Motherboard and its components

YOGESHWARI EDUCATION SOCIETY’s
Approved By:
AICTE New Delhi,DTE Government of Maharashtra &
Affiliated to MSBTE,Mumbai
27/11/2014 kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept) 1

kshirsagar M.R.(CO
27/11/2014
Dept)
2
Chapter 1:
MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS
presented By:
Ms. Kshirsagar M.R
M.E.(CNE)
Lecturer
Computer Department

27/11/2014
MotherboardForm Factor:
 .motherboard comes in different sizes ,shapes and models.
,the height and width (dimensions) of the motherboard is known as
motherboard Form Factor.
 The motherboard form factor describes its general shape, type of case ,
power supply it can use and it’s physical organization.
 The length to width of Mobo, the placement of the mounting holes, the no.
of extension slots, the type of supported hard disk interfaces ,USB ports
etc. determines the quantity of motherboard.
Some of the different form factors are.
1) AT 12’’ wide 350*305mm (1992-1993)
2) Baby AT 8.5’’ wide 330*216mm (1993-1997)
3) ATX _ 305*244mm (1995-2004)
4) Micro ATX or _
BTX or other 325*266mm (2004 Onwards)
kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept) 3

CHIPSET BASICS:
27/11/2014
 To reduce the number of chips on the motherboard, the
logics around the processor are integrated into two or three
chips.
 These chips work in conjunction with processor and
contain more than one logic like DMA logic, timer logic,
interrupt logic and peripheral interface logic.
Hence these chips are called as chipset.
Definition: Chipset
Set of two or three chips with integrated logics to
support processor

Chipset:
.
 The chipset represents the connection between the
processor and everything else
 The processor can’t talk to the memory, adapter
boards, devices without going through the chipset
 If processor is the brain, the chipset is spine and
central nervous system of computer.
e.g. chipset manufacturers:
Intel, Acer Labs, Silicon Integrated System (SIS) and
AMD etc.

Chipset Architecture:
Intel has used two different chipset architectures:
i. North/South bridge architecture
ii. Hub architecture
 All the chipsets introduced from the 800 series onwards,
use the hub architecture.

North/South Bridge Architecture:
Most of Intel’s earlier chipsets are broken into a multi-tier architecture,
consisting North and South Bridge components as well as a Super I/O
Chip. Fig. 1.2 shows North/South Bridge architecture.
North Bridge South
Bridge
USB
ATA
Floppy,COM,LPT,
keyboard,mouse
BIOS and
other I/O devices
CPU
RAM
Video card (AGP)
Ethernet
PCI Express,PCI

 North/South Bridge Architecture:

 i. The North Bridge :(MCH)
 Also known as Memory Controller Hub MCH.
 North bridge is the connection between the high-speed
processor bus and the slower AGP and PCI
buses.
 It is referred as the PAC (PCI/AGP Controller).
 main component of the motherboard and is placed
beside the processor.
 runs at high/full motherboard (processor bus) speed
 modern chipsets use a single chip North bridge
 however older ones consist of up to three different
chips.

 Functions of Northbridge:
 North bridge controls the flow of data between CPU and RAM.
 It also controls the data transfer from graphics port(AGP) & Ethernet
(LAN)
 It has a heat sink attached over it for used for cooling effect for heat
generated because of the very large amount of data traffic which
passes it .
CPU
AGP North Bridge RAM
South Bridge
PCI
USB ISA IDE
BIOS

 ii. The South Bridge: (ICH)
 Also known as I/O controller Hub (ICH).
 connection between the PCI bus and the slower ISA bus.
 It is the lower speed component in the chipset and has
always been a single individual chip.
 It also contains dual IDE hard disk controller interfaces,
one to two USB interfaces and even CMOS RAM and real-time
clock functions.
 It contains all the components that make up the ISA
bus, including the interrupt and DMA controllers

 Functions of Southbridge:
 It is responsible for data transfer from the hard disk,
CDROM, other I/O devices into the link channel which
connects the north bridge to south bridge .
 Some of the other components used by south bridge are
PCI ports, USB ports & ATA.

