Here are a few things you could try to address the increased executable size and performance impact on the CPU cache:
1. Recompile the executables to only use 64-bit pointers where needed, and use 32-bit pointers elsewhere to reduce the overall size.
2. Optimize the compiler to better pack instructions and data to improve cache utilization.
3. Consider using position independent code (PIC) to allow sharing of common code segments between processes to reduce duplicated code.
4. Profile the applications to identify hot spots and optimize those sections first, such as improving data locality.
5. Consider using link-time optimizations (LTO) to better optimize across compilation units.
6. Upgrade CPU/
Introduction to Processor Design and ARM ProcessorDarling Jemima
The document discusses computer architecture and the MU0 processor. It provides details on MU0's instruction set, which uses 1-address instructions and has a small set of instructions including LDA, STA, ADD, SUB, JMP, JGE, JNE, and STP. The document also explains MU0's design, which has a program counter, accumulator, instruction register, and arithmetic logic unit. It describes how MU0 executes sample instructions in a step-by-step fashion.
This document provides an outline for the course CS-214 Computer Organization and Assembly Language. The course covers various topics related to computer systems including information representation, machine-level representation of programs, processor architecture, and the Y86 instruction set. Assessment is based on 4 credits with prerequisites of Digital Logic and Design. Required textbooks include Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, MIPS Assembly Language Programming, and Computer System Architecture. The course is taught by Syed Muhammad Rafi from the Department of Software Engineering at Ziauddin University.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and assembly language concepts including the CPU, registers, memory, and system bus. It summarizes that the CPU contains an execution unit and bus interface unit, uses various registers like general purpose registers and segment registers to store and access data and memory addresses. It describes different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache, and how memory is organized into segments and addressed using segment:offset notation. It concludes with an explanation of the system bus that connects the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, and the types of data transfers that occur over the bus.
This document discusses microprocessor architecture and memory interfacing. It provides an overview of the basic parts and operations of a microprocessor-based system including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It describes the different types of buses (address bus, data bus, control bus) and how they transfer data and signals. It also explains memory interfacing and addressing, different types of memory (RAM, ROM), and how microprocessors access memory using an address bus.
The document discusses computer architecture and the MIPS instruction set architecture. It begins by defining computer architecture as the instruction set architecture (ISA), which is the boundary between hardware and software and defines what a machine can do. It also discusses machine organization, which is how the hardware works to implement the ISA. The document then covers various aspects of the MIPS ISA, including its register-based load/store architecture, instruction formats, common operations like data movement and arithmetic, and addressing modes.
The document provides an overview of x86 assembly language architecture, including:
1) It describes the basic components of an x86 microcomputer including the CPU, memory, input/output ports, and motherboard.
2) It explains x86 processor architecture concepts such as modes of operation, registers, addressing modes, and the evolution of Intel processors.
3) It covers x86 memory management in real mode and protected mode as well as paging and segmentation.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device in a computer that performs calculations. It contains a clock that controls timing and can perform multiple calculations per clock cycle. The CPU communicates with other devices via buses and can perform arithmetic, move data between memory locations, and make decisions based on instructions. Modern CPUs have multiple cores and billions of transistors, allowing them to execute billions of instructions per second.
Introduction to Processor Design and ARM ProcessorDarling Jemima
The document discusses computer architecture and the MU0 processor. It provides details on MU0's instruction set, which uses 1-address instructions and has a small set of instructions including LDA, STA, ADD, SUB, JMP, JGE, JNE, and STP. The document also explains MU0's design, which has a program counter, accumulator, instruction register, and arithmetic logic unit. It describes how MU0 executes sample instructions in a step-by-step fashion.
