The document discusses the concept of entropy. It begins by defining entropy as a measure of disorder in a system and relating it to the number of microscopic states available to a system. It then discusses different types of disorder, provides an example, and gives mathematical expressions to define and calculate entropy. The document notes the importance of entropy in geochemical thermodynamics and applications like thermobarometric models. It concludes by restating that entropy increases with heat transfer at low temperatures and decreases with heat removal, and is a key concept in understanding the direction of natural processes.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
My slides from the Generate Conference, quickly and entropically packed in a PDF.
(Slide notes in brackets.) Typeface is Averia, "the average font": http://iotic.com/averia/
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
My slides from the Generate Conference, quickly and entropically packed in a PDF.
(Slide notes in brackets.) Typeface is Averia, "the average font": http://iotic.com/averia/
Thermodynamics in physics is a branch that deals with heat, work and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation and physical properties of matter.
To be specific, it explains how thermal energy is converted to or from other forms of energy and how matter is affected by this process. Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the movement of tiny particles within an object, and the faster these particles move, the more heat is generated.
Subject: ME8391 Engineering Thermodynamics
Topic: Basic Concepts & First law of Thermodynamics
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Second year, III Semester.
[Anna University R-2017]
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• VARIOUS TYPE OF DISORDER
• EXAMPLES OF DISORDER
• DEFINITION AND EXPRESSION OF ENTROPY
• IMPORTANCE OF ENTROPY IN GEOCHEMICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
• APPLICATION OF ENTROPY
• CONCUSION
• REFERENCE
3. INTRODUCTION
What is entropy?
The word entropy is sometimes confused with energy.
Although they are related quantities, they are distinct.
or energy measures the capability of an object or system
to do work.
on the other hand, is a measure of the "disorder" of a
system. What "disorder refers to is really the number of
different microscopic states a system can be in, given that the
system has a particular fixed composition, volume, energy,
pressure, and temperature. By "microscopic states", we mean
the exact states of all the molecules making up the system.
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of
possible states
= k log(N).
4. Entropy - thermodynamic property-- a
quantitative measure of disorder
Entropy traces out its origin –molecular
movement interpretation-Rudolf Clausias in
1850
The concept of entropy -thermodynamic
laws(i.e. the 2nd law of thermodynamics)
It can be visualised due to the process of
expansion, heating, mixing and reaction.
Entropy is associated with heat and
temperature.
5. Entropy-reflects the degree of disorderness.
Diorderness can be pointed out in three different
types. They are:
Positional disorder
whether the atoms are free to move or not
Vibrational disorder(thermal disorder)
whether the atoms vibrate about an
average position
Configurational disorder
this refers to the distribution of different
atoms or sites in lattice.
Various types of disorder
7. This is one
example of
entropy
Box 1-less
entropy
Box 2-more
entropy
Box-1
Box-2
8. Definition and expression of entropy
Entropy may be defined as the property of a system
which measure the degree of disorder or randomness
in the system
It is a Greek word which means
transformation
It is denoted by the symbol ‘S’
Clausius was convinced of the significance of the ratio
of heat delivered and the temperature at which it is
delivered,
9. Entropy is the sum total of entropy due to
positional disorder, vibrational disorder and
configurational disorder. i.e randomness due to
change of state
S=sp+st+sc
10. When a system is undergoing change then the entropy
change is equal to the heat absorbed by the system
divided by the temperature at which change taken
place.
ΔS = S2 –S1
= ∫ dq / T
T ΔS = dq or TdS = dq
this is the II law expression.
Suppose the process is undergoing change at constant
temperature:
11. From I Law we know that
ΔE = q – w or dE = dq – dw or dE = dq – PdV
At constant temperature ΔE = 0, therefore dq =
PdV.
From II law we know that dq = TdS ,
Substituting this in the above we get,
Tds = Pdv
ΔS = PdV / T,
12. Suppose the process is undergoing change at constant pressure
condition then:
T ΔS = (q)p -
but we know that (q)p = CpdT
T ΔS = Cp dT,
Or TdS = Cp dT
By integration,
1∫2dS = 1∫2 Cp dT /T
S2 – S1 = Δ Cp ln (T2 / T1)
This is the entropy change of the system at constant pressure condition
from room temperature to the reaction temperature.
13. Importance of entropy in
geochemical thermodynamics
The aim of the thermodynamics in geochemical
term is to generate a set of properties, which helps
us to predict the direction of chemical processes.
The 2nd law starts with simplest term is that there is
an increase in entropy in every natural processes.
The degree of order or disorder in a system may be
described in terms of the probability or
improbability of the observed state,
14. With the statistical conception of entropy, the possible
application to geochemical systems become recognisable,
For e.g.- the distribution of energy in geomorphic system is
one way of expressing the relative elevation of particle of
water and sediments etc. in the evolution of landscape.
It is noted that all natural processes are spontaneous,
unidirectional –where there is increase in randomness.
Thus this disorderness in the geochemical processes can be
determined by the concept of entropy
15. Applications of entropy
Thermobarometric models
Experimental work in the mineralogy,
petrology etc.
Thermobarometric models are various
thermodynamic formulas or equation by
which pressure temperature are determined,
The model is calibrated through
experimental techniques
16. Thus entropy is applied in the model to
measure the disorderness of the system
through temperature , pressure of the
rock.
Thermobarometry is thus an excellent
case study when the application of
the thermodynamic parameters are
involved
17. Conclusion
Entropy is the thermodynamic property which is
the measure of disorder in a system.
It can be expresses by ‘S’=q/t
The term is coined by Rudolf Clausius.
Entropy is mainly associated with heat and
temperature.
Disorder can be of 3 types- Positional, Vibrational
and Configurational
Thermobarometric models is an excellent case
study when the application of thermodynamic
parameters are involved.
18. It can also be concluded that-
(a) when heat is transferred at a high temperature,
entropy change is small whereas when heat is
transferred at low temperature, entropy change
is greater.
(b) When heat is supplied-entropy increases and
when heat is removed- entropy decreases
Entropy is not perceptible to our sense and there is
no such instrument to measure its effect. Only
changes in entropy can be determined by
computations.
It is usually determined from some specified
arbitrary datum of temperature only.
19. References
Alok K.Gupta and Sisir K. Sen, a short course on elementary
thermodynamics for earth scientist,96
Guirlo Ottonello, principles of geochemistry, Columbia University press,
New York, 1893, 151
Roger Powell, equilibrium thermodynamics in petrology,Hasper and
row publishers, pp 231-232
W.M White, geochemistry, 2007, pp 44-54
www.google.com
www.wikepedia.org