 Hub Architecture:
 The newer chipsets from Intel use hub architecture.
 In hub architecture , North bridge chip is called as
Memory Controller Hub (MCH) and South bridge chip is
called as I/O Controller Hub (ICH).
 MCH is connected to ICH via a 266 MB/s bus sometimes
also known as DMI (Direct Media Interface).
 MCH chip supports memory and AGP while ICH chip
provides connectivity for PCI,USB,sound,IDE hard disk and
LAN.
 Systems that include integrated graphics use a Graphics
Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) instead of MCH.

 Hub Architecture:
There are two main variations in the hub
interface:
i) AHA (Accelerated Hub Architecture): Intel Hub architecture
also known as AHA
It is used by 8×× series of chipsets.
ii.) DMI (Direct Media Interface):
It is used by 9×× and 3× series chipsets. DMI is basically
a dedicated 4 bit wide PCI Express connection allowing 1
gbps in each direction

HUB Architecture:
Pentium III
Processor
Memory
Controller Hub
I/O
Controller
Hub
Firmware
Hub
AGP X4
Graphics
AC 97
USB
IDE
ATA 66
PCI
810
266 MBps
1.6GBps
RD RAM
1.0GBps

1.2 ARCHITECTURE OF INTEL CHIPSETS:
 As Intel develops new processor, it develops chipsets and
motherboards simultaneously. Here we are going to study architecture
of Intel chipset 915 G and 945 G
 1.2.1 Intel Chipset 915 G:
 The Intel 915 chipset family was introduced in 2004
 These chipsets are the first to support the socket 775 processor
interface.
 This chipset model support the Hyper Threading (HT) Technology
feature built into most recent Pentium 4 processors.
 (HT) Technology improves system performance & responsiveness.

 Architecture of Intel 915G chipset:
Intel Pentium
4Proceessor
Supporting HT
Technology
6.4
Gb/s
82915G
GMCH
2GB/s DMI
ICH6R
DDR/DDR2
DDR/DDR2
Intel GMA
900 graphics
PCI Express
X16 graphics
Intel high
definition audio
4PCI Express X1
8 Hi-speed
USB 2.0 port
4 Serial
ATA port
6PCI
Intel matrix
storage technology
BIOS Support
HT technology
8.5Gb/s
150
M b/s
8.0
Mb/s
500 133 Mb/s
Mb/s
60
Mb/s

 1.2.1 Intel Chipset 915 G:
 Intel 915G Express chipset based on a new architecture ,innovative
technology and includes options for integrated or discrete graphics.
 It was designed to enable the convergence of digital entertainment,
as well as enhance bandwidth intensive consumer application ,such as
audio, video and gaming.
 Intel 915G Express chipset gives high system performance through high
bandwidth interfaces, such as dual channel DDR2 main memory
(533 MHz),800MHz system bus, integrated graphics controller,PCI
Express and I/O architecture, and Hi-speed USB 2.0 connectivity.
 To support faster memory,increased graphics requirements and high
bandwidth of 8.5 GB/s Intel 915G chipset incorporates a new Graphics
Memory Controller Hub (GMCH).
 A high speed point to point bus architecture known as DMI (Direct
Media Interface), links GMCH to ICH6(6th generation Intel I/O controller
Hub).
 ICH6 integrates High Definition Audio (Intel HD) technology for
consumer entertainments formats Dolby Digital and better voice input
for speech recognition and VoIP (voice over internet protocol).

 1.2.1 Intel Chipset 915 G: Features-
 Supports Hyper-Threading technology: helps to increase system
performance.
 Supported Processor : Pentium IV, Pentium-D, Celeron, Celeron-D
with HT technology.
 PCI express interface : PCI Expres-X1, X16, PCI 2.2
PCI Express x16 graphics delivers 4GB/s,
3.5 times more bandwidth than traditional AGP8x
PCI x1 I/O offers 500MB/s,3.5 more bandwidth than PCI .
 PCI Speed/Width : 33MHz/32 bit
 System Bus Speeds : 800 / 533 MHz
 Memory Types : DDR 333 / 400, Dual Channel DDR2 of maximum 4GB.
 Four Serial ATA port(SATA/150): used High speed data transfer up to
150MB/s for each port .
 High speed USB 2.0 Ports: for high speed I/O peripherals.
 DMI (Direct Media Interface): a dedicated data path and delivers upto
2.0 GB/s bandwidth for more I/O intensive application