This document provides an outline for the course CS-214 Computer Organization and Assembly Language. The course covers various topics related to computer systems including information representation, machine-level representation of programs, processor architecture, and the Y86 instruction set. Assessment is based on 4 credits with prerequisites of Digital Logic and Design. Required textbooks include Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, MIPS Assembly Language Programming, and Computer System Architecture. The course is taught by Syed Muhammad Rafi from the Department of Software Engineering at Ziauddin University.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and assembly language concepts including the CPU, registers, memory, and system bus. It summarizes that the CPU contains an execution unit and bus interface unit, uses various registers like general purpose registers and segment registers to store and access data and memory addresses. It describes different types of memory like RAM, ROM, and cache, and how memory is organized into segments and addressed using segment:offset notation. It concludes with an explanation of the system bus that connects the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, and the types of data transfers that occur over the bus.
This document discusses microprocessor architecture and memory interfacing. It provides an overview of the basic parts and operations of a microprocessor-based system including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It describes the different types of buses (address bus, data bus, control bus) and how they transfer data and signals. It also explains memory interfacing and addressing, different types of memory (RAM, ROM), and how microprocessors access memory using an address bus.
The document discusses computer architecture and the MIPS instruction set architecture. It begins by defining computer architecture as the instruction set architecture (ISA), which is the boundary between hardware and software and defines what a machine can do. It also discusses machine organization, which is how the hardware works to implement the ISA. The document then covers various aspects of the MIPS ISA, including its register-based load/store architecture, instruction formats, common operations like data movement and arithmetic, and addressing modes.
The document provides an overview of x86 assembly language architecture, including:
1) It describes the basic components of an x86 microcomputer including the CPU, memory, input/output ports, and motherboard.
2) It explains x86 processor architecture concepts such as modes of operation, registers, addressing modes, and the evolution of Intel processors.
3) It covers x86 memory management in real mode and protected mode as well as paging and segmentation.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device in a computer that performs calculations. It contains a clock that controls timing and can perform multiple calculations per clock cycle. The CPU communicates with other devices via buses and can perform arithmetic, move data between memory locations, and make decisions based on instructions. Modern CPUs have multiple cores and billions of transistors, allowing them to execute billions of instructions per second.
This document discusses the differences between RISC and CISC instruction set architectures. RISC uses simple, fixed-length instructions that can execute in one cycle, while CISC uses more complex, variable-length instructions that may take multiple cycles. Key differences include RISC having fewer instructions, registers, and addressing modes compared to CISC, which aims to support high-level languages with a wider range of instructions. Branching, condition codes, and instruction formats are also covered.
Chp3 designing bus system, memory & io copymkazree
The document discusses various concepts related to designing bus systems and interfacing memory and I/O devices with the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. It covers the address and data buses of the 68000, addressing modes, designing memory decoders, generating acknowledge signals, direct memory access, and memory-mapped I/O using devices like the 6821 PIA and 6850 ACIA.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware, software, and data. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, and peripheral devices. Software includes operating systems and programs. Data is the raw information input and output of the computer. Key components like CPUs, memory types, storage media, ports, expansion boards, and input/output devices are explained.
Social services and human rights to know.pptBharathR164555
This equipment represents Herman Hollerith's tabulating system from the late 19th century. Hollerith's system was first used to compile the 1890 U.S. Census. His patents were later acquired by IBM, forming the basis for IBM's punched card systems. The tabulator counted entries by closing electrical circuits through punched holes on cards, actuating electromagnets that advanced counting devices. An operator would place cards in a hand-operated reader to be counted one at a time.
This document provides an introduction to protected mode memory management in x86 microprocessors. It discusses key concepts like memory segmentation, privilege levels, and descriptor tables which the processor uses to implement protection between processes and enable virtual memory. Segmentation allows logically separating code, data, and stack segments to prevent processes from interfering with each other's memory.
The microprocessor is a programmable device that processes binary numbers according to instructions stored in memory. It contains arithmetic, logic, and control circuits on a single silicon chip. Early processors used discrete components but were large and slow. The invention of the microchip led to much smaller and faster processors by integrating all components onto a single silicon slice. Modern microprocessors manipulate 32-bit or 64-bit words and have instruction sets that define their capabilities. The 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor that used multiplexed address/data lines, requiring external latching to separate addresses from data.
