1) The document discusses key concepts in bioenergetics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, coupled reactions, and how these concepts relate to biochemical processes.
2) Thermodynamics is essential for understanding metabolic pathways, why molecules cross membranes, and how muscles generate force. The first law states that energy is conserved while the second law states that spontaneous processes increase disorder.
3) Free energy is used to determine reaction spontaneity and how coupled reactions allow endergonic reactions to be driven by exergonic ones, providing a thermodynamic basis for metabolic pathways.
in this module all the relevant topics of thermodynamics and kinetics has been covered according to the engineering chemistry syllabus and also you can practice questions of thermodynamics and kinetics from this given module. this module is very easy to understand
as everything given is in simple language with figures
in this module all the relevant topics of thermodynamics and kinetics has been covered according to the engineering chemistry syllabus and also you can practice questions of thermodynamics and kinetics from this given module. this module is very easy to understand
as everything given is in simple language with figures
This presentation takes provides details on the latest design concepts and trends for Android and iOS UI/UX.
Under the hood: UI/UX Design stages
2014 Web Design Trends
Latest Technologies in Web Designing - Saas, Bootstrap, Yeoman, Compass
Benefits of using Latest Trends in Web Designing
Comparison between Old and New Trends in Web Designing
2014 Android Design Trends
Benefits of using Latest Trends in Android in Interface Design
Comparison between Older version Android and Android Kitkat
2014 iOS Design Trends
Benefits of using Latest Trends iOS UI Design
Comparison between iOS 6 and iOS 7
Good Design Tools & Expertise
Поддерживает здоровье дыхательной системы, помогает очищать бронхи и легкие, рекомендуется при любом виде кашля (аллергическом и простудном), успокаивает боль в горле, облегчает симптомы простуды, снижает негативное воздействие курения на дыхательные пути
All inclusive логистика для интернет магазинаTOCHKA
Стратегии построения логистики в интернет-магазине сводятся к двум векторам - делать самим или отдавать на аутрсорс. Но при кажущимся небольшом количесвте вариантов, все не так однозначно... Что надо учесть, выстраивая свою логистику, в докладе Дмитрия Волоха, ТОЧКА
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
2. By the end of the lecture, students
should be able to know/define/state:
The first and second law of thermodynamics
The enthalpy, entropy and free energy
Exothermic, endothermic, exergonic and endergonic
reactions
Coupled reactions
Do revise this topic and refer to
textbook of biochemistry!!!
3. A Review: Thermodynamic
Principles
Living things require a continuous throughput of
energy. eg. Photosynthesis process – plants convert
radiant energy from the Sun, the primary energy
source for life on Earth, to the chemical energy of
carbohydrates and other organic substances.
The plants/ animals that eat them, then metabolize
these substances to power such functions as the
synthesis of biomolecules, the maintenance of
concentration gradients and the movement of
muscles.
4. These processes transform the energy to heat, which is
dissipated to the environment and must be devoted to the
acquisition and utilization of energy.
Thermodynamics (Greek: therme, heat + dynamics,
power) is a description of the relationships among the
various forms of energy and how energy affects matter on
the macroscopic as opposed to the molecular level.
With a knowledge of thermodynamics we can determine
whether a physical process is possible. Thermodynamics
is essential for:
understanding why macromolecules fold to their native
conformations
how metabolic pathways are designed, why molecules cross
biological membranes
how muscles generate mechanical force
5. 1. First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy Is Conserved
A system is defined as that part of the universe that is of
interest, such as reaction vessel or an organism; the rest
of the universe is known as the surroundings.
A system is said to be open, closed or isolated according
to whether or not it can exchange matter and energy
with its surroundings, only energy.
Living organisms, which take up nutrients, release waste
products and generate work and heat (open system).
If an organism were sealed inside an uninsulated box, it
would, together with the box, constitute a closed
system.
If the box perfectly insulated, the system would be
isolated.
6. Processes in which a negative q, are known as exothermic processes (Greek: exo, out of); those in which the
The SI unit of energy, the joule (J), is steadily replacing the calorie (cal) in modern scientific usage.
8. a. State functions are independent of the path a systems
follow
• Experiments have invariably demonstrated that the energy of a
system depends only on its current properties or state, not on how
it reached that state.
B. Enthalpy
- any combination of only state functions must also be a state
function. One such combination, known as enthalpy (Greek: to
warm in) is defined
H = U + PV
where V is the volume and P is its pressure.
is a particularly convenient quantity with which to describe
biological systems because under constant pressure, a condition
typical of most biochemical processes, the enthalpy change
between the initial and final states of a process, ∆H, is the easily
measured heat that it generates or absorbs.
9. In general, the change of enthalpy in any
hypothetical reaction pathway can be
determined from the enthalpy change in any
other reaction pathway between the same
reactants and products.
10. 1. Second Law of
Thermodynamics: The universe
tends toward maximum disorder
Spontaneous processes are characterized by the
conversion of order ( in this case the coherent motion
of the swimmer’s body) to chaos ( here the random
thermal motion of the water molecules)
The 2nd law of thermodynamics expresses this
phenomenon, provide the criterion for determining
whether a process is spontaneous.
11. A. Spontaneity and disorder
The spontaneous processes occur in directions
that increase the overall disorder of the universe
that is, of the systems and its surroundings.
