Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Wax therapy, which uses a bath of molten paraffin wax, is one of the most effective ways of applying heat to improve mobility by warming the connective tissues. Wax therapy is mainly used on your hands along with an exercise program.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Wax therapy, which uses a bath of molten paraffin wax, is one of the most effective ways of applying heat to improve mobility by warming the connective tissues. Wax therapy is mainly used on your hands along with an exercise program.
Lasers and its role in endodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Lasers in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Morality and Ethics in Physiotherapy ProfessionSreeraj S R
As health care is considered divine and moral activity, physiotherapy professionals too are held to moral standards with expectations of ethical conduct.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Sreeraj S R
What Does It Do?
Laser therapies are medical treatments that use focused light.
LASER lights are tuned to specific wavelengths.
Therapeutic LASER light waves penetrate the skin with no/less heating effect,
no damage to skin & no side effects.
LASER are bio-stimulative light energy.
Optimizes natural healing, immune response, has anti-inflammatory & pain
relieving effects.
3. Sreeraj S R
Types of Therapeutic LASER
Class 3B OR cold LASERs Or
Low-Level LASER Therapy (LLLT)
< 500 milliwatts (mw) in power.
Used for therapy
Can cause permanent eye injury
with brief exposure
Direct viewing of the beam
should be avoided.
Viewing of the diffuse beam
reflected from the skin is safe.
Class 4 OR High-Power LASER
Therapy (HPLT).
> 500 milliwatts (mw) in power
Surgical and industrial cutting
LASERs
Can cause permanent eye injury
before you can react
Can cause serious skin burns
6. Sreeraj S R
Coherence
LASER waves are in phase,
i.e. peaks and troughs
occur at the same time,
Temporal Coherence
They travel in same
direction,
Spatial Coherence
7. Sreeraj S R
Collimation
Because of spatial
coherence LASER
remain in a parallel
beam
Long distance
propagation
10. Sreeraj S R
Stimulated Emission.
The stimulated photons have unique properties:
In phase with the incident photon
Same wavelength as the incident photon
Travel in same direction as incident photon
11. Sreeraj S R
LASER Generators
Components of a generator:
1. Power supply: electrical power supply
2. Optical resonant cavity contains lasing medium
3. Lasing medium: gas, solid, liquid
4. Pumping device:
pumping is used to elevate an orbiting electron to a higher,
excited energy level
high voltage photoflash lamps, radio-frequency oscillators etc.
14. Sreeraj S R
Types of LASERs
Ruby LASER: synthetic ruby rod made of aluminium oxide. wavelength is
694.3 nm
Helium Neon LASER: consist of a long tube containing helium and neon,
natural gases, at low pressure. Red visible region at 632.8 nm.
Diode LASER: light-emitting diodes, based on semiconductor p–n
junctions. They are of various kinds, involving gallium aluminium arsenide
(GaAlAs).
15. Sreeraj S R
Testing for output
Use an indirect means of viewing
the beam;
1. Probe tester
Video:
o https://youtu.be/WAzqSdx5S0w?t=357
2. beam detector card,
3. infrared viewer scope,
4. Zap-it paper
Probe Tester
17. Sreeraj S R
Measurement of LASER Energy
o Power in W
o Beam area in cm²
o Time in seconds
o Power Density = Power / Beam Area
o Energy (J) = Power (Watts) x Time (sec)
o Energy Density (J/cm2) = Energy (J) / Irradiation area (cm2)
o ED = Power X Time / Beam Area
o ED = Power Density X Time
18. Sreeraj S R
Example
o For example: To deliver 1 J/cm2 with a 0.4 mW average-power
GaAs laser with a 0.07 cm2 beam area:
o Time Required = ED/ Power X Beam Area i.e.
o (1 J/cm 2 /0.0004 W) × 0.07 cm 2 = 175 sec or 2:55 min
19. Sreeraj S R
Dosage Calculation
o If PULSED - pulse width, frequency and power settings
o AVERAGE POWER (Watts) = Peak power (W) x Frequency (Hz) x Pulse
Duration (sec)
http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/laser-therapy
21. Sreeraj S R
Dosimetry
Most authorities suggest that the ENERGY DENSITY per TREATMENT SESSION
should generally fall in the range of 0.1 - 12.0 J/cm2
Some recommendations which go up to 50 J/cm2.
As a generality, lower doses should be applied to the more acute lesions
which would appear to be more energy sensitive.
World Association of LASER Therapy (WALT) guidelines.
Swedish LASER -Medical Society (SLMS) guidelines.
22. Sreeraj S R
Output
The output may be continuous or pulsed
With a wide variety of pulse repetition rates from 2 Hz up to several thousand
Hz.
Lower pulse rates are more effective in the acute conditions whilst
Higher pulse rates work better in more chronic conditions.
There is a growing body of support that suggests that the pulsing settings are
of secondary importance in terms of clinical doses.
23. Sreeraj S R
Wavelength
Superficial tissue is commonly
treated with wavelengths between
600 and 700 nm.
For deeper penetration,
wavelengths between 780 and 950
nm are used.
Pietrangelo A (2018)
KTP: Potassium titanyl phosphate LASER
PDL: Pulsed dye LASER
Nd: YAG: Neodymium Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet.
