The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Smile designing is an essential part of aesthetic & prosthetic dentistry.This presentation deals with treatment planning and various aspects of this procedure.
Journal club on cocktail impression technique. this technique can be used in cases with poor ridge like in Atwood's class V or Vi ridge defect, where there is not much of residual ridge left.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Colour and Shade Selection in dental practiseSNEHA RATNANI
Shade selection is an extremely important aspect of aesthetic dentistry.One must have thorough knowledge of colour and shade selection before carrying out any restorative procedures in patients mouth. A brief seminar on colour and shade selection has been penned down here. Hope it helps u fetch some information regarding shade selection and colour in dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Smile designing is an essential part of aesthetic & prosthetic dentistry.This presentation deals with treatment planning and various aspects of this procedure.
Journal club on cocktail impression technique. this technique can be used in cases with poor ridge like in Atwood's class V or Vi ridge defect, where there is not much of residual ridge left.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Colour and Shade Selection in dental practiseSNEHA RATNANI
Shade selection is an extremely important aspect of aesthetic dentistry.One must have thorough knowledge of colour and shade selection before carrying out any restorative procedures in patients mouth. A brief seminar on colour and shade selection has been penned down here. Hope it helps u fetch some information regarding shade selection and colour in dentistry.
A Review- Basic of Laser and Its Role in Periodontics: Part Iiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
Lasers in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Light is an integral part of our life. Advances in technology are increasing and changing the ways that the patient experience dental treatment. One of the milestones in technological advancements in dentistry is the use of lasers The early 20th century saw one of the greatest inventions in science & technology, in that LASERS which later went on to became a gift to health sciences. Albert Einstein is usually credited for the development of the laser theory. He was the first one to coin the term “Stimulated Emission” in his publication “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung”, published in 1917 in the “Physikalische Zeitschrift”
Lasers are devices that produce beams of coherent and very high intensity light. The word LASER is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated\Emission of Radiation”. A crystal or gas is excited to emit light photons of a characteristic wavelength that are amplified and filtered to make a coherent light beam. The effect of the laser depends upon the power of the beam and the extent to which the beam absorbed. Several types of lasers are available based on the wavelengths. These range from long wavelengths (infrared), to visible wavelengths, to short wavelengths (ultraviolet), to special ultraviolet lasers called excimers. Lasers are used nowadays in many areas in the field of dentistry It is of the most captivating technologies in dental practice. Even though, introduced as an alternative to the traditional halogen curing light, laser now has become the instrument of choice, in many dental applications. Its advancements in the field of dentistry are playing a major role in patient care and well being.
Lasers and its role in endodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Introduction
Light is an integral part of our life.
Early 20th century saw one of the greatest
inventions in science & technology, in that
LASERS (Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation) went on to became a
gift to health sciences.
An instrument that produces a very narrow,
intense beam of light energy
(electromagnetic radiation) through a
process called stimulated emission.
3. Application range-
Simple television remote
Computer devices such as laser mouse, presentations, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs
Astronomy and communication application
War machines, Guns and Tanks,
Cutting and Welding in metallurgy industries,
Robotics and even in toys.
4. Advances in technology are
increasing and changing
the ways that the patient
experience dental
treatment.
One of the milestones in
technological advancements
in dentistry is the use of
lasers.
5. History
The first one to coin the term “Stimulated Emission” and
the person credited for development of the laser theory is
Albert Einstein
Publication “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung”, published
in 1917 in the
“Physikalische Zeitschrift”.
.T.H.Maiman. 1960.Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. NATURE; Aug 6.
6. History
Theodore Harold Maiman - First
working ruby (May 16, 1960)
Hughes Research Laboratory in
Malibu, California.
MASER a microwave amplifier by
Charles H.Townes, P.Gordon et al
became the basic principle for laser
pumping.
This set the stage for a “snowball
effect” which lead to the
development of many laser systems,
which we utilize in healthcare
today.
7. Application of laser to dental tissues was reported by
Stern, Sognnaes and Goldman et al.(1964) describing
the effects of ruby laser on enamel and dentine with
a disappointing result.
Recent advances and developments of wide range of
laser wavelengths and different delivery systems
suggest,lasers could be applied for the dental
treatments too.