1.2.2 Architecture of Intel 945G chipset:
Intel Pentium
D Processor
82945G
GMCH
82801GR
ICH7R
DDR/DDR2
DDR/DDR2
Support For Media
Expansion card
Intel GMA
950 graphics
PCI Express
X16 graphics
Intel high
definition audio
4 Serial
ATA port
Intel matrix
storage technology
BIOS Supports
10.7Gb/s
3
GB/s
60
Mb/s
500
Mb/s
2GB/s DMI
8.0
Mb/s
8.5
Gb/s
8 Hi-speed
USB 2.0 Ports
6 PCI Express x1
Intel PRO/1000 LAN
Intel Active
Management Technology
133MB/s
6PCI

 1.2.2 Architecture of Intel 945G chipset:
 The Intel 945 Express Chipset family was released in 2005.
 This chipset is the first to support Intel’s new dual core Pentium D
processors.
 It also supports Pentium-4 Hyper Threading (HT) Technology processors
using socket 775.
 It offers Front Side Bus (FSB) for high speed up to1,066 MHz.
 It supports up to 4GB of dual-channel DDR2 memory (2 pairs) running at
up to 667 MHz.
 It features PCI Express X16 support and also incorporates Intel Graphics
Media Accelerator (GMA)950 integrated graphics.
 Intel 945G supports the ICH7 family of I/O controller hub chips.
 It has support for 300 Mbps serial ATA.

 • Features of Intel 945 G Chipset:
 Supported Processors : Pentium-D, Pentium-4 with HT Technology
 Supports Hyper-Threading technology: helps to increase system
performance .
 System Bus speed:1066 / 800 / 533 MHz.which help to delivers greater
system bandwidth and high performance.
 PCI Support : PCI Expres-X1, X16, PCI 2.3 . PCI express x16 graphics
delivers up to 4GB/s for each & which is 3.5 times more bandwidth than
previous.
 Memory Types : DDR2 667/533/400 MHz dual channel DDR2 is flexible,
high performance and cost efficient memory technology.
 Serial ATA port (SATA) 3GB/s: used High speed data transfer up to
3GB/s for each port .
 Integrated High speed USB 2.0 Ports: 8 ports offers up to 40 x(40
times) greater high speed I/O peripherals.
 Supporting Intel High Definition Audio which enable home theater
sound, multiple audio sound. Dolby digital etc.
 Integrated Graphics Media Accelerator 950: which delivers richer visual
color 2a7n/1d1 /p20i1c4ture clarity withoukts hniresaegdar oMf. Ra.(dCOd iDtieopnt)al graphics card. 22

 BUSES ON MOTHERBOARD
(EXPANSION OR I/O SLOT):
Definition: BUS –
a set of electronic signal pathways that allows information and
signals to travel between components inside or outside of a
computer.
 Bus is a group of wires through which the CPU
communicates with memory, coprocessor, keyboard and other
ICs in the motherboard.
 These electronic pathways are nothing but a tiny wires that
carry information, data and different signals throughout the
computer between the different components.

 Bus is divided into two types:
 Internal Bus: (system bus)
connects the different components inside the case CPU, system
memory, and all the other components on motherboard.
 External Bus: (Expansion Bus)
connects different external devices ,peripherals ,expansion slots,I/o
ports and drive connections to rest of computers.
 It is slower than the system bus.
 Data Bus :
 these are dedicated pathways of internal bus or external bus are
used to carry the data or information around different components .
 Address Bus:
 computer has to keep a map of different locations in memory, and it
has to transmit and describe those memory locations to the other
parts so that they can access it ,these memory locations travels along
address bus.