The document discusses instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like instruction formats, types of instructions, addressing modes, operand types, and byte ordering. Instruction sets have operation codes, operands, and addressing that reference locations in memory or registers. Design decisions for instruction sets include the operation repertoire, number of registers, and addressing modes.
x86-64 is a superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. x86-64 processors can run existing 32-bit or 16-bit x86 programs at full speed, but also support new programs written with a 64-bit address space and other additional capabilities.
The document provides information about an upcoming prelim exam for CS 3410 at Cornell University. It states that the prelim will take place on the same day as the summary at 7:30pm sharp in various locations based on student ID. It covers material from chapters 1-4, homework assignments 1 and 2, and labs 0-2. Students should arrive early as the exam will start promptly.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
This document provides an overview of different processor architectures including RISC, accumulator, stack, and register-based architectures. It discusses the MIPS RISC architecture and why it is considered RISC. It then describes different processor examples like the 80x86 IA-32 architecture, the Pentium Pro, II, III, and IV, and the Java Virtual Machine stack-based architecture. It provides details on the complex IA-32 instruction set and addressing modes as well as performance enhancements in the Pentium series like out-of-order execution, deeper pipelining, caches, and hyperthreading.
This document discusses various types and implementations of parallel architectures. It covers parallelism concepts like data, thread, and instruction level parallelism. It also describes Flynn's taxonomy of parallel systems and different parallel machine designs like SIMD, vector, VLIW, and MIMD architectures. Specific examples of parallel supercomputers are provided like Cray, Connection Machine, and SGI Origin. Challenges in parallel programming and portability are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of MIPS machine language instructions. It describes the key components of MIPS instructions, including register operands, immediate operands, and different instruction formats. It explains basic arithmetic, load/store, branch, and jump instructions. It also discusses MIPS register organization, memory organization including byte ordering, the fetch-execute cycle, and MIPS addressing modes including register, word-relative, and PC-relative addressing. The document is serving as a lecture on MIPS instruction set architecture for a computer organization and architecture course.
The document summarizes the Cell processor architecture, which was developed as a collaboration between IBM, Sony, and Toshiba to address limitations in processor performance. The Cell consists of 9 cores - 1 PowerPC core called the PPE and 8 synergistic processor elements (SPEs) optimized for SIMD operations. It has a peak performance of over 200 GFLOPS and was used in the PlayStation 3 game console to enable graphics-intensive applications. The document outlines the Cell architecture and how it aims to overcome performance walls related to power, memory, and frequency limitations.
The document describes the architecture of the PowerPC microprocessor. It discusses the memory structure, registers, data formats, instruction formats, addressing modes, instruction set, and input/output. The PowerPC uses 32 general purpose 64-bit registers, has single and double precision floating point formats, and supports 7 basic 32-bit instruction formats. Memory addressing modes include register and immediate modes. I/O is performed through memory-mapped I/O using load and store instructions.
This presentation is about the design and function of a microprocessor, how to program and how to interface it with other electronics machines and devices
Chapter 1
Syllabus
Catalog Description: Computer structure, machine representation of data,
addressing and indexing, computation and control instructions, assembly
language and assemblers; procedures (subroutines) and data segments,
linkages and subroutine calling conventions, loaders; practical use of an
assembly language for computer implementation of illustrative examples.
Course Goals
0 Knowledge of the basic structure of microcomputers - registers, mem-
ory, addressing I/O devices, etc.
1 Knowledge of most non-privileged hardware instructions for the Ar-
chitecture being studied.
2 Ability to write small programs in assembly language
3 Knowledge of computer representations of data, and how to do simple
arithmetic in binary & hexadecimal, including conversions
4 Being able to implementing a moderately complicated algorithm in
assembler, with emphasis on efficiency.
5 Knowledge of procedure calling conventions and interfacing with high-
level languages.