T.H.Maiman. 1960.Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. NATURE; Aug 6.
History
8. 1917-Einsteen Theory of stimulated emission
1958-
Townes & Schawlow
Laser principle
1960-Maiman Ruby laser
1961-Johnson Neodymium ion doped yttrium
aluminum garnet rod
1964-Patel Co2 laser
1977-Shafir First documented case in
OMFS using laser
1989-Terr Myers First dental laser ND:YAG
9. Production of laser
They include an active lasing medium within an optical cavity (resonator) and a pumping source
(energy source).
Optical cavity consists of two mirrors placed on either side of the laser medium.
Photons resulting from the stimulated emission will form a continuous Avalanche process
10. As long as the pumping energy maintains the population inversion in the active medium, more
stimulated photons are created thus producing energy.
The energy is absorbed and emitted in the resonator and with the aid of mirrors, is reflected
and resonates within this chamber, and ultimately produces laser light.
Production of laser
11. One of the mirrors is partially transmissive, some of the laser energy
escapes at one end of the device into a delivery system.
Consequently; a laser is just a source to generate a high energetic beam of
light, which is monochromatic, collimated and coherent.
Production of laser
13. The photo thermal effect is in the range of
m sec to sec of irradiation time.
The light energy is converted into thermal energy, which is locally cooled
by water that irrigates the irradiated and surrounding tissue.
As the temperature increases at the surgical site, the tissues can be
warmed up to (37-50°C),
coagulated (60-70°C),
welded (70-90°C), and
vaporized (100-150°C).
If the laser energy continues to be absorbed by the tissue,
carbonization occurs (>200°C) and with it the possibility of significant
tissue damage.
Consequently, both target and surrounding tissues can be subjected to
these harmful effects.
14. Classification of Lasers
The main differentiating characterstics of laser is wavelength which depends on the
laser medium and the excitation mode .
I. According to the wavelength (nanometers)
UV (ultraviolet) range – 140 to 400 nm (Not Used In dentistry)
VS (visible spectrum) – 400 to 700 nm
IR (infrared) range – more than 700 nm
Note: Most lasers operate in one or more of these wavelength regions.
Akanksha Bhatt. 2013. Lasers classification revisited. Famdent Practical Dentistry Handbook. Sept;13(5)
15. II. Broad classification
1. Hard laser (for surgical work)
CO2 lasers (CO2 gas)
Nd:YAG lasers (Neodymium doppped : Yttrium-aluminium-garnet crystals )
Argon laser (Argon ions)
2. Soft laser (for biostimulation and analgesia)
i. He-Ne laser
ii. Diode lasers
III. According to the delivery system
Articulated arm (mirror type)
Hollow waveguide
Fiber optic cable
Akanksha Bhatt. 2013. Lasers classification revisited. Famdent Practical Dentistry Handbook. Sept;13(5)
16. IV. According to the type of active medium used :
Gas, solid, semi-conductor or dye lasers
V. According to type of lasing medium :
E.g. Erbium: Yttrium Aluminium Garnet
VI. According to pumping scheme
1. Optically pumped laser
2. Electrically pumped laser
Akanksha Bhatt. 2013. Lasers classification revisited. Famdent Practical Dentistry Handbook. Sept;13(5)
17. VII. According to operation mode
Continuous Wave
• Laser energy is emitted
continuously produces constant
tissue interaction.
• CO2, Ar, and Diode lasers
operate in this manner.
• They are equipped with a
mechanical shutter with a time
circuit to produce gated or super-
pulsed energy
Pulsed Laser
• Occurs with very short bursts of
laser energy.
• KTP, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and
Er,Cr:YSGG devices operate as
free-running pulsed lasers.
• Provides target tissue with
thermal relaxation time to cool to
minimize some of the undesirable
residual thermal damage.
18. Class I- (< 39mw) Exempt; pose no threat of biological damage.
Class II- (< 1 mw) The output could harm a person if he were to stare into
the beam for a long period of time. The normal aversion response or blinking
should prevent you from staring into the beam. No damage can be done
within the time it takes to blink.
Class IIIA - (<5OOmw) Can cause injury when the beam is collected by
optical instruments and directed into the eye.
Class IIIB - (<5OOmw) Causes injury if viewed briefly, even before blinking
can occur.
