The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract's role in digestion, highlighting processes such as peristalsis, which involves wave-like contractions to move food from the mouth to the stomach. It describes stages of swallowing (deglutition), types of peristaltic contractions, and various movements of the stomach and intestines, including hunger contractions and migrating motor complexes during fasting. Additionally, it outlines how intestinal villi exhibit movement due to the contraction of smooth muscle fibers.

1. PERISTALSISShlok Pushpesh Mathur
Nayan Biswas

2.  The Gastro intestinal tract helps in
the digestion of food with the help of
release of digestive enzymes and
contraction motion.
 The Gastro intestinal tract composes
of 3 smooth muscle layers which
creates a functional syncytium.
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3. Deglutition :
 It is the process of movement of
bolous from mouth to the stomach.
 It has 4 different stages :
Oral stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage
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4. 4

5.  Primary peristaltic contraction
 Secondary peristaltic contraction
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6. When bolus reaches the upper part
of the esophagus the peristalsis
starts known as the primary
peristalsis contraction.
After origin the peristalsis passes
down through the rest of the
esophagus, propelling the bolus
towars the stomach.
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7. If the primary peristalsis is unable
to take the bolus towards the
stomach the secondary peristalsis
appears and the bolus moves
towards the stomach.
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8.  Hunger contraction
 Receptive relaxation
 Peristalsis
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9. Movements of empty stomach ,
related to the sensations of hunger.
These are the peristaltic waves
superimposed by the cotractions of
the gastric smooth muscle as a
whole.
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10. The relaxation of the uppe rportion
of the stomach when bolus enters
the stomach from esophagus.
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11. It is a peristaltic wave that appears
in the stomach when the bolus
passes through the pylorus of the
stomach.
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12.  Mixing movements..
Segmentation movement
Pendular movement
 Propulsive movement..
Peristaltic movement
Peristaltic rush
 Peristalsis in fasting
 Movements of villi
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13. Segmentation contraction:
These are the common type of
movements of GIT which occurs
regularly or irregularly, but in a
rhythimic fashion.
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14. Pendular movements..
It is a sweeping movement of the
small intestine, resembling the
movements of a pendulum of a clock.
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15. Peristaltic movements :
It is defined as a wave of contraction
followed by a wave of relaxation of
muscle fibers. In GIT it always
travels in a aboral direction.
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16. Peristaltic rush :
A powerful peristaltic contraction
caused by excessive irritation of
intestinal mucosa or extreme
distension of the intestine.
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17. Migrating motor complex :
It is a type peristaltic contraction
which occurs in he stomach and
small intestine during the period of
fasting for several hours.
It is different from regular
peristalsis beacause it involves a
huge amount of the contracting
walls of the stomach or the
intestine.
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18. Intestinal villi also show movements
simultaneously, it is because of the
extension of the smooth muscle
fibers of the intestinal walls into the
villi.
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