This slide contain the detail about the various organization of computer(Register based organization, Stack Based Organization and Accumulator Based Organization), Addressing Modes, Instruction Formats and finally RISC and CISC
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
This slide contain the detail about the various organization of computer(Register based organization, Stack Based Organization and Accumulator Based Organization), Addressing Modes, Instruction Formats and finally RISC and CISC
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
This ppt explains in brief what actually is arm processor and it covers the first 3 chapters of book "ARM SYSTEM DEVELOPERS GUIDE". The 3 chapters include the history,architecture,instruction set etc.
This ppt explains in brief what actually is arm processor and it covers the first 3 chapters of book "ARM SYSTEM DEVELOPERS GUIDE". The 3 chapters include the history,architecture,instruction set etc.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
How to Select Hardware for Internet of Things Systems?Hannes Tschofenig
With the increasing commercial interest in Internet of Things (IoT) the question about a reasonable hardware configuration surfaces again and again.
Peter Aldworth, a hardware engineer with more than 19 years of experience, discusses this topic in a presentation given to the IETF community.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
This is a presentation I created while in my Fourth Year in college. Produced for the Robotics Club. For introducing junior members to the concept of Embedded Systems.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. What is an Embedded System?
A physical system that employs computer control for a
specific purpose, rather than for general-purpose
computation
Any device that includes a computer but is not itself a general-
purpose computer
Hardware and Software, part of some larger systems and
expected to work without human intervention.
Often the user of the device is not even aware that a
computer is present.
Respond, monitor, control external environment using sensors &
actuators.
2
3. A “short list” of embedded systems
Anti-lock brakes
Auto-focus cameras
Automatic teller machines
Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission
Avionic systems
Battery chargers
Camcorders
Cell phones
Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones
Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems
Digital cameras
Disk drives
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments
Electronic toys/games
Factory control
Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers
Home security systems
Modems
MPEG decoders
Network cards
Network switches/routers
On-board navigation
Pagers
Photocopiers
Point-of-sale systems
Portable video games
Printers
Satellite phones
Scanners
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Speech recognizers
Stereo systems
Teleconferencing systems
Televisions
Temperature controllers
Theft tracking systems
TV set-top boxes
VCR’s, DVD players
Video game consoles
Video phones
Washers and dryers
Life-support systems
Medical testing systems
And the list goes on and on
3
4. Embedded System Applications
Aerospace
Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight
attitude controls, engine controls, space exploration
(e.g., the Mars Pathfinder).
Automotive
Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls,
anti-lock braking systems, air bag controls, GPS
mapping.
Children's Toys
Nintendo's "Game Boy", Mattel's "My Interactive Pooh",
Tiger Electronic's "Furby".
Communications
Satellites; network routers, switches, hubs.
Home
Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions,
stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler
controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering
machines.
4
5. Embedded System Applications
Industrial
Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots.
Office
Automation
FAX machines, copiers, telephones, cash registers.
Medical
Imaging systems (e.g., XRAY, MRI, and ultrasound),
patient monitors, heart pacers.
Personal
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), pagers, cell phones,
wrist watches, video games, portable MP3 players, GPS.
Instrumentation
Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal
analyzers, power supplies
Computer
Peripherals
Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard
disk drives, CD-ROM drives.
5
7. Embedded Systems Hardware
Embedded systems hardware is used for processing input to
provide output in task specific fashion
Input
Interface
Information
Processing Systems
Output
Interface
7
8. Processors
Micro-processors and Microcontrollers
Key Requirements:
Energy Efficiency
High Code Density
Combined Size of all instruction
Characteristics of a particular instruction set
8
9. Microprocessors
CPU for computers
No RAM, ROM, IO on CPU chip itself
Example: Intel x86, Motorola 680x0
CPU
DataBus
RAM
ROM
I/O
Ports
Timers
Serial
Port
Address Bus
9
10. Microcontrollers ?
Basically microcontroller is a device which
integrates a number of the components of a
microprocessor system onto a single microchip.
A Micro-controller combines onto the same
microchip.
The CPU core
CPU
RAM
ROM
I/O
Timers
Serial
Port
Memory
(both RAM and ROM)
Parallel Digital I/Os
other I/Os & more
10
11. Components of a Micro-controller
A Timer module to allow the micro-controller
to perform tasks for certain time periods
A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between
the micro-controller and other devices such as
a PC or another micro-controller
An ADC to allow the micro-controller to accept
analogue input data for processing
11
13. Why Micro-controller?
Low cost, small packaging
Low power consumption
Programmable, re-programmable
Lots of I/O capabilities
Easy integration with circuits
For applications in which cost, power and space are
critical
Single-purpose
13
14. Architectures
Von Neuman
Only one Memory holds data + instructions
Data and Program share the same bus and the
same memory, and so must have the same width.
CPU Registers:
PC, IR and other general
purpose
Bottleneck: Getting
instructions interferes with
accessing RAM
14
15. Architectures
contd…
Harvard
Separate program bus and data bus
Can be different widths!
Pipelining Easy
Allows 2 simultaneous
memory Fetches
Greater memory Bandwidth
More predictable Bandwidth
Most DSPs use Harvard Architecture for streaming data.
15
16. Architectures
contd…
CISC - (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
A large number of instructions each carrying
permutation of the same operation
Instructions provide for complex operations
Different instructions of different format
Different instructions of different length
Many Addressing modes
Requires multiple cycles for execution
16
17. Architectures
contd…
RISC- (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Reduced set of Instructions for simple operations
Pipeline Friendly
Each instruction of fixed length
Instructions that can be executed in a single cycle
Large general purpose Register set
Can contain data or addresses
Load-store Architecture
No Memory Access for data
17
19. Architectures
contd…
Super Scalar
Multiple CPUs in a single Processor
Processor decides at runtime about the instructions that
can be executed parallel. (Complex HW)
Instructions will be executed in an order different from the
strictly sequential one with the restriction that the result
must be correct.
Execution policies:
1. In-order issue with in-order completion
2. In-order issue with out-of-order completion
3. Out-of-order issue with out-of-order completion
Examples:
Intel’s Pentium, IBM Power2, AMD K5, MIPS R10K, HP PA8500,
Cyrix 6x86
19
20. Architectures
contd…
VLIW (Very Large Instruction Word)
Multiple CPUs in a single Processor
Compiler decides about the instructions that can
be executed parallel and can be grouped in one
bundle (ILP, Instruction Level Parallelism)
Examples:
i860 (dual mode: RISC and VLIW), TriMedia, SHARC,
Itanium, EPIC, ST200, StarCore, Transmeta Crusoe,
Xtensa
20
21. CISC vs RISC vs SS vs VLIW
CISC
RISC
Superscalar
VLIW
Instruction
size
variable size
fixed size
fixed size
fixed size (but
large)
Instruction
format
variable
format
fixed format
fixed format
fixed format
Registers
few, some
special
many GP
GP and rename many, many
(RUU)
GP
Memory
reference
embedded in
many instr’s
load/store
load/store
load/store
Key Issues
decode
complexity
data
forwarding,
hazards
hardware
dependency
resolution
code
scheduling,
(compiler)
Instruction
flow
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
EX M WB
IF ID
EX M WB
EX M WB
41. Embedded Automotive
More than 30% of the cost of a car is now in Electronics
90% of all innovations will be based on electronic systems
41
42.
43. Concluding Remarks
Embedded computers are all around us.
Many systems have complex embedded
hardware and software
Embedded systems have pose many design
challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc
Design methodologies help us manage the
design process
43