Factors effecting enzymatic activity
(i) Enzyme concentration.
(ii) Substrate concentration.
(iii)Temperature
(iv) pH.
(v) Activators.
(vi)Inhibitors
Michaelis-menten equation
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENECES
Recepter mediated endocytosis by kk ashuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
WHAT TYPE OF LIGANDS ENTER BY RME?
FORMATION OF CLATHRIN-COATED VESICLES
TRISKELIONS
ROLE OF DYNAMIN IN THE FORMATION OF CLATHRIN-COATED VESICLES
ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN THE FORMATION OF COATED VESICLES
ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY
LDLs AND CHOLESTROL METABOLISM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
2. Introduction
History
Definition
Law of thermodynamics
A. 1st Law of thermodynamics
B. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
C. 3rd Law of thermodynamics
Application
Conclusion
Reference
Content
3. Introduction
• The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities
(temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems.
• Thermodynamics is the study of the energy, principally heat energy that
accompanies chemical or physical changes.
• Some chemical reactions release heat energy; they are called exothermic
reactions, and they have a negative enthalpy change.
• Others absorb heat energy and are called endothermic reactions, and they have a
positive enthalpy change. But thermodynamics is concerned with more than just
heat energy.
• The change in level of organization or disorganization of reactants and products as
changes take place is described by the entropy change of the process. For
example, the conversion of one gram of liquid water to gaseous water is in the
direction of increasing disorder, the molecules being much more disorganized as a
gas than as a liquid.
• The increase in disorder is described as an increase in entropy, and the change in
entropy is positive.
• Whether a chemical reaction or physical change will occur depends
4. Definition
• ‘the branch of physical science that deals with the
relations between heat and other forms of energy (such
as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by
extension, of the relationships between all forms of
energy.’
5. History
• Around 1850 Rudolf Clausius and William
Thomson (Kelvin) stated both the First Law -
that total energy is conserved - and the
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
7. Thermodynamic law
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. Energy is invariably conserved
but the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are
transferred in or out of it.
This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However,
energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. The
total energy of an isolated system remains the same.
E = MC2
8. Second Law of Thermodynamics
•The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat can never flow from a cold body to a
warmer one. An equivalent definition is that the entropy of an isolated system cannot
decrease.
•Because there are no perfectly closed systems, the Second Law of Thermodynamics holds
that everything becomes more disordered over time, in the absence of intelligent intervention.
•According to this law, it is impossible to build a perpetual motion machine because
increasingly entropy will inevitably derail the machine.
∆suniv = ∆s system +∆s sum
∆s=q/(T)
∆U= 0
qrev = - w
∆U = (q + w)
9. Third Law of thermodynamics
Gibbs energy (also referred to as ∆G) is also the chemical potential that is minimized
when a system reaches equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature.
Its derivative with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system vanishes at the
equilibrium point.
The Gibbs free energy, originally called available energy, was developed in the 1870s by
the American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. In 1873, Gibbs described this "available
energy" as.
Exam = ∆G = ∆G(product) − ∆G (Reach)
∆G = ∆H −T∆S
∆G = Free energy
∆H = change in enthalpy
T = constant temperature
∆S= change in entropy
10. Application
Experiments on dilute gases show that only pressure, P, the temperature, T, the
number of moles of the gas, n, and the gas volume, V needed to describe system.
In physics we are commonly interested in themovement of energy. This is useful because energy is
neither created or destroyed.
•.
Thermodynamic equilibrium: condition in which equilibrium exists with respect to P,
T, and concentration
11. Conclusion
The first conclusion is that the universe had to have
a beginning. “If the entire universe is an isolated
system, then, according to the Second Law of
Thermodynamics, the energy is the universe that is
available for useful work has always been decreasing.