Optional Text: Kip Irvine, Assembly Language for the IBM PC, Prentice
Hall, 4th or 5th edition
1
Additional References: Intel and DOS API documentation as presented
in Intel publications and online at www.x86.org; lecture notes (to be sup-
plied as we go).
Prerequisites by Topic. Working knowledge of some programming lan-
guage (102/103: C/C++); Minimal programming experience
Major Topics Covered in the Course:
1 Low-level and high-level languages; why learn assembler?
2 How does one study a new computer: the CPU, memory, addressing
modes, operation modes.
3 History of the Intel family of microprocessors.
4-5 Registers; simple arithmetic instructions; byte order; Arithmetic and
logical operations.
6 Implementing longer integer type support; carry and overflow.
7 Shifts, multiplication and division.
8 Memory layout.
9 Direct video memory access; discussion of the first project.
10 Assembler syntax; how to use the tools.
11-13 Conditional & unconditional jumps; loops; emulating high-level lan-
guage constructions; Stack; call and return; procedures
14-15 String instructions: effcient memory-to-memory operations.
16 Interrupts overview: interrupt table; how do interrupts work; classif-
cation.
17 Summary of the most important interrupts.
18-20 DOS interrupt; File I/O functions; file-copy program; discussion of
the second project
21 Interrupt handlers; keyboard drivers; timer-driven processes; viruses
and virus-protection software.
2
22 Debug interrupts; how do debuggers and profilers work.
23-24 (Optional).interfacing with high level languages; Protected mode fun-
damentals
Grading The grading is based on two projects, midterm project is 49%
and the final is 51%. Please note that the projects are individual, submitting
projects that are similar to submissions of others and/or are essentially
downloads from the Web would result in a fail.
Office Hours My hours this term for CSc 210 will be 3:45 ¶Ł 4:45 on
Mondays.
Zoom links:
11am https://ccny.zoom.us/j/8 ...
Java on arm theory, applications, and workloads [dev5048]Aleksei Voitylov
This document discusses optimizing Java performance on Arm processors. It describes adding intrinsics and stubs to the HotSpot JVM compiler to generate optimized Arm assembly for key methods like String processing and math functions. Benchmark results show up to 78x speedups for microbenchmarks and improved performance on SPECjbb2015 from these changes. The goal is to improve the performance of typical enterprise Java workloads on Arm servers.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
This document discusses the differences between RISC and CISC instruction set architectures. RISC uses simple, fixed-length instructions that can execute in one cycle, while CISC uses more complex, variable-length instructions that may take multiple cycles. Key differences include RISC having fewer instructions, registers, and addressing modes compared to CISC, which aims to support high-level languages with a wider range of instructions. Branching, condition codes, and instruction formats are also covered.
Chp3 designing bus system, memory & io copymkazree
The document discusses various concepts related to designing bus systems and interfacing memory and I/O devices with the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. It covers the address and data buses of the 68000, addressing modes, designing memory decoders, generating acknowledge signals, direct memory access, and memory-mapped I/O using devices like the 6821 PIA and 6850 ACIA.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware, software, and data. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, and peripheral devices. Software includes operating systems and programs. Data is the raw information input and output of the computer. Key components like CPUs, memory types, storage media, ports, expansion boards, and input/output devices are explained.
Social services and human rights to know.pptBharathR164555
This equipment represents Herman Hollerith's tabulating system from the late 19th century. Hollerith's system was first used to compile the 1890 U.S. Census. His patents were later acquired by IBM, forming the basis for IBM's punched card systems. The tabulator counted entries by closing electrical circuits through punched holes on cards, actuating electromagnets that advanced counting devices. An operator would place cards in a hand-operated reader to be counted one at a time.
This document provides an introduction to protected mode memory management in x86 microprocessors. It discusses key concepts like memory segmentation, privilege levels, and descriptor tables which the processor uses to implement protection between processes and enable virtual memory. Segmentation allows logically separating code, data, and stack segments to prevent processes from interfering with each other's memory.