Class IV - (> 5OOmw) Direct viewing and specular and diffuse reflections
can cause permanent damage including blindness.
Akanksha Bhatt. 2013. Lasers classification revisited. Famdent Practical Dentistry Handbook. Sept;13(5)
VIII. According to degree of hazard to skin or eyes following inadvertent exposure,
The laser classification system is based on the probability of damage occurring.
19. Regardless of the emission mode, all
lasers produce a thermal effect on
target tissues, and the operator must
pay strict attention to the temperature
of the surgical site and ensure that the
laser energy is correctly controlled
20. Laser Effects on Tissue
Depending on the optical
properties of the tissue, laser
may have four different
interactions with the target
tissue.
Reflection
Absorption
Transmission
Scattering
21. The primary and beneficial goal of laser energy is therefore
absorption of the laser light by the intended biological tissue.
The principal laser-tissue interaction is photothermal
22. Three primary photothermal laser-tissue interactions
Incision/Excision
Ablation/Vaporization
Hemostasis/Coagulation
23. Deep effect
on tissue
Superficial effect on
tissue
Small spot size Large spot size
1.Laser beam in focus with a small spot size is used for
INCISION/EXCISION procedures
2.Laser beam with a wider spot size ABLATION.
3.Laser beam out of focus will produce HEMOSTASIS/ COAGULATION.
27. Photochemical effects occur when the laser is used to stimulate
chemical reactions, such as the curing of composite resin.
A laser can be used in a nonsurgical mode for
biostimulation for more rapid wound healing, pain relief.
The pulse of laser energy on hard dentinal tissues can produce a shock wave,
which is an example of the photoacoustic effect of laser light. This process is
often called spallation.
Certain biologic pigments, when absorbing laser light of a specific
wavelength, can fluoresce, which can be used for caries detection on
occlusal surfaces of teeth.
28. Removal of a torus Vestibuloplasty
Contouring of
irregular ridge
anatomy
Removal of
hyperplastic or
redundant soft
tissue
Reduction of a
hard or soft
tissue
tuberosity
Surgery of healthy tissues may include
29. Dental lasers can be successfully used for all of
these procedures because laser energy
• reduces bacteria at the surgical site
• coagulates blood vessels.
• minimizes scar formation.
• reduces swelling and postoperative pain.
facilitates the overall treatment of
prosthodontic patients.
30. All dental wavelengths can perform soft
tissue surgeries, but the erbium (Er)
family of lasers is the only group of
lasers indicated for treatment of
osseous tissue.
31. Lasers used in Prosthodontics:
I) Complete denture Prosthodontics:
i. Prototyping and CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing)
technology.
ii. Analysis of occlusion by CAD/CAM.
iii. Analysis of accuracy of impression by laser scanner.
II) FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE:
i. Tissue management.
ii. Crown preparation
III) REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE:
i. Laser welding.
IV) IMPLANT DENTISTRY:
i. Soft tissue surgery.
ii. Implant surface debridement.
iii. Implant surface treatment.
V) MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS:
i. Sintering with CAD/CAM technology.
32. PROTOTYPING AND CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY:
The term rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of
technologies that can automatically construct physical models
from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data.
These “three dimensional printers” allow designers to quickly
create tangible prototypes of their designs, rather than just
two-dimensional pictures.
RP is an Additive process, also can be used to make tooling
referred to as (Rapid Tooling) and even production quality
parts Rapid Manufacturing
It’s a Software package which slices the CAD model in a
number of thin layers (0.1mm) and then build up one atop
another combining layers of Paper, Wax or Plastic to create a
solid object
COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS:
Richard J.Thomas US. Dec 26, 2006. Method for automatically creating a denture using laser altimetry to
create a digital 3-D oral cavity model and using a digital internet connection to a rapid sterolithographic modeling
machine. United States patent US 7,153,135 B1.
33. In contrary most of the Machining process
(Milling,drilling,grinding is a “SUBSTRACTIVE
PROCESS” (remove material from a solid block)
RP’s Additive nature allows it to create
complicated internal features that cannot be
manufactured by other means
Richard J.Thomas US. Dec 26, 2006. Method for automatically creating a denture using laser altimetry to create a
digital 3-D oral cavity model and using a digital internet connection to a rapid sterolithographic modeling machine.
