This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures the mass of a sample as the temperature changes to determine physical and chemical phenomena like phase transitions and decomposition. There are three main types of TGA: isothermal, quasistatic, and dynamic. A TGA curve plots mass change vs. temperature or time. Instrumentation includes a microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and recorder. Factors like heating rate and sample characteristics can affect results. TGA has applications in determining purity, composition, and reaction kinetics.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Exploring Thermal Gravimetric Analysis: Applications, Techniques, and InsightsAshish Gadage
Embark on a scientific journey into the realm of Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) with our comprehensive PowerPoint presentation. Uncover the principles and applications of TGA, examining its significance in material science, chemistry, and various industries. From the basics of weight loss analysis to advanced techniques and real-world applications, this presentation offers a deep dive into the world of TGA. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of thermal analysis and its pivotal role in understanding material behavior and composition.
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes
The investigation of thermodynamic properties and reactivity yields interesting insights into the chemistry of newly synthesized substances. With thermal analysis extensive information can be gained from small samples (often only a few milligrams). In addition, the data obtained by thermal analysis can be used to plan and optimize a synthesis. Among the most important applications are identification and purity analysis, and the determination of characteristic temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions (melting, vaporization), phase transformations, and reactions. Investigations into the kinetics of consecutive reactions and decomposition reactions are also possible. With the instruments available today such analyses can usually be performed quickly and easily. In this review the fundamentals of thermoanalytical methods are described and illustrated with selected examples of applications to low and high molecular weight compounds.
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in
relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force
reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine
endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives,
characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture,
degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by
thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites,
plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan.
The pan holds the sample
material and is located in a
furnace or oven that is
heated or cooled during the
experiment. A thermocouple
is used to accurately control
and measure the
temperature within the oven.
The mass of the sample is
constantly monitored during
the analysis. An inert or
reactive gas may be used to
purge and control the
environment. The analysis is
performed by gradually
raising the temperature and plotting the
substances weight against temperature. A
computer is utilized to control the
instrument and to process the output
curves.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)
• Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric
analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the
mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature
changes.
• This measurement provides information about physical
phenomena, such as phase
transitions, absorption and desorption as well as chemical
phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition,
and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction)
3
4. Three types of thermogravimetry:
1. Isothermal or static thermogravimetry: In this technique
the sample weight is recorded as function of time at constant
temperature.
2. Quasistatic thermogravimetry: In this technique the sample
is heated to constant weight at each of series of increasing
temperatures.
3. Dynamic thermogravimetry: In this technique the sample is
heated in an environment whose temperature is changing in a
predetermined manner generally at linear rate. This type is
generally used.
4
5. Principle of TGA:
• In thermo-gravimetric analysis, the sample is heated in a given
environment (air, N2, CO2, He, Ar, etc.) at controlled rate. The
change in the weight of the substance is recorded as a function
of temperature or time.
• The temperature is increased at a constant rate for a known
initial weight of the substance and the changes in weights are
recorded as a function of temperature at different time interval.
• This plot of weight change against temperature is called
thermo-gravimetric curve or thermo-gram, this is the basic
principle of TGA.
5
6. TGA curve:
• The instrument used for
themo-gravimetry is a
programmed precision
balance for rise in temperature
known as Thermo-balance.
• Results are displayed by a plot
of mass change versus
temperature or time and are
known as Thermogravimetric
curves or TG curves.
6
7. TGA curve:
• TG curves are normally plotted with the mass change (Dm) in
percentage on the y-axis and temperature (T) or time (t) on the
x-axis.
• There are two temperatures in the reaction, Ti(procedural
decomposition temp.) and Tf(final temp.) representing the
lowest temperature at which the onset of a mass change is seen
and the lowest temperature at which the process has been
completed respectively.
• The reaction temperature and interval (Tf-Ti) depend on the
experimental condition; therefore, they do not have any fixed
value.
7
10. Instrumentation of TGA:
• Recording balance
• Sample holder
• Furnace
• Temperature programmer /controller (thermocouple)
• Recorder
10
11. Recording balance :
A microbalance is used to record a change in mass of sample/
substance.
An ideal microbalance must possess following features:
• It should accurately and reproducibly record the change in
mass of sample in ideal ranges of atmospheric conditions and
temperatures.
• It should provide electronic signals to record the change in
mass using a recorder.
• The electronic signals should provide rapid response to change
in mass.
11
12. Recording balance :
• It should be stable at high ranges, mechanically and
electrically.
• Its operation should be user friendly.
After the sample has been placed on microbalance, it is left for
10-15min to stabilize. Recorder balances are of to types:
I. Deflection-type instruments and
II. Null-type instruments
12
13. Recording balance :
I. Deflection balances :they are following types-
i. Beam type
ii. Helical type
iii. Cantilevered beam
iv. Torsion wire
13
14. Recording balance :
• II.Null point balances: It consist of a sensor which detects the
deviation from the null point and restores the balance to its
null points by means of restoring force.
14
15. Sample holder :
• The sample to be studied is placed in sample holder or
crucible. It is attached to the weighing arm of microbalance.
• There are different varieties of crucibles used. Some differ in
shape and size while some differ in materials used.