The microprocessor is a programmable device that processes binary numbers according to instructions stored in memory. It contains arithmetic, logic, and control circuits on a single silicon chip. Early processors used discrete components but were large and slow. The invention of the microchip led to much smaller and faster processors by integrating all components onto a single silicon slice. Modern microprocessors manipulate 32-bit or 64-bit words and have instruction sets that define their capabilities. The 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor that used multiplexed address/data lines, requiring external latching to separate addresses from data.
The document discusses instruction sets and their characteristics. It covers topics like instruction formats, types of instructions, addressing modes, operand types, and byte ordering. Instruction sets have operation codes, operands, and addressing that reference locations in memory or registers. Design decisions for instruction sets include the operation repertoire, number of registers, and addressing modes.
x86-64 is a superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. x86-64 processors can run existing 32-bit or 16-bit x86 programs at full speed, but also support new programs written with a 64-bit address space and other additional capabilities.
The document provides information about an upcoming prelim exam for CS 3410 at Cornell University. It states that the prelim will take place on the same day as the summary at 7:30pm sharp in various locations based on student ID. It covers material from chapters 1-4, homework assignments 1 and 2, and labs 0-2. Students should arrive early as the exam will start promptly.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
This document provides an overview of different processor architectures including RISC, accumulator, stack, and register-based architectures. It discusses the MIPS RISC architecture and why it is considered RISC. It then describes different processor examples like the 80x86 IA-32 architecture, the Pentium Pro, II, III, and IV, and the Java Virtual Machine stack-based architecture. It provides details on the complex IA-32 instruction set and addressing modes as well as performance enhancements in the Pentium series like out-of-order execution, deeper pipelining, caches, and hyperthreading.
This document discusses various types and implementations of parallel architectures. It covers parallelism concepts like data, thread, and instruction level parallelism. It also describes Flynn's taxonomy of parallel systems and different parallel machine designs like SIMD, vector, VLIW, and MIMD architectures. Specific examples of parallel supercomputers are provided like Cray, Connection Machine, and SGI Origin. Challenges in parallel programming and portability are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of MIPS machine language instructions. It describes the key components of MIPS instructions, including register operands, immediate operands, and different instruction formats. It explains basic arithmetic, load/store, branch, and jump instructions. It also discusses MIPS register organization, memory organization including byte ordering, the fetch-execute cycle, and MIPS addressing modes including register, word-relative, and PC-relative addressing. The document is serving as a lecture on MIPS instruction set architecture for a computer organization and architecture course.
The document summarizes the Cell processor architecture, which was developed as a collaboration between IBM, Sony, and Toshiba to address limitations in processor performance. The Cell consists of 9 cores - 1 PowerPC core called the PPE and 8 synergistic processor elements (SPEs) optimized for SIMD operations. It has a peak performance of over 200 GFLOPS and was used in the PlayStation 3 game console to enable graphics-intensive applications. The document outlines the Cell architecture and how it aims to overcome performance walls related to power, memory, and frequency limitations.
The document describes the architecture of the PowerPC microprocessor. It discusses the memory structure, registers, data formats, instruction formats, addressing modes, instruction set, and input/output. The PowerPC uses 32 general purpose 64-bit registers, has single and double precision floating point formats, and supports 7 basic 32-bit instruction formats. Memory addressing modes include register and immediate modes. I/O is performed through memory-mapped I/O using load and store instructions.
This presentation is about the design and function of a microprocessor, how to program and how to interface it with other electronics machines and devices
Chapter 1
Syllabus
Catalog Description: Computer structure, machine representation of data,
addressing and indexing, computation and control instructions, assembly
language and assemblers; procedures (subroutines) and data segments,
linkages and subroutine calling conventions, loaders; practical use of an
assembly language for computer implementation of illustrative examples.
