Theory audience
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The document discusses several theories related to audiences and media consumption, including: 1) The hypodermic needle theory which suggests that consumers wholly accept the information that is given to them in media, as exemplified by Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast causing mass panic. 2) Uses and gratifications theory which posits that people seek out specific media to fulfill personal needs related to information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment. 3) Consumer generated content which media producers benefit from as it is uploaded to their infrastructure at no cost to them, while audiences generate content to share things they find interesting or funny.
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Uses and Gratification Theory
Uses and Gratification Theory proposes that individuals actively select media to fulfill personal preferences and satisfy needs or desires. Elihu Katz introduced the theory in 1974 to understand why people choose certain media. It suggests people use media in ways that gratify personal needs and preferences, such as for entertainment, social interaction, relaxation, or information.
Post modern concepts
This document discusses key concepts in traditional media and how postmodern texts challenge those concepts in three main ways. It outlines how postmodern media draws attention to its construction, challenges genre conventions through hybridity and subversion, and subverts audience expectations of representation, ideology and narrative through new stereotypes, ideas, and non-linear or open-ended structures. The postmodern audience is also described as diverse, fragmented, and active rather than passive.
Unit 25 Assignment 2 Passive vs Active Audiences
This document discusses a media effects theory that suggests audiences passively consume media like having messages injected straight into their subconscious brains. This theory is often used to argue against certain media types, claiming their violent content will be replicated by consumers. However, another theory suggests audiences actively choose media to gratify individual needs, such as escape, social interaction, reflection, or finding useful information, as described in four categories of media gratification.
Theory audience pro-forma 1
This document discusses audience profiles for different media. The primary audience for a teen drama TV show are teenagers aged 15-24, predominantly male, who relate to the issues explored. The secondary audience are young adults aged 25-44, mostly female, who watch to understand teenagers or for entertainment. For a sci-fi drama, the primary audience are male teenagers who like the genre, while both male and female young adults make up an equally important secondary audience. For a teen drama targeted at girls, the primary audience are female teenagers fairly evenly, while the secondary audience is typically male young adults.
Audience
This document discusses theories of audiences for media producers. It describes theories of passive audiences that are directly influenced by media versus active audiences that interpret media through their own experiences. It also discusses targeting mass audiences versus niche audiences and gaining feedback from the intended audience. Common audience motivations like diversion, social interaction, and information are examined.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories about the relationship between media and audiences:
- The hypodermic needle/effects model views audiences as passive, directly influenced by media messages.
- Cultivation analysis sees media shaping audiences' worldviews over time through repeated exposure.
- Uses and gratifications theory argues audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and surveillance.
- Encoding/decoding theory holds that media texts contain encoded meanings which audiences can read in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways depending on their perspectives.
The document evaluates whether these models fully account for modern media landscapes and active audiences using an increasing variety of platforms. It explores how new technologies may require updating or replacing existing
Uses and Gratification Theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory suggests that media viewers actively seek out specific media sources and content to fulfill certain needs. Viewers may watch a film to gain a sense of security and knowledge by finding out what happens, satisfy curiosity about the film's content and promotional hype, or for entertainment purposes such as filling time, emotional release, or escapism from real-life problems. Watching films can also enable social interaction by providing a topic for conversation and insight into others' circumstances. A film's content may reinforce viewers' personal values.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience reception of media texts:
1. The Hypodermic Model suggests audiences passively receive information from media without processing or challenging it.
2. Two Step Flow Theory asserts that information moves from media to opinion leaders who influence their followers.
3. Uses and Gratifications Theory states that individuals choose media texts for diversion, relationships, identity, and information.
4. Encoding/Decoding Theory argues meaning is created between text and audience, who can take preferred, negotiated, or oppositional readings based on their own experiences.
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Uses and Gratification Theory
Uses and Gratification Theory proposes that individuals actively select media to fulfill personal preferences and satisfy needs or desires. Elihu Katz introduced the theory in 1974 to understand why people choose certain media. It suggests people use media in ways that gratify personal needs and preferences, such as for entertainment, social interaction, relaxation, or information.
Post modern concepts
This document discusses key concepts in traditional media and how postmodern texts challenge those concepts in three main ways. It outlines how postmodern media draws attention to its construction, challenges genre conventions through hybridity and subversion, and subverts audience expectations of representation, ideology and narrative through new stereotypes, ideas, and non-linear or open-ended structures. The postmodern audience is also described as diverse, fragmented, and active rather than passive.
Unit 25 Assignment 2 Passive vs Active Audiences
This document discusses a media effects theory that suggests audiences passively consume media like having messages injected straight into their subconscious brains. This theory is often used to argue against certain media types, claiming their violent content will be replicated by consumers. However, another theory suggests audiences actively choose media to gratify individual needs, such as escape, social interaction, reflection, or finding useful information, as described in four categories of media gratification.
Theory audience pro-forma 1
This document discusses audience profiles for different media. The primary audience for a teen drama TV show are teenagers aged 15-24, predominantly male, who relate to the issues explored. The secondary audience are young adults aged 25-44, mostly female, who watch to understand teenagers or for entertainment. For a sci-fi drama, the primary audience are male teenagers who like the genre, while both male and female young adults make up an equally important secondary audience. For a teen drama targeted at girls, the primary audience are female teenagers fairly evenly, while the secondary audience is typically male young adults.
Audience
This document discusses theories of audiences for media producers. It describes theories of passive audiences that are directly influenced by media versus active audiences that interpret media through their own experiences. It also discusses targeting mass audiences versus niche audiences and gaining feedback from the intended audience. Common audience motivations like diversion, social interaction, and information are examined.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories about the relationship between media and audiences:
- The hypodermic needle/effects model views audiences as passive, directly influenced by media messages.