BUSES ON MOTHERBOARD
(EXPANSION OR I/O SLOT):
 The PC has a hierarchy of different buses as the processor
bus and I/O buses
 processor bus :
• also called as Front Side Bus (FSB).
• It is the communication pathway between the CPU and
motherboard chipset.
 I/O bus : It enables your CPU to communicate with peripheral
devices.
It enables you to add devices to your computer to expand its
capabilities.
 The different I/O buses on motherboard are as follows:
i. ISA ii. PCI-X iii. PCI-Xpress iv. PCMCIA
v. AGP vi. Processor Bus (FSB)

 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture):
ISA is the 8 bit bus architecture that was used in IBM-PC in
1981.
 It is used in PC-XT and was later expanded to 16 bits.
 It consist of single card edge connector with 62 pins.
 It is a very slow speed bus which is ideal for certain slow speed or
older peripherals such as plug-in modems, sound cards etc.
• Features of 8 bit ISA Bus
 i. It provides 8 data lines and 20 address lines.
 ii. It supports six IRQ levels IRQ2-IRQ7 And three DMA channels.
 iii. 8 bit ISA slot handles 1 MB of memory.
 iv. It runs at (system speed) 4.77 MHz.
 v. It provides Bandwidth 4.17 MBps.
• Advantages: It supported old type of cards.
• Disadvantages: -It is slower
- supports only 8bit devices only.
-not used in modern PC’s.

• 16 bits ISA Bus
 It was introduced as 16 bit ISA bus used in IBM PC/AT in 1984.
 It has two card edge connectors with 62 pins and 36 pins each.
 Features
 i. It has 16 data lines.
 ii. 24 address lines
 iii. Supports 5 more interrupts(IRQ8-IRQ12) and 4 more DMA
channels (DRQ4-DRQ7).
 iv. Backward compatible with 8 bit ISA bus.
 v. Ran at 8.33 MHz.
 vi. Bandwidth 8.33 MBps 16 bit ISA card
• Advantages: supports 16 bit CPU.
Compatible with old 8 bit cards
• Disadvantages:
 Not used in modern PC.
27/11/2014  kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept) 16 Bit ISA slo2t7

EISA (Extended ISA):
 It is a 32 bit bus expansion slot developed for increased seed and
performance.
 This architecture support 32 bit buses with much higher data
transfer rates up to 33 MBps.
 It provides backward compatibility to 8 bit and 16 bit ISA cards.
 Features
 i. 32 bit data bus
 ii. It handles 4GB of memory.
 iii. 8 .33MHz clock speed
 iv. Bandwidth 33 MBps
 v. Backward compatible with 8 bit and 16 bit ISA cards.
 Vi. It supports 15 IRQ and 7 DMA channels.
 Advantages:
• supports 8 bit and 16 bit ISA cards.
• No license required
• 32 bit data path
• Disadvantages: less bandwidth support.
• minimum two cycles required for data
transfer.

PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect):
 Developed by Intel in 1993 very successful and widely used ,much faster
than ISA.
 PCI is a high speed bus used to connect high performance
peripherals.e.g., Video, network, sound adapters.
 It uses the system bus to increase the bus clock speed and take full
advantage of the CPUs data path.
 The most recent motherboards usually provide 4 or 5 PCI slots.
 bus can be either 32 bits or 64 bits wide but usually implemented as a 32
bit bus.
 32 bit PCI of 33 MHz provides a bandwidth of 133Mbps .
 While 64 bit PCI of 66 MHz provides a bandwidth of 533mbps.
 PCI slot has 188 pins.
 Use:
 For any peripherals supporting multiple
high performance devices.
e.g. Graphics, full-motion video,
LAN cards.
PCI Card
PCI slot

PCI -X(Peripheral Component
Interconnect Extended ):
 PCI-X is faster version of PCI running at twice the speed of PCI.
 PCI-X was developed jointly by IBM, HP and Compaq
 PCI X doubles the clock speed from 66 MHz to 133 MHz.
 Standard PCI supports up to 64 bits at 66MHz.
 It has backward compatible i.e. PCI-X card can be installed in a PCI slot.
Type of
Bus
Bits Wide
Clock
Speed
Transfer
Speed
PCI-X (v1) 64bit 66MHz * 8 = 528MB/s
PCI-X (v1) 64bit
100MHz * 8
=
800MB/s
PCI-X (v1) 64bit
133MHz * 8
=
1066MB/s

PCI Express:
o PCI express provides a scalable ,high speed, serial I/O bus that maintains
backward compatibility with PCI application and drivers.
o A PCI Express link consist dual simplex channel , consisting of
transmit pair and a receive pair for simultaneous transmission in
each direction.
o PCI express uses high speed serial link technology
similar to that found in Gigabit Ethernet.
o PCI express replaces the shared parallel buses
with high speed with high speed point to point serial buses.
PCI bus PCI Express
Parallel: wide, slower, serial: narrow, fast,
Unidirectional bidirectional.
Device A Device B
Device A
Device B