Course Goals
0 Knowledge of the basic structure of microcomputers - registers, mem-
ory, addressing I/O devices, etc.
1 Knowledge of most non-privileged hardware instructions for the Ar-
chitecture being studied.
2 Ability to write small programs in assembly language
3 Knowledge of computer representations of data, and how to do simple
arithmetic in binary & hexadecimal, including conversions
4 Being able to implementing a moderately complicated algorithm in
assembler, with emphasis on efficiency.
5 Knowledge of procedure calling conventions and interfacing with high-
level languages.
Optional Text: Kip Irvine, Assembly Language for the IBM PC, Prentice
Hall, 4th or 5th edition
1
Additional References: Intel and DOS API documentation as presented
in Intel publications and online at www.x86.org; lecture notes (to be sup-
plied as we go).
Prerequisites by Topic. Working knowledge of some programming lan-
guage (102/103: C/C++); Minimal programming experience
Major Topics Covered in the Course:
1 Low-level and high-level languages; why learn assembler?
2 How does one study a new computer: the CPU, memory, addressing
modes, operation modes.
3 History of the Intel family of microprocessors.
4-5 Registers; simple arithmetic instructions; byte order; Arithmetic and
logical operations.
6 Implementing longer integer type support; carry and overflow.
7 Shifts, multiplication and division.
8 Memory layout.
9 Direct video memory access; discussion of the first project.
10 Assembler syntax; how to use the tools.
11-13 Conditional & unconditional jumps; loops; emulating high-level lan-
guage constructions; Stack; call and return; procedures
14-15 String instructions: effcient memory-to-memory operations.
16 Interrupts overview: interrupt table; how do interrupts work; classif-
cation.
17 Summary of the most important interrupts.
18-20 DOS interrupt; File I/O functions; file-copy program; discussion of
the second project
21 Interrupt handlers; keyboard drivers; timer-driven processes; viruses
and virus-protection software.
2
22 Debug interrupts; how do debuggers and profilers work.
23-24 (Optional).interfacing with high level languages; Protected mode fun-
damentals
Grading The grading is based on two projects, midterm project is 49%
and the final is 51%. Please note that the projects are individual, submitting
projects that are similar to submissions of others and/or are essentially
downloads from the Web would result in a fail.
Office Hours My hours this term for CSc 210 will be 3:45 ¶Ł 4:45 on
Mondays.
Zoom links:
11am https://ccny.zoom.us/j/8 ...
Java on arm theory, applications, and workloads [dev5048]Aleksei Voitylov
This document discusses optimizing Java performance on Arm processors. It describes adding intrinsics and stubs to the HotSpot JVM compiler to generate optimized Arm assembly for key methods like String processing and math functions. Benchmark results show up to 78x speedups for microbenchmarks and improved performance on SPECjbb2015 from these changes. The goal is to improve the performance of typical enterprise Java workloads on Arm servers.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
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2. A Class in Eight Sections
Introduction, history, computers and CPUs
Memory
Operating systems and process basics
Responder training (Kent – 3 sessions)
Approach to forensic analysis
Case study – stepping through real malware
3. History
Hacking has always followed invention
1876 - Bell demonstrates the telephone
1878 - teenagers try to take it apart
~1971 - phone phreaking starts, hacking follows
1974 - unknown 15-yo teenager acquires
privileged access to CSUS computers
- To chance a view of the future, you must
understand the path which it used.