- Cultivation analysis sees media shaping audiences' worldviews over time through repeated exposure.
- Uses and gratifications theory argues audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and surveillance.
- Encoding/decoding theory holds that media texts contain encoded meanings which audiences can read in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways depending on their perspectives.
The document evaluates whether these models fully account for modern media landscapes and active audiences using an increasing variety of platforms. It explores how new technologies may require updating or replacing existing
Uses and Gratification Theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory suggests that media viewers actively seek out specific media sources and content to fulfill certain needs. Viewers may watch a film to gain a sense of security and knowledge by finding out what happens, satisfy curiosity about the film's content and promotional hype, or for entertainment purposes such as filling time, emotional release, or escapism from real-life problems. Watching films can also enable social interaction by providing a topic for conversation and insight into others' circumstances. A film's content may reinforce viewers' personal values.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience reception of media texts:
1. The Hypodermic Model suggests audiences passively receive information from media without processing or challenging it.
2. Two Step Flow Theory asserts that information moves from media to opinion leaders who influence their followers.
3. Uses and Gratifications Theory states that individuals choose media texts for diversion, relationships, identity, and information.
4. Encoding/Decoding Theory argues meaning is created between text and audience, who can take preferred, negotiated, or oppositional readings based on their own experiences.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories related to audience and media consumption:
1) Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why and how people actively seek out media to satisfy needs, rather than what media does to people. It assumes audiences are active in interpreting media.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model examines how producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences can correctly decode, misdecode, or oppose the meanings.
3) The effects theory examines how media can influence behavior but was critiqued for viewing audiences as too passive, unlike uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active.
Audience Theories
The document discusses three theories of how audiences interact with media:
1) The effects theory sees audiences as passive receivers of media messages with little individual agency.
2) The uses and gratification model emphasizes that individuals actively seek out media to fulfill personal needs and interests.
3) The influence model recognizes that media has subtle influence by reinforcing existing views and that people are influenced by opinion leaders in how they interpret media messages.
Audience theories- Slasher Films
The document discusses three audience theories related to slasher films:
1) Uses and Gratification Theory - Audiences actively seek out slasher films for enjoyment and gratification like pleasure or escapism. They are an "active" audience who can reject or accept the media.
2) Two-Step Flow Theory - Audiences are influenced by opinion leaders who are influenced by mass media. People may watch slasher films based on reviews from magazines and websites. This audience is more "passive".
3) Cultivation Theory - Heavy exposure to slasher films can lead audiences to believe the film world reflects reality. It can cultivate society's views, like how "dark alleys
Active and Passive audience theories
A look at different ways of categorising audiences and how different groups use different media texts
Constructed media
- All media messages are constructed products that represent someone's interpretation of reality rather than an objective window on the world.
- Media creators such as photographers, journalists, and producers actively select and construct particular portrayals of events based on their own values and ideologies.
- The ideas and values embedded in any media message come from the perspectives and experiences of its creators. Different people may have varying interpretations of the same media content depending on their own backgrounds.
Postmodernism 2014
This document discusses key concepts and techniques of postmodernism such as bricolage, hyperreality, simulacra, simulation, intertextuality, hybridity, parody and pastiche. It provides examples and definitions of these terms. The document is intended to help the learner understand issues of postmodernism and identify elements of postmodernism in media texts through discussion and analysis of examples.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of audience reception of media, beginning with the hypodermic syringe theory which views audiences as passive receivers of media messages. It then discusses the uses and gratifications model which sees audiences as active in selecting media to fulfill needs. Finally, it discusses Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding theory of preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings and Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory of how women are portrayed for the male viewer's pleasure in many films.
Uses and gratifications
The document discusses several audience theories for analyzing TV drama, including the hypodermic needle theory which suggests media have direct effects on passive audiences, the two-step flow theory which proposes opinion leaders influence others, and uses and gratifications theory which posits audiences actively use media to fulfill various needs and that individuals consume media differently. It also explores critiques of uses and gratifications theory and provides learning outcomes around developing knowledge of audience theories and skills in analyzing TV drama through applying such theories.
Active audience
The document discusses the theory of the active audience, which posits that audiences play an active role in interpreting media messages rather than passively accepting them. It outlines the development of this theory over time, from early models that viewed audiences as passive to Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model and other research emphasizing that audiences filter messages through their own experiences and can negotiate or oppose the dominant meanings. The document also discusses criticisms of and ongoing questions around the active audience theory.
Theory audience pro-forma(2)
The document discusses audience theory for different types of media. It provides analysis of the primary and secondary audiences for movies about aliens, comedy shows about bookstores, and kids action movies. It also defines key concepts like the hypodermic needle theory, discusses uses and gratifications of media, consumer generated content, and psychographic audience segments like Belongers, Achievers, Emulators, Balanced, and Needs Driven.
Stuart Hall - Audience Positioning
Stuart Hall was a cultural theorist who developed a model for how audiences interpret mass media texts. The model suggests there are three ways of reading: the dominant reading where the audience fully accepts the intended message, the negotiated reading where the audience partly accepts it but modifies it based on their own views, and the oppositional reading where the audience rejects the intended message based on how it conflicts with their own social position. Hall was interested in how the media propagates ideologies and frames public debates by positioning audiences, and the concept that texts can have multiple meanings open to different interpretations.