24. Sreeraj S R
Physiological & Therapeutic Effects
https://respondsystems.com/laser/laser-how-it-works/
25. Sreeraj S R
Physiological & Therapeutic Effects
Bio stimulation: improved cell metabolism > Increases speed, quality & tensile strength of tissue repair
Pain Relief: Laser decreases nerve sensitivity by decreasing bradykinin; a pain eliciting chemical, releases
endorphins and enkephalins that produce an analgesic effect
Anti-inflammatory/Healing: Laser increases ATP which accelerates the repair processes of the cell.
Increases blood supply: Laser causes widening of the arteries and veins around the injury which increase
nutrients and oxygen and helps to remove damaged cellular debris .
Increase macrophage activity: WBC activity is enhanced leading to a more rapid repair process.
Improved Vascular Activity: Laser light increases the formation of new capillaries in damaged tissue,
which speeds up the healing process, and closes wounds quickly.
Reduced Fibrous Tissue Formation: Due to increase in Fibroblast Proliferation, collagen synthesis and
remodeling.
https://www.spineuniverse.com/treatments/physical-therapy/pain-relief-healing-laser-therapy
27. Sreeraj S R
Indications
Inflammatory conditions, including peripheral neuropathy, tendonitis, bursitis,
and capsulitis.
Strains and sprains
Repetitive motion injuries
Trigger and Acupuncture Points
Wound Healing
https://www.spineuniverse.com/treatments/physical-therapy/pain-relief-healing-laser-therapy
28. Sreeraj S R
Contraindications
Application over eyes
Cancerous growths
Pregnancy – over & around uterus
Over cardiac region
Growth plates in children
Over & around thyroid gland & endocrine glands
Patients who have been pre-treated with one or more photo
sensitizers
29. Sreeraj S R
Application Techniques
Point Application
It is used to irradiate localized painful spot.
Using handheld probe, one can use contact and non-contact technique.
It is commonly used in treatment of localized painful site, trigger points, and
acupuncture points.
30. Sreeraj S R
Application Techniques
Girding Technique
Divide treatment areas into grids
of square centimeters
Handheld applicator in light
contact with treatment area.
Each square is stimulated for
specific period (60-90 secs)
31. Sreeraj S R
Application Techniques
Scanning Technique
No contact between laser tip in
skin.
Tip is held at 5-10 mm from
wound
As distance from target increases
amount of energy decreases
32. Sreeraj S R
Precautions
1. Make sure that only persons who are authorized to be present at the site.
2. Post a ‘LASER beam warning sign’ on the doorknob to the LASER laboratory
and lock the door.
3. Remove all unnecessary reflective items from the vicinity such as shiny tools,
extra mirrors, jewellery, watch, plastic ID card, etc.
4. Keep the beam well below normal sitting eye level.
5. Never direct a beam upwardly or across a walkway.
6. Do not leave a LASER operating and unattended.
7. Keep protective eyewear on during the entire process by all involved.
33. Sreeraj S R
Emergency Procedures
If you or somebody else in your laboratory suffers an eye or skin injury from a
LASER:
1. Turn off the LASER involved in the accident immediately and unplug it.
2. Post a “Do not use!” sign on the LASER to ensure it is not used again until it can be
determined that it is safe.
3. Keep the injured person calm.
4. If an eye injury is suspected, do not delay referral.
5. Arrange for transportation of the injured person to a medical facility.
6. The victim might be in shock or have impaired vision, so self-transportation is
contraindicated
34. Sreeraj S R
High Intensity Laser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=165&v=eP6PMWaNW8k&feature=emb_logo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn7JXDGpEfI
35. Sreeraj S R
References
1. Cotler, Howard B et al. “The Use of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) For Musculoskeletal Pain.” MOJ orthopedics & rheumatology vol. 2,5 (2015):
00068. doi:10.15406/mojor.2015.02.00068
2. Laser Therapy [Internet]. Electrotherapy.org. 2020 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available from: http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/laser-
therapy#Dose%20Calculations
3. Low Level Laser Therapy [Internet]. Physiopedia. 2017 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available from: https://www.physio-
pedia.com/Low_Level_Laser_Therapy
4. Photobiomodulation (PBM Therapy) Low Level laser Therapy (LLLT) - THOR Laser [Internet]. Thorlaser.com. 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available
from: https://www.thorlaser.com/
5. WALT » Dosage Recommendations [Internet]. Waltza.co.za. 2010 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available from: https://waltza.co.za/documentation-
links/recommendations/dosage-recommendations/
6. Guidelines for Treatment With Laser Therapy [Internet]. Energy-laser.com. 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available from: https://energy-
laser.com/guide-lines-for-treatment-with-laser-therapy/
7. laser how it works | Respond Systems [Internet]. Respondsystems.com. 2015 [cited 2020 Feb 25]. Available from:
https://respondsystems.com/laser/laser-how-it-works/
8. Pietrangelo A. Is Cold Laser Therapy Right for You? [Internet]. Healthline. Healthline Media; 2018 [cited 2020 Mar 3]. Available from:
https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-laser-therapy#procedure
9. Saliba E, Saliba SF. Low-Level Laser Therapy. In: Therapeutic modalities : for sports medicine and athletic training. New York, Ny: Mcgraw-Hill
Higher Education; 2009. p. 256–75.
