This document discusses Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), a technique where the weight of a substance is recorded as it is heated or cooled at a controlled rate. TGA is used to detect changes in mass that occur due to thermal events like desorption, absorption, and chemical reactions. Results are displayed as Thermo gravimetric (TG) curves that plot mass change versus temperature or time. The curves reveal temperatures where mass loss occurs due to decomposition or evaporation, as well as temperatures where the material is stable. TGA can be used to identify materials based on their characteristic temperature ranges of decomposition. Modern TGA instruments precisely measure weight changes, can rapidly heat and cool samples, and are often coupled to additional analytical techniques.

1. Thermo gravimetric analysis
Submitted to :-
Laxman sir

2. Introduction & Principle :-
 It is a technique where by weight of substance in an environment heated or cold at a
controlled rate , is recorded as a function of time or temperature.
 The principle of TGA is based on the simple fact that the sample weight continuously as it is
being heated to elevated temperature and change in the mass of a sample are studied.
Change in temperature affect the sample not all the thermal events bring changes in the
mass of substance ( Melting , Crystallization ) But some thermal events like desorption ,
absorption , vaporization , redox reaction bring a drastic change in the mass of sample.
 It is a technique which is studied under thermal analysis and is employed for detection of
such type of material which undergoes mass changes gain or lost when subjected to
thermal events

3. Recording of result and thermo gravimetric curve (TG) curves
:-
 The instrument used for thermogravimetry is a
programmed precision balance for rise in
temperature known as thermo balance.
 Results are displayed by a plot of mass change
versus temperature or time and are known as
thermo gravimetric curves or TG curves.
 TG curves are normally plotted with the mass
change in percentage on the y-axis and
temperature (T) or time (t) on the x-axis.
A typical TG curve has been shown-

4. There are two temperature in a reaction –
o Ti (procedural decomposition temperature) representing the lowest
temperature at which the onset of a mass change is seen.
o Tf (final temperature) representing the lowest temperature at which
the process has been completed respectively.
The reaction temperature and interval depend on the experimental
condition , therefore they do not have any fixed
value.

5. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM A TG CURVE
• Plateaus is the horizontal portion of the TG curve where the mass is essentially constant or
there is no change in mass.
• Curved portion indicates the weight losses.
• Procedural decomposition temperature Ti is that temperature at which the cumulative mass
change reaches magnitude that the thermo balance can detect.
• Final temperature Ff is the temperature at which the cumulative mass changes maximum.
• Reaction interval- reaction interval is the temperature difference between Ff -Ti

6.  It can be concluded that thermogravimetry is concerned with the change in
weight of a material as its temperature changes.
 First this determines the temperature at which the material losses weight.
This loss indicated decomposition or evaporation of the sample.
 Second, the temperature at which no weight loss takes place is revealed,
which indicates the stability of the material.
 These temperature range are physical properties of chemical compound and
can be used for their identification.
The CuSO4.5H2O has four distinct regions of decomposition :-
(i) CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4.H2O (363-423K)
(ii) CuSO4.H2O CuSO4 (473-548K)
(iii) CuSO4 CuO + SO2 + 1/2O2 (973-1173K)
(iv) 2CuO Cu2O + 1/2O2 (1273-1373K)

7. INSTRUMENTATION
A.Thermo balance or recording balance
B. Sample holder
C.Heating device
D.Furnace
E. Furnace temperature programmer
F. Recorder

8. Thermo balance
• It is the most important component of TGA.
• Thermo balance is used to record a change in mass of sample/ substance .
• A ideal microbalance must posses following features:
a) It should accurately and reproducibly record the change in mass of sample in wide range
of atmospheric condition and temperature.
b) It should provide electronic signals to record the change in mass using a recorder.
c) It should be very sensitive, mechanically stable and respond quickly to changes in weight.
d) The sample holder should be in hot zone of furnace and this zone should be of uniform
temperature.
e) Its operation should be user friendly.

9. Extra criteria for modern thermo balance :-
 It should have a facility for rapid heating and cooling.
 The instrument should be capable of plotting DTG curves.
 There should be coupling with a gas analyzer for EGA(evolved gas analysis),
GC, MS and FTIR.