Audience Theory
This document discusses theories about how media audiences are influenced. It describes the "hypodermic needle" or "effects" model, which suggests the media directly influences audiences like a syringe injecting ideas. It also discusses the cultivation theory, which is that repeated media exposure shapes audiences' views of social reality over time. The document notes criticisms of theories that portray audiences as passive masses, pointing instead to more active audience interpretations and the two-step flow of influence through opinion leaders. It suggests modern versions look at how moral panics can emerge from media coverage. Overall, the document examines debates around the power and passiveness of audiences in relation to media effects and influence.
How do audiences read media texts
The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts:
1) Early theories viewed audiences as passive, believing all messages without thinking critically (the "hypodermic needle" effect). This underestimated audiences' abilities.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model sees the audience as active - they make their own interpretations depending on factors like identity and opinions. Texts have no set meaning.
3) Reception theory focuses on the audience role in interpreting texts. Hall identified preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings audiences can have.
4) Later theories see audiences as even more active, selectively engaging with media and picking aspects to incorporate into their identities (the "pick and mix"
Use and Gratification Model
The document discusses the uses and gratification theory, which examines how people actively use media to meet various needs. It identifies key needs that media can fulfill, such as information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment. Research has found that men and women tend to blog about different topics that align with these needs. Studies aim to understand the motives for blogging and outcomes of this activity by surveying bloggers and non-bloggers.
A2 media studies Audience theories
The document discusses three main audience theories:
1. The effects model (also called the hypodermic model) argues that media texts directly influence passive audiences in negative ways.
2. Uses and gratification theory argues that active audiences use media texts for their own pleasure and gratification, rather than being used by media producers.
3. Reception theory examines how media producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences decode and interpret those meanings, sometimes accepting the producer's intended meaning and sometimes rejecting it.
Theory audience
The document discusses different audiences for various media properties:
- The primary audience for a superhero film is teenage boys aged 13-19 interested in superheroes, while the secondary is men aged 20-35 interested in actors and stories.
- For an animated film, the primary is children aged 5-12 interested in characters and colors, and the secondary is parents aged 30-50 interested in jokes and storylines.
- A film focused on a character like Venom has a primary audience of teenage boys interested in looks and powers, and a secondary of men aged 20-35 interested in actors and the character.
audience theory
The document summarizes several audience and media theories:
Uses and Gratification theory argues that audiences are active and choose media to fulfill social and psychological needs like surveillance, identity, relationships, and diversion. Reception theory says media messages can be interpreted differently (dominant, negotiated, or oppositional) by audiences. The Hypodermic Needle theory viewed audiences as passive recipients of direct media effects, but it is now seen as outdated given varied audience behaviors.
4. audience
This document provides information and tasks related to evaluating a media production for a critical perspectives exam. It discusses several key concepts that will be covered, including genre, narrative, representation, audience, and media language. Students are asked to answer questions about their project, target audience, and the meaning of their trailer. Several theories related to media effects and audiences are also summarized, including mass audience theory, active audience theory, uses and gratification theory, cultivation theory, desensitization theory, and the hypodermic syringe model. Students are asked to apply these theories to their trailer and the horror genre.
Uses and gratifications theory
Uses and Gratifications Theory examines how audiences actively engage with media to fulfill various needs. It was developed by Blumler and Katz who argued that people's social and psychological origins generate expectations of media that lead to differential exposure patterns fulfilling needs and other consequences. The theory suggests that media use fulfills cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotion/pleasure, personal integrative needs for status/self-esteem, and social integrative needs for social interaction. The internet has expanded media options and allowed audiences more control over fulfilling these needs.
Audience Theory Pro-Forma .pptx
The document discusses various communication and media theories including:
- The hypodermic needle theory which suggests media directly injects messages into passive audiences. It cites the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast causing widespread panic.
- Audience theory profiles for movies like The Lego Movie aimed at kids, Lord of the Rings at teens/men, and Star Wars for all ages.
- Uses and gratifications theory examines how people use media for information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
Film Studies 4 : Audiences and Products
The Lord of the Rings trilogy is a highly successful fantasy film franchise based on J.R.R. Tolkien's novels. Directed by Peter Jackson, the trilogy consists of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003). The films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins and the Fellowship who seek to destroy the One Ring and defeat the dark lord Sauron. The trilogy was a major critical and commercial success, praised for its epic scope, storytelling, acting, visual effects, and musical score. It won a combined 17 Academy Awards and introduced millions of new fans to Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
Week 12 pro-forma audiences & products
This document discusses different models of how audiences consume media content:
1) Passive consumption is when audiences do not interact with or question media and passively accept information.
2) Active consumption is when audiences interact with media, form their own opinions, and create new content.
3) The uses and gratifications theory explores why audiences consume certain media to satisfy needs like information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
4) Reception theory examines how audiences interpret messages in media based on their own experiences, either accepting, opposing, or negotiating the intended message.
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Audience theory
The document discusses several theories related to audience and media consumption:
1) Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why and how people actively seek out media to satisfy needs, rather than what media does to people. It assumes audiences are active in interpreting media.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model examines how producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences can correctly decode, misdecode, or oppose the meanings.
3) The effects theory examines how media can influence behavior but was critiqued for viewing audiences as too passive, unlike uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active.
Audience Theories
The document discusses three theories of how audiences interact with media:
1) The effects theory sees audiences as passive receivers of media messages with little individual agency.
2) The uses and gratification model emphasizes that individuals actively seek out media to fulfill personal needs and interests.
3) The influence model recognizes that media has subtle influence by reinforcing existing views and that people are influenced by opinion leaders in how they interpret media messages.