United States patent US 7,153,135 B1.
34. This technique uses the
combination of the CAD/CAM and
LRF (Laser Rapid Forming) methods
for forming the titanium plate of a
complete denture.
Laser scanner, reverse engineering
software, and standard triangulation
language (STL) formatted denture
base plate and sliced into a sequence
of numerical controlled codes.
The denture plate will be built
layer-by-layer, on the LRF system.
After the traditional finishing
techniques, this denture plate will
be acceptable for use in patients.
Laser Rapid Forming of A Complete Titanium Denture Base Plate:
35. II) STUDY OF COMPLETE DENTURE OCCLUSION
USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL TECHNIQUE:
After fabrication of new dentures the
occlusion can be examined and studied
with the help of laser scanner technique
and 3-D reconstruction.
The laser scanner scans the occlusion of
the dentures fabricated, then the
scanned image is used to fabricate the
3-D structure by three-dimensional
reconstruction.
The relationship between the
parameters of balanced occlusion can
also be analyzed.
LilianaPorojan, Aurel - ValentinBîrdeanu, Florin Topala. 2006. European Cells and Materials. 11(2): 29.
36. III) ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY OF IMPRESSION
BY LASER SCANNER:
Dimensional accuracy of different
elastomeric impression materials has been
compared.
Most studies have used 2-D measuring
devices, which neglect to account for the
dimensional changes that exist along a 3-D
surface.
The scanning laser three-dimensional (3D)
digitizer can delineate x, y, and z
coordinates from a specimen without actually
contacting the surface.
SandeshGosawi, Sanajay Kumar, RohitLakhyani, ShraddanandBacha, Shivaraj Wangadargi.2012. Lasers In
Prosthodontics- A Review.Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. Oct;1(4): 624
37. III) ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY OF IMPRESSION
BY LASER SCANNER:
The digitizer automatically tracks
and coordinates with precision with
a resolution of 130 mm at 100 mm.
suggest that the laser digitizer
might accurately and reliably
measure the dimensions of dental
impression materials while avoiding
subjective errors.
SandeshGosawi, Sanajay Kumar, RohitLakhyani, ShraddanandBacha, Shivaraj Wangadargi.2012. Lasers
In Prosthodontics- A Review.Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. Oct;1(4): 624
38. Fixed Partial Denture:
I) TISSUE MANAGEMENT:
Crown lengthening:
When inadequate crown height is present for
crown restoration an adequate crown height is
created by removing required gingival soft tissue.
Lasers can help in soft tissue crown lengthening
without raising a flap.
Thermal effect seals vascular and lymphatic
vessels at the same time it vaporize the excess
gingival tissue.
Since no flap hence no sutures required and the
wound healed by secondary intention.
Dr.AndrE Chartand. April 2005.Integrating laser dentistry in to aestheticdentistry. Cosmetic dentistry, Oral health.
39. Advantages
Increased coagulation that yields a dry surgical field and
better visualization.
Tissue surface sterilization and therefore, reduction in
bacteremia.
Decreased swelling, edema of target tissue.
Decreased pain, and in some cases no need of anesthesia while
surgery.
Faster healing response and increased patient acceptance.
Less chair-side time.
40. II) CROWN PREPARATION:
Debated Topic
No conclusive studies yet showed the use of lasers for crown preparation
purposes.
still some commercial companies detail the following.
Er, Cr: YSGG laser is used most commonly now
Uses hydrokinetic technology (laser-energized water to cut or ablate soft
and hard tissue).
local anesthesia is not required in many cases, making this more
comfortable procedure for the patient, and of course, saving time and
anesthetic use by the patient.
Dr.Roshnash. Oct 2002.Crown and veneer preparation using the Er, Cr:YSGGWaterlase™ hard and soft tissue laser.
Cotemporary esthetics and restorativepractice,80-85
41. II) CROWN PREPARATION:
The laser hand piece resembles a high-
speed hand piece
Fiber-optic tips instead of a bur.
Directs the laser energy at a focal point
approximately 1-2 mm from the tissue
surface.