• They are made up from platinum, aluminum, quartz or alumina
and some other materials like graphite, stainless steel, glass etc
15
16. Sample holder:
Crucibles:
Crucibles should have temperature at least 100K greater than
temperature range of experiment and must transfer heat
uniformly to sample. Therefore the shape, thermal
conductivity and thermal mass of crucibles are important
which depends on the weight and nature of sample and
temperature range.
There are different types of crucibles. They are:
1. Shallow pans(used for volatile substances)
2. Deep crucibles (Industrial scale calcination)
3. Loosely covered crucibles (self generated atm. Studies)
4. Retort cups (Boiling point studies)
16
18. Furnace
• The furnace should be designed in such way that it produces a
linear heating range.
• It should have a hot zone which can hold sample and crucible
and its temperature corresponds to the temperature of furnace.
• There are different combinations of microbalance and furnace
available. The furnace heating coil should be wound in such a
way that there is no magnetic interaction between coil and
sample or there can cause apparent mass change
18
19. Temperature programmer/controller:
• Temperature measurement is done in no. of ways
thermocouple is the most common technique.
• The position of the temperature measuring device relative to
the sample is very important.
• The major types are:
a . The thermocouple is placed near the sample container and
it has no contact with the sample container. This isn’t a good
arrangement where low-pressure are employed.
19
20. Temperature programmer/controller:
b. The sample is kept inside the sample holder but not in contact
with it. This arrangement is better than that of (a) because it
responds to small temperature changes.
c . The thermocouple is placed either in contact with sample or
with the sample container. This is the best arrangement of sample
temperature detection.
20
22. Recorder:
The recording systems are mainly of 2types
1. Time-base potentiometric strip chart recorder.
2. X-Y recorder.
In some instruments, light beam galvanometer, photographic
paper recorders or one recorder with two or more pens are also
used.
In the X-Y recorder, we get curves having plot of weights
directly against temperatures.
However, the percentage mass change against temperature or
time would be more useful.
22
23. Factors affecting TGA:
Factors affecting the TG curve The factors which may affect the
TG curves are classified into two main groups.:
(1) Instrumental factors:
(a) Furnace heating rate
(b) Furnace atmosphere
(2) Sample characteristics includes :
(a) Weight of the sample
(b) Sample particle size
23
24. Factors affecting TGA:
1.Instrumental factors :
a. Furnace Heating rate: The temperature at which the
compound (or sample) decompose depends upon the heating
rate. When the heating rate is high, the decomposition
temperature is also high. A heating rate of 3.5°C per minute is
usually recommended for reliable and reproducible TGA.
b. Furnace atmosphere: The atmosphere inside the furnace
surrounding the sample has a profound effect on the
decomposition temperature of the sample. A pure N2 gas from
a cylinder passed through the furnace which provides an inert
atmosphere.
24
25. Factors affecting TGA:
2.Sample characteristics:
(a)Weight of the sample: A small weight of the sample is
recommended using a small weight eliminates the existence of
temperature gradient throughout the sample.
(b) Particle size of the sample: The particle size of the sample
should be small and uniform. The use of large particle or
crystal may result in apparent, very rapid weight loss during
heating.
25
26. Other factors affecting TGA curve:
• Sample holder
• Heat of reaction
• Compactness of sample
• Previous history of the sample
26
27. Advantages of TGA:
• A relatively small set of data is to be treated.
• Continuous recording of weight loss as a function of
temperature ensures Equal weightage to examination over the
whole range of study.
• As a single sample is analyzed over the whole range of
temperature, the variation in the value of the kinetic
parameters, if any, will be indicated.
27
28. Limitations of TGA:
• The Chemical or physical changes which are not accompanied
by the change in mass on heating are not indicated in thermo-
gravimetric analysis.
• During TGA, Pure fusion reaction, crystalline transition, glass
transition, crystallization and solid state reaction with no
volatile product would not be indicated because they provide
no change in mass of the specimen.
28
29. Applications of TGA:
• From TGA, we can determine the purity and thermal stability
of both primary and secondary standard.
• Determination of the composition of complex mixture and
decomposition of complex OR composition of complex
systems.
• For studying the sublimation behavior of various substances.
• TGA is used to study the kinetics of the reaction rate constant.
29
30. Applications of TGA:
• Used in the study of catalyst: The change in the chemical
states of the catalyst may be studied by TGA techniques. (Zn-
ZnCrO4) Zinc-Zinc chromate is used as the catalyst in the
synthesis of methanol.
• Analysis of the dosage form.
• Oxidative stability of materials.
• Estimated lifetime of a product.
30
31. Applications of TGA:
• TGA is often used to measure residual solvents and moisture,
but can also be used to determine solubility of pharmaceutical
materials in solvents.
• The effect of reactive or corrosive atmosphere on materials.
• Moisture and volatiles contents on materials.
31
32. References:
• Skoog , Douglas A, F James holler and timothy Niemen,
principles of instrumental analysis, 5th edition New York 2001
• Instrumental methods of Chemical analysis-GURDEEP
R.CHATWAL
• http://folk.ntnu.no/deng/fra_nt/other%20stuff/DSC_manuals/Q
DSC/Selecting_a_Sample_Pan.htm#Selecting_a_Sample_Pan
_for_the_Tzero_Press
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