Audience theories- Slasher Films
The document discusses three audience theories related to slasher films:
1) Uses and Gratification Theory - Audiences actively seek out slasher films for enjoyment and gratification like pleasure or escapism. They are an "active" audience who can reject or accept the media.
2) Two-Step Flow Theory - Audiences are influenced by opinion leaders who are influenced by mass media. People may watch slasher films based on reviews from magazines and websites. This audience is more "passive".
3) Cultivation Theory - Heavy exposure to slasher films can lead audiences to believe the film world reflects reality. It can cultivate society's views, like how "dark alleys
Active and Passive audience theories
A look at different ways of categorising audiences and how different groups use different media texts
Constructed media
- All media messages are constructed products that represent someone's interpretation of reality rather than an objective window on the world.
- Media creators such as photographers, journalists, and producers actively select and construct particular portrayals of events based on their own values and ideologies.
- The ideas and values embedded in any media message come from the perspectives and experiences of its creators. Different people may have varying interpretations of the same media content depending on their own backgrounds.
Postmodernism 2014
This document discusses key concepts and techniques of postmodernism such as bricolage, hyperreality, simulacra, simulation, intertextuality, hybridity, parody and pastiche. It provides examples and definitions of these terms. The document is intended to help the learner understand issues of postmodernism and identify elements of postmodernism in media texts through discussion and analysis of examples.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of audience reception of media, beginning with the hypodermic syringe theory which views audiences as passive receivers of media messages. It then discusses the uses and gratifications model which sees audiences as active in selecting media to fulfill needs. Finally, it discusses Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding theory of preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings and Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory of how women are portrayed for the male viewer's pleasure in many films.
Uses and gratifications
The document discusses several audience theories for analyzing TV drama, including the hypodermic needle theory which suggests media have direct effects on passive audiences, the two-step flow theory which proposes opinion leaders influence others, and uses and gratifications theory which posits audiences actively use media to fulfill various needs and that individuals consume media differently. It also explores critiques of uses and gratifications theory and provides learning outcomes around developing knowledge of audience theories and skills in analyzing TV drama through applying such theories.
Active audience
The document discusses the theory of the active audience, which posits that audiences play an active role in interpreting media messages rather than passively accepting them. It outlines the development of this theory over time, from early models that viewed audiences as passive to Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model and other research emphasizing that audiences filter messages through their own experiences and can negotiate or oppose the dominant meanings. The document also discusses criticisms of and ongoing questions around the active audience theory.
Theory audience pro-forma(2)
The document discusses audience theory for different types of media. It provides analysis of the primary and secondary audiences for movies about aliens, comedy shows about bookstores, and kids action movies. It also defines key concepts like the hypodermic needle theory, discusses uses and gratifications of media, consumer generated content, and psychographic audience segments like Belongers, Achievers, Emulators, Balanced, and Needs Driven.
Stuart Hall - Audience Positioning
Stuart Hall was a cultural theorist who developed a model for how audiences interpret mass media texts. The model suggests there are three ways of reading: the dominant reading where the audience fully accepts the intended message, the negotiated reading where the audience partly accepts it but modifies it based on their own views, and the oppositional reading where the audience rejects the intended message based on how it conflicts with their own social position. Hall was interested in how the media propagates ideologies and frames public debates by positioning audiences, and the concept that texts can have multiple meanings open to different interpretations.
Audience Theory
This document discusses theories about how media audiences are influenced. It describes the "hypodermic needle" or "effects" model, which suggests the media directly influences audiences like a syringe injecting ideas. It also discusses the cultivation theory, which is that repeated media exposure shapes audiences' views of social reality over time. The document notes criticisms of theories that portray audiences as passive masses, pointing instead to more active audience interpretations and the two-step flow of influence through opinion leaders. It suggests modern versions look at how moral panics can emerge from media coverage. Overall, the document examines debates around the power and passiveness of audiences in relation to media effects and influence.
How do audiences read media texts
The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts:
1) Early theories viewed audiences as passive, believing all messages without thinking critically (the "hypodermic needle" effect). This underestimated audiences' abilities.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model sees the audience as active - they make their own interpretations depending on factors like identity and opinions. Texts have no set meaning.
3) Reception theory focuses on the audience role in interpreting texts. Hall identified preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings audiences can have.
4) Later theories see audiences as even more active, selectively engaging with media and picking aspects to incorporate into their identities (the "pick and mix"
Use and Gratification Model
The document discusses the uses and gratification theory, which examines how people actively use media to meet various needs. It identifies key needs that media can fulfill, such as information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment. Research has found that men and women tend to blog about different topics that align with these needs. Studies aim to understand the motives for blogging and outcomes of this activity by surveying bloggers and non-bloggers.
A2 media studies Audience theories
The document discusses three main audience theories:
1. The effects model (also called the hypodermic model) argues that media texts directly influence passive audiences in negative ways.
2. Uses and gratification theory argues that active audiences use media texts for their own pleasure and gratification, rather than being used by media producers.
3. Reception theory examines how media producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences decode and interpret those meanings, sometimes accepting the producer's intended meaning and sometimes rejecting it.
Theory audience
The document discusses different audiences for various media properties:
- The primary audience for a superhero film is teenage boys aged 13-19 interested in superheroes, while the secondary is men aged 20-35 interested in actors and stories.
- For an animated film, the primary is children aged 5-12 interested in characters and colors, and the secondary is parents aged 30-50 interested in jokes and storylines.