4. Some Numbers
2015 - $3.3B was invested in 229 startups
2017 – 780K jobs with 350K openings
2021 – 3.5million job openings (estimated)
Roughly ~250,000 unique pieces of Windows
malware appear every day
Cyber security will be a growth industry
because there is too much money in it for all
involved
5. Two Possible Futures
1. All the “bad guys” decide “it’s
just too much trouble and
give up”
2. They just keep coming and
getting more sophisticated
7. Numerology
8-bits think 256 (or 0x100)
16-bits think 64K (or 0x10000)
32-bits think 4G (or 0x100000000)
1M think 1M (or 0x100000)
All numbering systems start at 0
Only difference between signed and
unsigned values is semantics
1M is 1048576 not 1,000,000
Know hex like you have 16 fingers
9. The First Days (sorta)
CPU dealt with 8-bits at a time
Address was 16-bits, so <= 64Kbytes
Bus supported was 16-bit address, 8-bit data
I/O was completely separate operation
I/O address was 8-bits
4MHz bus clock
Some manufacturers attached those signals
to a connector called a bus
S-100,Apple,STD,SS-50, etc
11. The Second Days
CPU dealt with 8-bits at a time
8088, 7-byte prefetch, really an 8-bit processor
Address = 20-bits so 1M maximum
Bus supported 20-bit address, 8-bit data
I/O was 16-bit address and 16-bit data
First bus masters appeared
6MHz bus clock
12. x86 Not Orthogonal
Orthogonal means that any register can
be used for any operation
Not orthogonal means that registers
have specific tasks that the other
registers cannot perform
13. 16-bit Registers
AX – fastest, used in most opcodes
BX – pointer, used in some opcodes
CX – counter, used in some opcodes
DX – sometimes extension of AX
32-bit number was placed in DX:AX with DX
being the most significant 16-bits and AX
being the least significant 16-bits
14. More 16-bit Registers
DI – general purpose & destination pointer
SI – general purpose & source pointer
SP – stack pointer
BP – general purpose, pointer & used for
stack frame
F – flags, directly used with stack or AH
The difference
AX, BX, CX, DX have one byte subregisters
AH/AL, BH/BL, CH/CL, DH/DL
15. The Opcode
The opcode is a set of numbers that the
tell the CPU what to do
0x41 means add 1 to register CX
0x6B 0xC9 0x05 means CX = CX * 5
Think of the opcode as a verb (action)
Think of memory and registers as nouns
The opcode operates on nouns
16. Opcode Structure
All assembly language follows:
<opcode> <v1> [,<v2> [,<v3> […]]]
or
verb noun1, noun2, …
Opcodes have a target, explicit/implied
Opcodes can have 0 to many sources
17. Opcode Targets
Implicit: something in the CPU
SAHF, CLI, HLT
Explicit: register, memory
mov ax, 3
mov [memory_variable], dx
18. Opcode Sources
Implicit: something in the CPU
LAHF – load AH with the flags
PUSHF – store the flags on the stack
Explicit: register, memory, value
mov ax, bx
mov cx, [some_memory_variable]
mov dx, 45
19. x86 Op Codes
x86 currently has 981 unique opcodes
Compilers use ~25 opcodes 99.9% of
the time
Assembly language is like any other, just
think in smaller steps
Ones you should know:
mov, push, pop, jmp(s), call, cmp, add, sub
or, and, xor, inc, dec, test, shl, shr, ror, rol
and the ones that look like them
20. A Quick Opcode Eye Chart
mov : copies data
push/pop : stack in and out
jmp/call : goto or a function call
cmp : compares two values
add/sub/mul/div : math operators
and/or/xor/not : logical operators
inc/dec : ++ and - -
shl/shr/ror/rol : bit shifting/rotating
21. Addressing Modes
CPU has to access memory
Addressing modes you should know
Immediate: mov ax, A_VALUE
Direct: mov ax, memory_location
Indirect: mov ax, [bx]
Indirect+offset: mov ax, [bx + A_VALUE]
Indirect scaled: mov ax, [bx*4]
Combined: mov ax, [bx*4] + A_VALUE
22. Segment Registers
Used to reference a 16-byte location in
memory (e.g. segment 2 is address 32)
CS – code segment (ip)
DS – data segment (bx, si, di)
SS – stack segment (sp, bp)
ES – extra segment (di for string
opcodes)
23. How are Segments Used?
0
1
2
3
4
5
FFFB
FFFC
FFFD
FFFE
FFFF
0x00000
0x00060
0xFFFB0
0xFFFF0
DS == 0x0002
…
…
DS:0x0037 is address 0x00057
0x20 from DS being 2
+ 0x0037
= 0x00057
So, (segment number * 16) + offset
is the physical address.