Advantages over PCI:
o Serial technology provides scalable performance.
o High bandwidth, 8GBps .
o Point to point link to each device instead of PCI shared bus.
o Small connectors and easier implementation for system designer.
o Advanced quality of service for guaranteed bandwidth delivery
,advanced power management support.
o
Lane Widths
Peak
unidirectiona
l bandwidth
Peak full
duplex
bandwidth
x1 250MB/s 500MB/s
x2 500MB/s 1GB/s
x4 1GB/s 2GB/s
x8 2GB/s 4GB/s
x16 27/11/2041G4B/s 8GB/s kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept) 32

AGP(Advanced Graphic Port ):
 Introduced by Intel in 1997, AGP or Advanced Graphic Port is
a 32-bit bus or 64-bit bus designed for the high demands of 3-D
graphics.
 AGP has a direct line to the computers memory which allows
3-D elements to be stored in the system memory instead of the
video memory.
 AGP is one of the fastest expansion bus in use but its only for
video or graphics environment.
 AGP card

 AGP Slot
Type of
Bus
Bits Wide Clock Speed
Transfer
Speed
AGP 1x 32 bit 66MHz 266MB/s
AGP 2x 32 bit 66MHz 533MB/s
AGP 4x 32 bit 66MHz 1,066MB/s
AGP 8x 32 bit 66MHz 2,133MB/s
AGP 8x
(high-end)
27/116/240 b1i4t 66MHz 4k,s2h6i6rsMaBg/asr M.R.(CO Dept) 33

Difference between PCI and PCI Express:
PCI/PCIX PCI-Express
PCI was created by Intel in 1993 PCI Express was created in 2004
It has a backward compatibility to older
PCI devices.
It offers no compatibility with older PCI
devices
PCI,PCI-X buses are half duplex
bidirectional.
PCI-e are full duplex bidirectional.
PCI-X slots are longer than PCI-e ,which
can be a problem for ATX motherboard
with small form factor.
PCI-e slots are smaller than PCI and hence
good for small motherboards.
PCI-X has a parallel interface PCI -e has a serial interface .
It uses parallel technology and shared
parallel buses.
It uses high speed serial technology and
high speed point to point serial buses.
Parallel interface is wide, slower,
unidirectional.
Serial interface is narrow, fast,
bidirectional
PCI-X is currently supporting upto X16
standard at 4Gbps.
PCI-e is currently supporting upto X32
Standard at 8Gbps.

PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) or PC Card:
 Personal Computer memory card international association is a type of
bus use for notebook computer or laptops.
 It is also called portable bus.
 It is small credit card size expansion card fits into PCMCI slot.
 PCMCIA slot enables to add memory expansion cards, fax/ modems
cards,SCSI adapters,LAN cards.
 PCMCIA has four standards, type-I through type-IV.
 Express Card is the newest form of card you insert in newer laptops
PC Card
Types
Measurement Usage
Type I 3.3mm
 PCMCIA
Memory Expansion
card.
Type II 5.0mm TV card/NIC/Wireless
Type III 10.5mm Hard Drive
Type IV 16mm
Hard Drive thicker than
10.5mm
TypeII
PCMCIA
card

Processor Bus:
 Also called as Front Side Bus(FSB) is a communication path
between CPU and motherboard chipset specifically north
bridge(MCH).
 FSB serves as a connection between the CPU and rest of the
h/w via a chipset .
 FSB includes data bus and address buses of CPU.
 This bus runs at full motherboard speed between 66MHz and
800MHz in modern systems.
 Buses like PCI,AGP and memory bus all connect to a chipset in
order for data flow between connected devices.
 This same bus also transfer data between CPU and external (L2)
Cache.
 Bandwidth of FSB is determined by width of data bus ,it’s
frequency and data transfer per clock.
 E.g. a 8 bit bus at a frequency of 100MHz that performs 4
transfer per cycle has
= 8B*100MHz*4/cycles
=3200MB/s