- A film focused on a character like Venom has a primary audience of teenage boys interested in looks and powers, and a secondary of men aged 20-35 interested in actors and the character.
audience theory
The document summarizes several audience and media theories:
Uses and Gratification theory argues that audiences are active and choose media to fulfill social and psychological needs like surveillance, identity, relationships, and diversion. Reception theory says media messages can be interpreted differently (dominant, negotiated, or oppositional) by audiences. The Hypodermic Needle theory viewed audiences as passive recipients of direct media effects, but it is now seen as outdated given varied audience behaviors.
4. audience
This document provides information and tasks related to evaluating a media production for a critical perspectives exam. It discusses several key concepts that will be covered, including genre, narrative, representation, audience, and media language. Students are asked to answer questions about their project, target audience, and the meaning of their trailer. Several theories related to media effects and audiences are also summarized, including mass audience theory, active audience theory, uses and gratification theory, cultivation theory, desensitization theory, and the hypodermic syringe model. Students are asked to apply these theories to their trailer and the horror genre.
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Similar to Theory audience
Uses and gratifications theory
Uses and Gratifications Theory examines how audiences actively engage with media to fulfill various needs. It was developed by Blumler and Katz who argued that people's social and psychological origins generate expectations of media that lead to differential exposure patterns fulfilling needs and other consequences. The theory suggests that media use fulfills cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotion/pleasure, personal integrative needs for status/self-esteem, and social integrative needs for social interaction. The internet has expanded media options and allowed audiences more control over fulfilling these needs.
Audience Theory Pro-Forma .pptx
The document discusses various communication and media theories including:
- The hypodermic needle theory which suggests media directly injects messages into passive audiences. It cites the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast causing widespread panic.
- Audience theory profiles for movies like The Lego Movie aimed at kids, Lord of the Rings at teens/men, and Star Wars for all ages.
- Uses and gratifications theory examines how people use media for information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
Film Studies 4 : Audiences and Products
The Lord of the Rings trilogy is a highly successful fantasy film franchise based on J.R.R. Tolkien's novels. Directed by Peter Jackson, the trilogy consists of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003). The films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins and the Fellowship who seek to destroy the One Ring and defeat the dark lord Sauron. The trilogy was a major critical and commercial success, praised for its epic scope, storytelling, acting, visual effects, and musical score. It won a combined 17 Academy Awards and introduced millions of new fans to Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
Week 12 pro-forma audiences & products
This document discusses different models of how audiences consume media content:
1) Passive consumption is when audiences do not interact with or question media and passively accept information.
2) Active consumption is when audiences interact with media, form their own opinions, and create new content.
3) The uses and gratifications theory explores why audiences consume certain media to satisfy needs like information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
4) Reception theory examines how audiences interpret messages in media based on their own experiences, either accepting, opposing, or negotiating the intended message.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories related to audience and media consumption:
1) Gratification theory proposes that audiences are active and make choices about what media to consume based on fulfilling social and psychological needs.
2) Reception theory argues that media producers encode messages while audiences can decode them in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways depending on their experiences.
3) The hypodermic needle theory from the 1920s-1930s viewed audiences as passive and directly influenced by media injections, but it is now seen as outdated since audiences are more active.
Theory audience pro-forma (1)
The document discusses audience profiles for three different films - The Lego Movie, Fifty Shades of Grey, and John Wick.
For The Lego Movie, the primary audience is children, mainly males, with parents as the secondary audience. Fifty Shades of Grey's primary audience is adults aged 18 and older, aimed at couples of both genders. John Wick's primary audience is teenagers and adults aged 15+, aimed mainly at males with parents as a possible secondary audience.
The document then provides definitions and examples of hypodermic needle theory in media and uses and gratifications theory. It discusses how people use media for information, advice, curiosity, learning, identity, social interaction, and entertainment. The final section
Theory audience pro-forma
The document discusses different audiences for various types of media content. It profiles the primary and secondary audiences for children's films, older films with graphic content, horror films, and social media platforms. It also defines the hypodermic needle effect and discusses how audiences use media for information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment purposes. Finally, it provides an example of consumer generated content on YouTube and the advantages to both media producers and audiences.
Audience
The document discusses theories about how media texts target audiences and how audiences interact with media. It describes several theories:
1. Target audience theory which holds that media producers identify an intended audience during planning and design media texts to appeal to that audience.
2. Uses and gratifications theory which suggests that audiences are active and choose media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction rather than being passively influenced.
3. Hypodermic syringe/mass audience theory which argues media directly influences passive audiences like ideas being injected, but this view is now seen as too simplistic.
1. audience (lf)
This document discusses different audiences for various media types:
- Primary audiences include adults interested in rated R movies, people interested in music/drumming, and teenage LGBTQ+ individuals.
- Secondary audiences include partners of primary audiences and those seeking related information.
It also defines the "hypodermic needle" effect as audiences instantly believing media messages.
Several examples of how people use media to fulfill needs like information, advice, social interaction, entertainment and personal identity are provided.
Consumer generated content is discussed as audience-created media that can promote original creators and allow audiences to share views.
Section A audience
The document discusses several theories of media audiences, including reception theory which states that audiences interpret media texts in different ways based on their own experiences and perspectives, rather than just accepting the producer's intended meaning. It also examines the hypodermic needle theory, which suggests audiences passively accept messages from media, and uses and gratifications theory, which proposes that audiences actively engage with media to fulfill various needs and desires.