Dr.Roshnash. Oct 2002.Crown and veneer preparation using the Er, Cr:YSGGWaterlase hard and soft tissue
laser. Cotemporary esthetics and restorativepractice,80-85
42. II) CROWN PREPARATION:
The crown preparation is started on
maximum setting for cutting enamel
(6W,90% air,75% water)
started with a defocused mode for 30
seconds to 1 min for anesthesia of
tooth.
Gingival margin reduced to (1.25 W,
50% air, 40% water) to control the
cutting tip, for the purpose of
accuracy.
Dr.Roshnash. Oct 2002.Crown and veneer preparation using the Er, Cr:YSGGWaterlase hard and soft tissue
laser. Cotemporary esthetics and restorativepractice,80-85
43. II) CROWN PREPARATION:
Dentin settings 4W, 65% air, 55% water for interproximal, buccal, lingual/
palatal reduction
reset at 2.25W, 65% air, 55% water to finish the buccal cusp overlay, and
the final margination of the proximal and lingual surfaces
Advantages:
For vital crown preparation no need of local anesthesia, as laser causes
temporary paraesthasia of nerve endings.
Procedure is accurate and faster than the conventional method.
Disadvantages:
Trained dentist required for the particular use.
Dr.Roshnash. Oct 2002.Crown and veneer preparation using the Er, Cr:YSGGWaterlase™ hard and soft tissue laser.
Cotemporary esthetics and restorativepractice,80-85
44. III. REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES:
LASER WELDING:
The removable partial dentures defect can be repaired by the use of
pulsed laser with relative low average out power.
known as a precise and rapid joining method, but its success depends on the
control of many parameters.
Eg: For Co-Cr alloy frameworks:
The welding parameters were determined for each defect type and working
step
(fixing, joining, filling, planning).
Adequate combination of pulse energy (6-14 J), pulse duration
(10-20ms) and peak power (600- 900 W) depending on the working stage
improves the success of the welding procedure.
LilianaPorojan, Aurel - ValentinBîrdeanu, Florin Topala. 2006. European Cells and Materials. 11(2): 29.
45. IV. IMPLANT DENTISTRY:
FOR STERILIZATION OF SOCKET:
In immediate implant dentistry
after extraction of tooth,sockets
can be sterilized immediately
without inducing pain and any
infection.
Stefan stubinger, Frank homann. 2008. Effect of Er: YAG, CO2 and diode laserirradiation on surface properties of
zirconia endosseous dental implants. Laserin surgery and medicine. 40(3):223-228.
46. IN PERI- IMPLANTITIS:
Since the laser does not
transmit damaging heat,it can
be utilized to vaporize any
granulation tissue as well as
clean the implant surface in
periimplantitis cases.
This procedure eliminated the
acute state of peri-implantitis,
resulting in positive GTR, and
allowing the patient extended
use of the implant.
47. The erbium (Er) family of lasers, with its capacity
for osseous ablation, can be used in osteotomy
preparation and for removal of diseased osseous
tissue around areas of inflammation."
48. Although Nd:YAG has been a
particularly popular wavelength to use
for soft tissue second-stage surgery,
several investigators contend that it is
contraindicated to use with implants.
Due to
1.the transmission of heat to
the bone from the heated
implant surface.
2.the potential for pitting and
melting, and the porosity of
the implant surface.
49. • whereas the diode, Er family, and
carbon dioxide (C02)
lasers can be used .
• Because they are
reflected away from
metal surfaces, they
interact only minimally
with the implant.
50. TO DEBRIDE THE IMPLANT SURFACE:
Miller Robert has shown that treatment of
the contaminated implant surface by
mechanical and chemotherapeutic means has
met with mixed success.
Development of a laser system operating at
2780 nm and using an ablative hydrokinetic
process offers the possibility for more
efficient decontamination and debridement.
Laser ablation using the Er: Cr: YSGG laser
is highly efficient at removing potential
contaminants on the roughened implant
surface while demonstrating no effects on
the titanium substrate.
51. Implant Placement
Partially edentulous posterior
maxilla.
The Er:YAG laser begins soft
tissue preparation.
After soft tissue ablation is
completed the surgical site is
ready for pilot holes.
52. The Er:YAG laser begins
osseous preparation.
Implant placement with
supragingival healing caps.
Three months postoperative view of implants
54. CO2 laser makes
incision in soft tissue
for drainage
Er:YAG ablates
granulation
tissue
2 months
posoperative
55. Inflamed hyperplastic tissue
surrounding implant abutments.