10. Recorder balance are of two types :-
1. Deflection type instrument -
a) Beam type
b) Helical type
c) Cantilevered beam
d) Torsion wire
Recorder balance
2. Null type instrument

11. Deflection balance :-
i. Beam type- in these balances, the conversion of deflection beams takes place into the
weight change. The curves formed identified by the help of photographic recorded
trace, the signal generated by displacement- measuring electromechanically.
ii. Helical type- in these balance, elongation or contraction of spring occurs with change
in weight which is recorded by the help of transducer.
iii. Cantilevered beam- in these balance, one end of beam is fixed and on other end sample
is placed. It undergoes deflection which can be recorded by the help of photographic
recorded trace, signals generated by displacement –measuring electromechanically.
iv. Torsion wire- in these balances , the beam is attached to hard torsion wire which act as
fulcrum. The wire is attached to one or both end of balance to make the deflection of
beam proportional to weight change, which can be detected by the help of
photographic recorded trace, signal generated by displacement transducer.

13. Null point balance
It consist of a sensor which detect the
deviation from null point and restores
the balance to its null point by means of
restoring force.

14. Outline diagram of modern thermo balance :-

15. Sample holder or Crucible:-
• The sample to be studied is placed in sample holder or crucible. It is attached to
the weighing arm of Microbalance.
• There are different varieties of crucibles used. Some differ in shape and size while
some differ in materials used.
• They are made from platinum, aluminium,quarts or alumina and some other
materials like graphite, stainless steel, glass etc.
• Crucibles should have temperature at least 100k greater than temperature range of
experiment and must transfer heat uniformly to sample. Therefore, the shape ,
thermal conductivity and thermal mass of crucibles are important which depends
on the weight and nature of sample and temperature range.

16. There are different types of crucibles.
Shallow Pans: These are used for such samples in which diffusion is the
rate controlling step. Volatile substances produced during reaction
must escape out which is determined as weight loss. In some sample i.e.
polymers, byproducts may form, therefore, the sample is placed after
forming a thin layer of it so that as soon as volatile substance is formed,
it will escape.
Deep Crucibles: These are used in such cases where side reactions are
required such as in study of industrial scale calcinations.
Loosely covered Crucibles: These are used in self-generated
atmospheric studies.

17. Retort Cups: These are used in boiling point studies. It provides single plat of
reflux for a boiling point determination.
Different types of crucibles are used for different materials i.e. Flat crucibles
with small lip are used for powdered sample whereas walled crucibles are used
for liquid samples. Therefore, the form of crucibles used will determine the
temperature gradients in sample

18. Furnace (Heater/Boiler/Oven):
 The furnace should be designed in such a way that it produces a
linear heating range.
 It should have a hot zone which can hold sample and crucible and its
temperature corresponds to the temperature of furnace.
 There are different combinations of microbalance and furnace
available. The furnace heating coil should be wound in such a way
that there is no magnetic interaction between coil and sample or
there can cause apparent mass change.
 Coils used are made of different materials with variant temperature
changes viz.
 Nichrome wire for T<1300 K,
 Platinum for T>1300 K,
 Platinum-10% rhodium Alloy for T<1800 K.

19.  The size of furnace is important. A high mass furnace may have a
high range of temperature and obtain uniform hot zone but
requires more time to achieve the desired temperature.
Comparatively, a low mass furnace may heat quickly but it’s very
difficult to control rise in temperature and maintain hot zone.
Position of furnace with respect to balance :-

20. Furnace temperature programmer or temperature
measurement
 It is done with the help of thermocouple.
 Different materials are used for measuring different ranges of temperatures i.e. chromyl or
calomel (alloys of Platinum) thermocouples are used for T=1100 ºC, tungsten or rhenium
thermocouples are used for higher temperature.
 The position of thermocouple is important.
 It can be adjusted in following ways (Figure):
i. Thermocouple is placed near the sample container and has no contact with sample
container. This arrangement in not preferred in low-pressures.
ii. The sample is kept inside the sample holder but not in contact with it. It responds to
small temperature changes only.
iii. Thermocouple is placed either in contact with sample or with sample container. This
method is best and commonly employed.

21. Heating Rate: The heating rate is the rate of temperature increase,
which is customarily quoted in degrees per minute (on the Celsius or
Kelvin scales). The heating or cooling rate is said to be constant when
the temperature/time curve is linear.

22. Data Recording Unit or Recorder
The recording systems are mainly of 2 types:
1. Time-base potentiometric strip chart recorder.
2. X-Y recorder.
• In some instruments, light beam galvanometer, photographic paper recorders or one
recorder with two or more pens are also used.
• In the X-Y recorder, we get curves having plot of weights directly against
temperatures.
• However, the percentage mass change against temperature or time would be more
useful.

23. Thank you