Week 12 audiences interaction film studies
This document discusses various theories related to how audiences consume and interpret media. It begins by defining passive and active consumption, then discusses several theories: the hypodermic needle model which suggests media immediately affects audiences; uses and gratifications theory which focuses on why audiences consume certain media; reception theory which proposes that meaning can be encoded differently; and spectatorship which notes personal experiences influence responses. It also covers frameworks for interpreting media differently based on attributes. Overall the document analyzes the complex relationship between audiences and media from several theoretical perspectives.
Audience theory
Media producers identify target audiences during planning to shape content and style appropriately. Target audiences are defined by demographics like age, gender, social class and interests. While a text may target a specific group, other audiences may interpret it differently based on their own characteristics and experiences.
Audience Research
The document discusses several theories of media audiences:
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests audiences must have basic needs met before seeking self-actualization from media.
- Early theories viewed audiences as passive and directly influenced by media like the "hypodermic needle" model.
- Later theories propose audiences are active users who choose media to fulfill needs for information, identity, and entertainment.
- Modern audiences can also be producers through interactive and participatory online platforms.
Section A Audience
1) It is important to understand the audience because different audience members may interpret media texts in different ways based on their life experiences, beliefs, age, culture, etc. rather than just accepting the producer's intended meaning.
2) Reception theory, developed by Stuart Hall, proposes that audiences decode media texts based on dominant, oppositional, or negotiated readings rather than just accepting the producer's preferred reading.
3) The hypodermic needle theory, an outdated view, suggested audiences passively accept all intended messages from media like television, but modern theories recognize audiences as active interpreters.
Theory audience pro-forma
The document discusses theories of audience for media works, including:
- Primary and secondary audiences can be defined by age, such as adults aged 18-35 for complex movies or children aged 6-12 for fairy tales.
- Audiences for anime can be children/adults aged 14-35 as primary and adults over 35 as secondary.
- The "hypodermic needle" theory suggests that audiences immediately believe anything they see in media.
- Uses and gratifications theory examines how audiences use media for information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
- Consumer generated content like fanfiction allows audiences to engage with and extend original works.
Theory audience pro-forma
The document discusses theories of audience for media works, including:
- Primary and secondary audiences can be defined by age depending on the complexity and themes of the work.
- Uses and gratifications theory examines how audiences use media for information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment.
- Consumer generated content like fan fiction allows audiences to demonstrate appreciation for fandoms and feel included.
Theory audience pro-forma(2)
The document discusses several topics related to media and audiences:
1. It provides examples of primary and secondary audiences for different films and media, focusing on attributes like age, gender, and ethnicity.
2. It defines the hypodermic needle theory of media effects, which suggests that media messages can directly influence passive audiences.
3. It lists some reasons people use and gratify needs from various media like seeking information, advice, entertainment, social interaction, and forming personal identity.
4. It gives examples of consumer generated content on platforms like YouTube and Instagram and discusses advantages for media producers in reaching specific audiences and motivations for audiences to generate content.
Theory audience pro-forma
The document discusses audience profiles and uses of the internet. It provides three potential primary audiences: teenage and adult women for a romantic film; men aged 15-30 of any identity for a diverse film; and children of both genders for a family film. It also lists older generations and parents as secondary audiences. The document then discusses how the internet is used for information, learning, identity development, social interaction, and entertainment. It provides examples of each use and how people find a sense of belonging and escape from reality online.
Theory audience pro-forma
The document discusses audience profiles and uses of the internet. It provides three potential primary audiences: teenage and adult women for a romantic film; men and women aged 15-30 for a film with diverse characters; and children for a family film containing jokes adults would understand. It also lists older generations and parents as secondary audiences. The document then discusses how the internet is used for information, learning, identity development, social interaction, entertainment, and consumer generated content like YouTube videos. People find a sense of belonging and escape from reality online.
Week 12 pro-forma audiences & products
This document discusses various media theories related to audiences and their consumption of media messages. It defines passive consumption as when audiences accept media messages without influencing production. The hypodermic needle model assumes audiences will immediately believe anything they are told by media. Active consumption involves audiences engaging with and discussing media messages. The uses and gratifications theory focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people. Reception theory examines how audiences receive and interpret encoded messages from producers in various ways. Spectatorship refers to watching without participation, and frameworks for interpretation consider how audiences from different backgrounds may interpret media differently.
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1. fmp initial plans
Here are some potential ideas you could pursue based on your interests and skills:
Photography Website/Portfolio:
- Focus on a specific photography genre/subject area that interests you such as nature, urban landscapes, portraits, etc.
- Create a visually appealing website/portfolio to showcase your best photos
- Include navigation, about section, contact info
- Optimize photos for web and apply filters/edits as desired
- Potential to expand with blog, printables, merchandise in the future
Photography Magazine Cover/Spread:
- Research popular photography magazine styles/layouts
- Design engaging cover featuring your photography style
- Include 1-2 page feature spread inside with additional photos and article
-
2. fmp research
Here are the key strengths and weaknesses of the research methods:
Product research:
- Strengths: Provided examples of existing products to draw inspiration from in terms of layout, themes, navigation etc.
- Weakness: Difficult to determine target market as photography covers many topics and styles.
Questionnaires:
- Strengths: Allowed gathering specific feedback on target audience preferences to inform product design.
- Weaknesses: Limited reach so target audience may be narrower than intended. Responses not verified for truthfulness.
Interviews:
- Strengths: More personal interaction to assess truthfulness of responses and ask follow up questions for deeper insights.
- Weaknesses: Even
3. fmp production experiments
My first experiment was designing a web page with a banner and navigation tools. I arranged images of different sizes to draw the user's eye. My second experiment was an online photography portfolio with banners and borders around images as buttons. My third experiment was designing a magazine front page with a simple logo, underlined title, and details like price and advertisements. For my final product, I will include the layouts and navigation elements from my web page and portfolio experiments, and the logo design and formal color scheme from the magazine experiment. I aim to feature unique designs while drawing from successful aspects of existing products.