Immediate postoperative view
following laser ablation.
Excellent soft tissue tone. contour, and health
are restored 6 months after laser treatment.
56. Implant Uncovering Surgery
Diode laser at a maxillary
central incisor implant site at
the beginning of implant
uncovering
Immediate postoperative view of
the implant site. The soft tissue
that covered the implant has
been ablated. The surgical field
is clean and dry and requires no
sutures.
57. CO2 laser removing soft tissue during
second-stage implant surgery.
Immediate postoperative view showing
three uncovered Implants
58. One of the most interesting uses of lasers in
implant dentistry is the possibility of
salvaging ailing implants by decontaminating
their surfaces with laser energy.
• Diode, ER:YAG, CO2 lasers can be used for this purpose
• Nd:YAG wavelength did not sterilize dental implants. In
addition,melting, loss of porosity, and other surface
alterations.
59. In some clinical situations using laser may be the best choice
A patient with potential bleeding problems could be treated with a laser to
provide essentially bloodless surgery in the bone.
This practice could be particularly useful in the placement of
mini-implants
61. New advances in rapid
prototyping technologies
demonstrate significant
advantages compared to
conventional techniques for
fabricating facial prosthesis.
selective laser sintering
technology is an alternative
approach for fabricating a wax
pattern of maxillofacial
prosthesis.
Generate directly by prototyping
and reduced labor-intensive
laboratory procedures
62. Sinus lift procedure
• The procedure can be done by
making the lateral osteotomy
with a decreased incidence of
sinus membrane perforation.
• The yttrium-scandium-gallium-
garnet (YSGG) laser is the
optimal choice for not cutting the
sinus membrane
63. Bone grafts done with lasers have
been demonstrated to decrease the
amount of bone necrosis from the
donor site and the osteotomy cuts
are narrower, resulting in less
postoperative pain and edema
64. SLS (SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING):
The SLS (Selective Laser
Sintering) is a method of computer
aided designing using mainly the
laser.
Models are generated directly from
3-D computer data then converted
to STL files, which are then sliced
in to thin layers (typically about
0.1 mm/0.004 inches) using the
associated computer software.
65. The laser sintering machine produces
the models on a removable platform
by applying incremental layers of the
pattern material.
For each layer, the machine lays
down a film of powdered material
with an accurate required thickness,
again a fresh film of powder is laid
down, and the next layer is melted
with exposure to the laser source.
This process continues, layer by
layer, until the pattern is completed.
SLS (SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING):
68. LIMITATIONS OF LASERS:
• It requires additional training and education for various
clinical applications and types of lasers.
• High cost required to purchase equipment, implement
technology and invest in required education.
• More than one laser may be needed since different wave
lengths are required for various procedures.
69. LASER APPLICATION IN DENTAL LABORATORY
LASER HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING
• The terms HOLO meaning
COMPLETE, and GRAM meaning
MESSAGE, give rise to the hologram
or complete message.
• The three-dimensional aspect of
the hologram image is unique.
70. LASER APPLICATION IN DENTAL LABORATORY
• LASER HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING is a well
established method for storing topographic
information, such as crown preparations,
occlusal tables, and facial forms for
maxillofacial prosthesis.
• Holography is the science of recording the
reflected light waves from an object onto a
hologram and subsequently reconstructing the
stored image of the object in the space where
the original object had been.
72. Laser scanning of casts
can be linked to
computerized milling
equipment for
fabrication of
restorations from
porcelain and other
materials
73. Safety regulations
. •
Using high volume plum
evacuation system
wearing wavelength-specific
protective eyewear,
Restricting access to the laser surgery
area, minimizing reflective surfaces
and normal protocol for infection
control
74. CONCLUSION
The laser technology has been widely used in dentistry on
both hard and soft tissues in various treatment modalities.
However, lasers have got their own limitations specifically
being technique sensitive. It has never been the “magic
wand” in the field of medicine or dentistry but been
beneficiary as an adjunct with other procedures used for
the treatment. In the future laser dentistry can be more
brighter with going on further research. Even now Lasers
are blessing in disguise if used efficaciously and ethically.
As Aaron Rose Says,