The document provides an overview of x86 assembly language architecture, including: 1) It describes the basic components of an x86 microcomputer including the CPU, memory, input/output ports, and motherboard. 2) It explains x86 processor architecture concepts such as modes of operation, registers, addressing modes, and the evolution of Intel processors. 3) It covers x86 memory management in real mode and protected mode as well as paging and segmentation.

1. Assembly Language x86 Family Architecture Motaz K. Saad Spring 2007 Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

5. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Input Devices Storage Devices Output Devices Memory Data Information Instructions Data Information Instructions Data Information Control Unit

6. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

11. How a Program Runs Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

17. X86 General-Purpose Registers Named storage locations inside the CPU, optimized for speed. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

33. Your turn . . . What linear address corresponds to the segment/offset address 028F:0030? 028F0 + 0030 = 02920 Always use hexadecimal notation for addresses. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

34. Your turn . . . What segment addresses correspond to the linear address 28F30h? Many different segment-offset addresses can produce the linear address 28F30h. For example: 28F0:0030, 28F3:0000, 28B0:0430, . . . Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

40. Intel D850MD Motherboard dynamic RAM Pentium 4 socket Speaker IDE drive connectors mouse, keyboard, parallel, serial, and USB connectors AGP slot Battery Video Power connector memory controller hub Diskette connector PCI slots I/O Controller Firmware hub Audio chip Source: Intel® Desktop Board D850MD/D850MV Technical Product Specification Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

49. ASM Programming levels ASM programs can perform input-output at each of the following levels: Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

51. More Details about X86 Family Architecture X86 family Generations Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

53. Intel 8085 architecture : 8-bit data, 16-bit address Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

54. Internal architecture of 8086 Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

58. The 8086 and 80286 microprocessors. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

60. Internal architecture of 80386 Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

61. Internal registers (partly) of 80386 Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

67. Key features of the Pentium microprocessor. The execution unit has two pipelines allowing two instructions to be executed simultaneously. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

70. Pentium processor with heat sink and fan mated to a Socket 7 connector. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

72. The Pentium Pro is two chips in one. The larger die is the processor, the smaller a 256K L2 cache. (Courtesy of Intel Corporation.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

74. Superscalar Processor of Degree Three : Pentium has three instruction decoders, and can execute 3 simul- taneous instructions. Internal Cache : L2 cache in the same package. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

76. Exploded view of single-edge contact (SEC) cartridge. (Courtesy of Intel Corporation.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

77. Installing the SEC cartridge into the retention mechanism. (Courtesy of Intel Corporation.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

79. The Celeron processor is a Pentium II without the L2 cache. Later versions, called the Celeron A, include this cache on the same silicon die with the processor. (Courtesy of Intel Corporation.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

81. The Pentium III microprocessor with integrated L2 cache. This chip has more than 22 million transistors. (Courtesy of Intel Corporation.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

86. The AMD K7 or Athlon processor. It mates to a new proprietary socket called Slot A. (Courtesy of Advanced Micro Devices.) Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

89. CPUmark is a benchmark that measures the speed of the processor and its internal cache. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS

91. Winstone 98 measures the performance of a PC system running typical Windows applications. Motaz K. Saad, Dept. of CS