4. fmp proposal
The product is a range of nature photography-focused media including a website, online portfolio, and magazine. The website will feature a forum for discussion and sharing photos. The portfolio will solely feature photos with minimal other information. The magazine will include instructional articles, advertisements, and photos submitted by local photographers. Close-up photos of flowers and wildlife will be featured across the products. Research including surveys and interviews informed elements of the design like color schemes and layouts. The target audience is ages 16-19 interested in photography, accessible to all via digital formats. No offensive, sexual, or copyrighted content will be included to comply with ethics codes.
5. fmp pre production
The document outlines the pre-production planning for a photography portfolio website and magazine. It discusses including color schemes, themes, and layouts from example images. Features like help sections and login features from example websites will also be included. Locations and props needed for photos are listed, as well as potential issues and solutions for data loss, feedback, and health and safety. A schedule is provided with steps for research, surveys, interviews, design, and completion.
6. production reflection
The document describes the process of creating a photography portfolio, website, and magazine. For the portfolio, the creator selected 8 photos to feature and placed them in boxes for structure. A simple black and white color scheme was used. For the website, images were placed in rounded rectangles and navigation bars were added. Features like search, login, and social buttons were included. The magazine's front cover included a featured photo, logo, and banner with content details. Colors like red, yellow and white were used to make the page vibrant but not busy. Care was taken to align elements and choose appropriate fonts and layouts to make the works look professional.
7. evaluation
The document provides a summary and evaluation of the author's FMP project. Some key strengths identified in the research included conducting an online survey and interviews to gather feedback. However, the survey respondents were limited to other students. Planning included creating mind maps and proposals, though not all ideas could be implemented. Technical aspects like the website and portfolio were similar between drafts and the final product. The target audience was identified as 16-19 year olds interested in nature photography based on survey responses. Peer feedback noted the clear layout but suggested improving readability of small text and removing page numbers from the magazine cover.
6. production reflection
The document describes the process of creating a photography portfolio, website, and magazine. For the portfolio, the creator selected 8 photos to feature and placed them in boxes for structure. A simple black and white color scheme was used. For the website, images were placed in rounded rectangles and navigation bars were added. Features like search, login, and social buttons were included. The magazine's front cover included a featured photo, logo, and banner with content details. Colors like red, yellow and white were used to make the page vibrant but not busy. Care was taken to align elements and choose appropriate fonts and layouts to make the works look professional.
5. fmp pre production
The document outlines the pre-production planning for a photography portfolio website and magazine. It discusses including color schemes, themes, and layouts from example images. Features like help sections and login features from example websites will also be included. Locations and props needed for photos are listed, as well as potential issues and solutions for data loss, feedback, and health and safety. A schedule is provided with steps for research, surveys, interviews, design, and completion.
4. fmp proposal
The product is a range of nature photography-focused media including a website, online portfolio, and magazine. The website will feature a forum for discussion and sharing photos. The portfolio will solely display photos with minimal other information. The magazine will include instructional articles, advertisements, and photos submitted by local photographers. Close-up photos of flowers and wildlife will be featured across the products. Research including surveys and interviews informed elements of the design like color schemes and layouts. The target audience is ages 16-19 interested in photography, accessible to all via digital formats. No offensive, sexual, or copyrighted content will be included to comply with ethics codes.
3. fmp production experiments
My first experiment was designing a web page with a banner and navigation tools. I arranged images of different sizes to draw the user's eye. My second experiment was an online photography portfolio with banners and borders around images as buttons. My third experiment was designing a magazine front page with a simple logo, underlined title, and details like price and advertisements. For my final product, I will include the layouts and navigation elements from my web page and portfolio experiments, and the logo design and formal color scheme from the magazine experiment. I aim to feature unique designs while drawing from successful aspects of existing products.
2. fmp research
Here are the key strengths and weaknesses of the research methods:
Product research:
- Strengths: Provided examples of existing products to gain insights into layout, themes, navigation etc.
- Weakness: Difficult to determine target market from a wide range of products.
Questionnaires:
- Strengths: Allowed gathering specific audience data through targeted questions.
- Weaknesses: Limited reach/sample size. Potential for untruthful responses.
Interviews:
- Strengths: More personal and in-depth than questionnaires. Easier to assess truthfulness.
- Weaknesses: Small sample size. Time intensive compared to other methods.
Overall, the
1. fmp initial plans
Here are some potential ideas you could pursue based on your interests and skills:
Photography Website:
- Create a website focused on your photography style (landscapes, portraits, etc.). Include galleries of your work organized by theme/location. Add a blog to share photography tips.
Photography Magazine:
- Design a mock magazine with photography as the theme. Include featured photos, tutorials, gear reviews, interviews with photographers. Lay it out using InDesign.
Photography Portfolio:
- Compile your best photos into a printed or digital portfolio. Curate the collection and design layout/branding to showcase your skills and style to potential clients.
Nature/Wildlife Photography:
- Focus your project
Script
The narrator had a vivid and horrifying sleep paralysis episode. They awoke unable to move as a tall, cloaked figure appeared. The figure reached out and began pulling a black substance from the narrator's chest, filling them with a sense of overwhelming fear and cold. The narrator's body screamed for help but they remained paralyzed as the figure took their soul. The narrator finally woke up hyperventilating and in a panic, wondering if anyone heard their screams.