Disorder, in this context, is defined as the
number of equivalent ways, W, of arranging the
components of the universe.
(Note: Find the equation that involved with W)
12. Page 53
Figure 3-1 Two bulbs of equal volumes connected
by a stopcock.
13. B. Entropy
In a chemical systems, W, the number of equivalent ways of
arranging a system in a particular state, is usually
inconveniently immense.
In order to be able to deal with W more easily, we define, as
Ludwig Boltzman in 1877, a quantity known as entropy
(Greek: en, in + trope, turning):
S = kB ln W
that increases with W but in more manageable way. Here kB is
the Boltzman constant. Eg. For twin bulb system, S = kBN ln 2,
so the entropy of the system in its most probable state is
proportional to the number of gas molecules contains.
Note: Entropy is a state function because it depends only on the
parameters that describe a state.
14. The conclusions based on the twin-bulb apparatus
may be applied to explain, why blood transports
between the lungs and the tissues. Solutes in
solution behave analogously to gases in that they
intend to maintain a uniform concentration
throughout their occupied volume – this is their
most probable arrangement.
In the lungs-concentration of O2 is higher than in
venous blood passing through them, more O2 enters
the blood than leaves it. On the other hand, in the
tissues- where the O2 concentration is lower than in
arterial blood, there is net diffusion of O2 from
blood to the tissues.
15. Figure 3-3 Relationship of entropy and temperature.
The structure of water or any other substance becomes
increasingly disordered, that is, its entropy increases, as its
temperature rises.
16. 3. Free energy change, ∆G – indicator of spontaneity
• Thermodynamic view: metabolism is an energy
transforming process whereby catabolism provides
energy for anabolism.
• What is energy?- “the capacity to cause or
undergo change”
• Cell and organisms are able to harness forms of
energy and convert them to other suitable forms to
support movement, active transport and
biosynthesis.
17. The most important medium of energy exchange
is ATP – “universal carrier of biological energy”
Fundamental concept of metabolism:
i. exergonic – the overall process of catabolism
releases energy (spontaneous)
ii. endergonic – the overall process of anabolism
requires nergy input (nonspontaneous)
Goal of thermodynamic: to predict the spontaneity
of a process or reaction. The most useful
thermodynamic terms is free energy, G or known
as Gibbs free energy.
G is an indicator of the energy available from the
reaction to do work;composed of two components,
enthalpy (H) and entropy (S).
18. G = H – TS…………………………….(1)
where T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
units for G = joules/mol or kJ/mol
∆G = ∆H –T ∆S……………………....(2)
whether a reaction is spontaneous may be predicted from the following
values of ∆G:
If ∆G < 0 energy is released;reaction is spontaneous and exergonic
∆G = 0 reaction is at equilibrium
∆G > 0 energy is required;reaction is nonspontaneous and
endergonic
Note: it is very difficult to measure ∆G for a biochemical reaction because
the cellular concentrations of the reactants are very small and hard to
determine experimentally. In order to calculate the energy associated with
biochemical reactions, we must resort to the measurement under a set of
standard.
19. Standard Free Energy Change, ∆G°’
This section focus on the most important energy
molecule, ATP.
The breakdown of ATP must be exergonic reaction, but
what is the quantitative amount of energy released under
std. conditions?
ATP ADP + Pi + energy
In your introductory chemistry courses, std. conditions for solute
reactions were defined as:
1 atm of pressure, 25°C and initial and products concentration of 1
M. (but in biochemical process) + condition of a pH of 7 the
modified ∆G°’.
21. 4. Chemical equilibria
The entropy (disorder) of a substance increases with its volume.
eg. Twin-bulb apparatus – a collection of gas molecules occupied
all of the volume available to it, maximizes its entropy. Entropy is
a function of concentration.
If entropy varies with concentration, so do free energy. The free
energy change of chemical reaction depends on the concentrations
of both its reactants and products. eg enzymatic reactions which
needs substrates (reactants) and on the metabolic demand for their
products.
The equilibrium constant of a reaction may therefore be
calculated from standard free energy data and vice versa.
Note: For more information on equilibrium constants, students may
refer to textbook and reference book of Biochemistry.
26. A. Coupled reactions
The additivity of free energy changes allows an
endergonic reaction to be driven by an exergonic
reaction under the proper conditions.
(thermodynamic basis for the operation of the
metabolic pathways since most of these reaction
sequences comprise endergonic as well as
exergonic reactions.
(1) A+B C+D ∆G1
(2) D+E F+G ∆G2
27. If ∆G1 ≥ 0, reaction (1) will not occur spontaneously.
However, if ∆G2 is sufficiently exergonic so that ∆G1 + ∆G2 < 0,
then although the equilibrium concentration of D in reaction (1)
will be relatively small, it will be larger than that in reaction (2).
As reaction (2) converts D to product, reaction (1) will operate in
the forward direction to replenish the equilibrium concentration of
D.
The highly exergonic reaction (2) therefore drives the endergonic
reaction (1), and the two reactions are said to be coupled through
their common intermediate D.
These coupled reactions proceed spontaneously can also be seen
by summing reactions (1) and (2) to yield overall reaction
(3) A+B+E C+F+G ∆G3
As long as the overall pathway (reaction sequence) is exergonic, it
will operate in the forward direction. Thus, the free energy of
ATP hydrolysis, a highly exergonic process, is harnessed to drive