Logical Memory Organization:
27/11/2014
( Conventional Memory, Expanded Memory,
Extended Memory, Upper Memory)
The first version of this logical memory “map” divided the
1 MB into two sections – conventional memory and upper
memory.
 Conventional Memory:
 The first 640KB of system memory is called Conventional Memory
 This area is available for standard DOS programs ,driver
programs etc. For this conventional memory has also been
called DOS memory or lower memory.
 conventional memory occupies first 640 kb address from
00000h to 9ffffh.
 The lowest part of conventional memory (0 – 1 KB) would be
used to store interrupt vectors.
i.e. addresses that point to actual BIOS routines and device
drivers that execute in response to certain events, for example,
pressing a key on the keyboard

 Conventional memory would also be used to hold device driver
code and TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) programs.
e.g.-: small special-purpose applications that remain in
memory even when they are not running, so that they can be
recalled quickly if needed (for example, virus checking Software).
 Features:
 Limited to 640 KB.
 Available to all the pc’s.
 By default DOS, device driver’s and TSR’s
load in conventional memory but virtually
every program can use this memory.
Conventional Memory
User data and
program
TSR program
Command.com
Device Drivers
DOS
Interrupt vector
640 KB
0 KB
27/11/2014 kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept)
38

Upper Memory Area:
 The upper 384kb of system memory between 640 KB and 1 MB
immediately above conventional memory is called Upper
Memory Area or UMA .
 It is reserved by certain devices (such as video cards, network
cards, etc.) as buffer areas - to store data so that it could be
accessed directly by the CPU, this area of memory was also
called reserved memory.
 Upper memory would also incorporate the physical memory
found on the BIOS ROM chip (on the motherboard).
1024 KB
768 KB
640 KB
0 KB
Reserved area
Video memory
Conventional
Memory
Upper memory
27/11/2014 kshirsagar M.R.(CO Dept)
39

 Expanded Memory:
 An older standard for accessing memory above 1MB is
called expanded memory.
 software vendors such as Lotus and Microsoft were
already developing application programs that would
require more memory
 Installing more memory on the motherboard was not
possible, since the 20-bit address bus of the 8088
processor could only support 1MB of RAM.
 To solve this problem, a special adapter board called an
EMS (expanded memory system) card was developed
that would plug into an expansion slot. The card was
capable of holding an extra 32 MB of RAM.
 Expanded memory uses a protocol called Expanded
Memory Specification.
 Expanded Memory Specification developed by Lotus, Intel
and Microsoft (LIM) so, it is also called as(LIM) meory.

 Expanded Memory:
 Features of Expanded memory:
 It is also called as LIM memory or EMS memory.
 It can be used with PC’s, AT’s , XT’s or 8 bit systems.
 80386 and above pc’s can make their extended memory to
expanded memory.

 Extended Memory:
 The 80286 and 80386 processors introduced a 24-bit
address bus, and with it the capability of addressing
up to 16 MB of RAM.
 This extra memory above the 1 MB limit would be
known as extended memory
 A special program called HIMEM.SYS is used to
control the extended memory, which is used to store
the operating system and application programs while
they are being executed by the CPU.
 HIMEM.SYS is a manager which sets up extended
memory according to extended memory
specification(XMS).
 XMS is a standard that pc program uses for accessing
extended memory.
 Extended memory is also referred as XMS which is act
a protocol for using extended memory.

 Applications :
 Best for Windows and multitasking OS.
 Used by OS/2,Unix,win(3,95,98,NT/2000/XP).
 Only possible with system based on 80286 and later ;impossible
with XTs.
 On 80286 or 80386 systems, extended memory limit is 16MB(16
bit addressing)
 On 80386,80486,Pentium,PentiumMMX, Pentium pro systems
limit is 4GB(32 bit addressing).
 On Pentium-II and newer processor have a limit of 64GB(36 bit
addressing)

Expanded Memory:
 Conventional extended and Expanded memory:
16Mb/
4GB
Extended Memory


Motherboard
Rom BIOS
EMS window
Adapter ROM
Video RAM
Conventional
Memory
Extended Memory
32Mb
0 Kb
Expanded
Memory
Divided into
Logical pages
and Mapped
into EMS
window.
1 Mb
896 Kb
832 Kb
768 Kb
640 Kb
0 Kb

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