7. audio evaluation
The document provides an evaluation of the author's work on an audio documentary project. Some key points:
- The author's research included mind maps to generate ideas and listening to 3 BBC podcasts to understand features to include. However, only listening to a few podcasts limited influence on the chosen genre.
- Planning involved detailing 3 initial ideas but potentially too much information had to be discarded.
- Time management was impacted by losing data but research took the most time due to lengthy podcasts.
- Feedback noted creepy context and sounds but could improve transitions between elements and address long pauses.
- The author agrees some transitions and re-recording audio for clarity could improve the work.
5. audio pre production
This document outlines the pre-production planning for an audio project, including sound effects, music, props, locations, contingencies, health and safety, and schedule. Sound effects like screams, low hums, echoed laughter, heavy breathing, demon chants, and wind will be used from free online sources. No music will be featured. Recording of dialogue will take place in a quiet location without echoes. The 8-day schedule includes writing a script, recording dialogue, downloading sounds, editing the audio file in Adobe Premier, and exporting the final MP3 file. Contingency plans address issues like low audio volume, data corruption, and lost internet access. Health and safety focuses on preventing eye strain, back pain, R
4. proposal(4)
This proposal is for a short horror audio story aimed at ages 15 and up. The story will be based on a horrifying personal experience of the creator and will incorporate eerie music and sound effects related to demon-like creatures to entertain listeners. While meant to entertain through its storytelling and sounds, it could also serve educational purposes by sharing a real experience. The creator has considered legal and ethical issues, noting the story will not include offensive material but may not be suitable for younger audiences. It will not target or offend any specific groups and will be an original work not infringing on existing copyrights.
3. production experiments audio
The student created an audio experiment by recording a story and adding relevant sound effects from an online database. They imported the audio and sound effects into editing software and carefully placed the sounds to correspond with the dialogue. However, this process was time consuming as some sounds needed to be precisely edited to match the timing and not continue over irrelevant parts. The student plans to improve on their experiment by precisely editing each audio clip in their final product so all sounds can be clearly heard even when layered, cropping sound clips to match the timing, and including an introduction to set the scene.
2. research audio
The document analyzes three BBC podcasts that use sound design elements like music and environmental noises to enhance the storytelling experience. The podcasts incorporate dramatic or emotional music to engage listeners or darker music for creepier stories. They also feature nature sounds matching the story's setting. The analysis finds that incorporating descriptive language, as well as sounds and music similar to the unsettling styles used in "The Witching Hour" podcast, would appeal to a broad audience of 14+ seeking mystery, drama or suspense in an online horror genre format.
1. initial plans audio finished
This document outlines initial plans and considerations for creating different genres of audio stories including war stories, biographies, ghost stories, and crime stories. It discusses including elements such as dialogue, emotions, music, sound effects, factual research, and settings to set the proper tone and convey the necessary information for each genre. Historical accuracy and authenticity of sounds are important considerations for war and biographical stories while suspense, fear, and surprise are key for ghost stories and crime dramas.
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Theory audience
- 2. Audience Profile โข Primary Audience The primary audience are the people that the add is supposed to specifically appeal to. โข Secondary Audience โข The secondary audience are the second most important consumer audience. The second customer base may be for example a parent that buys a children's product although the ad was mainly targeting the child.
- 3. Hypodermic Needle โข Definition The hypodermic needle theory is where the consumer wholly accept the information that is given to them. โข Example Theory was illustrated on October 30, 1938 when Orson Welles and the newly formed Mercury Theater group broadcasted their radio edition of H.G. Wells' "War of the Worlds." ... The nation was in a state of chaos, and this broadcast was the cause of it.
- 4. Uses and Gratifications Information The information that I receive mainly comes from social media sites although I will then research this information further by using google search engine where I can receive multiple sources on that certain subject.
- 5. Uses and Gratifications Personal Identity I express my personal identity through images or videos I share of myself on social media sites and also through the content I share so someone who follows me and keeps up to date on my feed get a small idea of what I am like as a person. People who are constantly up to date with someone's feed, mainly public figures, may develop certain behavioural traits or influenced opinions.
- 6. Uses and Gratifications Integration and Social Interaction People can join certain groups or forums that are based around that persons interests in which you can meet new people and identify with others. Personally I donโt use these as I only use sites such as Facebook and snapchat to trade messages and share funny images or videos. People can use social media for a sense of belonging and use topics for social interaction but some may end up replacing real life companionship with companionship via social media.
- 7. Uses and Gratifications Entertainment When it comes to escapism I personally like getting lost in a good film or discovering and listening to music on media sites such as Netflix and Spotify in which you can add friends via facebook and share eachothers playlists and songs. Sites like these are good for relaxation and enjoyment.
- 8. Consumer Generated Content โข Example โข Youtube โข Facebook โข What are the advantages to media producers? โข It does not cost the media producers to generate content but is uploaded on their infrastructure. โข Why would the audience generate content? โข People like to share the things that they are interested in or find funny.
Editor's Notes
- Include a poster of a film of your choice and discuss the Primary and Secondary audiences referencing Gender and Age. Discuss audience appeal for each audience.
- Provide a definition and example of the Hypodermic needle model
- Using the information below choose one example from each section and relate to your own life Example- Information > I use the BBC news website to find out information
- Using the information below choose one example from each section and relate to your own life Example- Information > I use the BBC news website to find out information
- Using the information below choose one example from each section and relate to your own life Example- Information > I use the BBC news website to find out information
- Using the information below choose one example from each section and relate to your own life Example- Information > I use the BBC news website to find out information