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Diabetes mellitus
- 1. Diabetes Mellitus.. By : Shlok Mathur
- 2. Introduction.. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that prevents your body from properly using the energy from the food you eat. Diabetes occurs in one of the following situations: The pancreas (an organ behind your stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin at all. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which helps the body use sugar for energy. -OR- The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin made doesn't work as it should. This condition is called insulin resistance. Without insulin, or the "key," sugar can't get into the body's cells for use as energy. This causes sugar to rise. Too much sugar in the blood is called "hyperglycemia" (high blood sugar).
- 3. Types Of Diabetes Mellitus.. Type 1 Type 1 diabetes occurs because the insulin- producing cells of the pancreas (beta cells) are damaged. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar can;t get into the body's cells for use as energy. People with Type 1 diabetes must use insulin injections to control their blood glucose. Type 1 is the most common form of diabetes in people who are under age 30, but it can occur at any age. Type 2 In Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes), the pancreas makes insulin, but it either doesn't produce enough, or the insulin doesn't work properly. Nine out of 10 people with diabetes have Type 2. This type occurs most often in people who are over 40 years old but can occur even in childhood if there are risk factors present.
- 4. Causes Of Diabetes.. The causes of diabetes are not known. The following risk factors may increase your chance of getting diabetes: Family history of diabetes or a personal history of gestational diabetes. African-American, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian- American race, Pacific Islander or ethnic background. Injury to the pancreas (such as infection, tumor, surgery or accident). Autoimmune disease. Age (risk increases with age). Physical stress (such as surgery or illness).
- 5. Risk Factors Of Diabetes.. There are risk factors that you might have more control over, including: High blood pressure. Abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Smoking. Being overweight. Use of certain medications, including steroids. It is important to note that sugar itself doesn't cause diabetes. Eating a lot of sugar can lead to tooth decay, but it doesn't cause diabetes.
- 6. Symptoms Of Diabetes.. The symptoms of diabetes include: Increased thirst. Increased hunger (especially after eating). Dry mouth. Frequent urination. Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feel hungry). Other symptoms include: Weak, tired feeling. Blurred vision. Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet. Slow-healing sores or cuts. Dry and itchy skin. Frequent yeast infections or urinary tract infections.
- 7. Diagnosis of Diabetes.. Diabetes is diagnosed with fasting sugar blood tests or with A1c blood tests, also known as glycated hemoglobin tests. A fasting blood sugar test is performed after you have had nothing to eat or drink for at least eight hours. Normal fasting blood sugar is less than 100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l). You do not have to be fasting for an A1c blood test. An A1c test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) assay. Your blood sugar level is equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l). You have two random blood sugar tests over 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) with symptoms. You have an oral glucose tolerance test with results over 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). Your A1c test is greater than 6.5 percent on two separate days.
- 8. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
- 9. Management for Diabetes.. There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be treated and controlled. The goals of managing diabetes are to: Keep your blood glucose levels as near to normal as possible by balancing food intake with medication and activity. Maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as possible. Control your blood pressure. Your blood pressure should not go over 140/90. Decrease or possibly prevent the development of diabetes-related health problems.
- 10. Prevention of Diabetes.. Although diabetes risk factors like family history cannot be changed, there are other risk factors that do have some control over. Implementing some of the healthy lifestyle habits below can improve these modifiable risk factors and help to decrease your chances of getting diabetes mellitus : Eating healthfully. Being physically active. Lowering your stress. Limiting alcohol intake. Getting enough sleep. Quitting smoking
- 11. Frequency of Diabetes Mellitus.. The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. The global prevalence of diabetes* among adults over 18 years of age rose from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes. Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012. Almost half of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur before the age of 70 years. WHO estimates that diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in 2016.
- 12. Measures of Association.. Meta-analysis was possible for diabetes, cholesterol and hypertension; revealing a pooled risk ratio of 1.70 (1.21 to 2.37) for diabetes and 1.11 (0.91 to 1.35) of hypertension. Restricting SMI to schizophreniform illnesses yielded a pooled risk ratio for diabetes of 1.87 (1.68 to 2.09). Of the diabetic case subjects, 16% (27 of 171) died vs. 7% (25 of 342) of control subjects (P = 0.004). The difference was less for normal-birth-weight (NBW) (2,948–<3,856 g) individuals (12% [12 of 102] vs. 8% [20 of 246], P = 0.31) than for abnormal-birth-weight individuals (low birth weight [LBW] 20% [8 of 39] vs. 2% [1 of 46], P = 0.01; high birth weight [HBW] 23% [7 of 30] vs. 8% [4 of 50], P = 0.16), as confirmed with age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards (diabetes-associated hazard ratio 1.4 [95% CI 0.69–2.90] for NBW vs. 4.8 [1.7–13.3] for abnormal birth weight, test for interaction P = 0.056). The observed diabetes deaths were greater than expected, based on mortality for the general population (27 vs. 13.3, P < 0.001), with 70% of excess deaths occurring among LBW (8 vs. 2.2, P < 0.001) and HBW (7 vs. 3.1, P = 0.03) individuals. Diabetes (odds ratio=0.90; 95% confidence interval = 0.82, 0.99)
- 13. Bibliography.. References.. • pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov • researchgate.net • care.diabetesjournal.org • www.who.int • My.cleavelandclinic.org