Memory
Segments
1 megabyte of memory is divided
into 64K segments of 16-bytes each
Addresses
24. Segment Overrides
Normally pointer registers use certain
segments
DS – data segment (bx, si, di)
An override can be used to have a
pointer use another segment instead
es:[bx] means use ES not DS
26. How to CPUs Store Data
0x12345678
Little Endian (Intel, Arm)
0x78
0x56
0x34
0x12
+0
+1
+2
+3
0x12345678
Big Endian (Motorola, PowerPC, Arm)
0x12
0x34
0x56
0x78
+0
+1
+2
+3
Most modern embedded CPUs allow you to choose the endianness
28. 32-bit Land
CPU dealt with 16 or 32-bits at a time
Address was 32-bits
I/O was 16-bit address and 16-bit data
Registers became more orthogonal
Real, protected and V86 modes
real mode:16-bit, protected mode:32-bit
i386 had cache controller but no cache
I never saw a single system with one installed
29. Register Name Changes
AX -> EAX
BX -> EBX
CX -> ECX
DX -> EDX Well that’s
DI -> EDI exciting!
SI -> ESI
SP -> ESP
BP -> EBP
30. New Segment Registers
CS – code segment (eip)
DS – data segment
(eax,ebx,ecx,edx,esi,edi)
SS – stack segment (esp, ebp)
ES – extra segment (edi for strings)
FS - ??? eff segment?
GS - ??? gee segment?
32. Answer
They are no longer used for 16-byte
segments
They have new properties that define
where in physical memory they start
They provide the first taste of virtual
memory
33. 32-bit Segment Register Usage
M
e
m
o
r
y
DS describes address and size of data area
CS describes address and size of code area
34. 32-bit Segment Register Usage
M
e
m
o
r
y
CS
DS VMEM data location 0 is here
VMEM code location 0 is here
PHYSMEM VMEM
36. New Term: Superscaling
Superscaling allows a CPU to process
two opcodes in a single cycle
If a CPU could process two opcodes in a
cycle, then it needed to have opcodes
twice as fast
The opcodes can’t be dependent upon
each other
Leads to interesting opcode placement
by compilers
37. Why Wasn’t DRAM Good Enough?
CPU Byte Address DRAM
CPU DRAM
Get a byte
Some time later
38. Superscaling Led to Caching
In order to make simultaneous opcode
execution viable, a larger prefetch was
required (e.g. caching)
First showed up in the i486 for certain
pairs of opcodes
39. Caches
Very fast, expensive static RAM built into
the CPU
Must operate at twice the speed of the CPU
Different layers, L1, L2, maybe even L3
Each layer is faster than the one above
L1 faster than L2 faster than L3, etc
41. Caching Led to Page Mode DRAM
Full cache lines pulled in from RAM
rather than single words
Addressing by cache lines reduced the
number of pins required for DDR
43. Faster Systems -> Faster Bus
PCI – 32-bit open specification
Microchannel – 32-bit IBM proprietary
Both attempted to become the true
standard. PCI was free and
Microchannel cost $1000’s to license
44. PCI Bus
32-bit physical addressing
32-bit data
Designed to support multiple masters
I/O mapped addressing -> memory mapped
33MHz bus clock (133Mbyte throughput)
45. Bus Masters
Virtually all PCI devices are bus masters
Effectively a separate computer
No access to the CPU’s cache
47. PCI Led to Memory Structure
Bus masters operate on RAM directly
CPU and PCI accessing same thing is bad
news
Bus master buffers are cache line aligned
Bus master structures are aligned as well
PCI has 32-bit addressing limit so < 4GByte
PCI only deals with physical addressing so
there is no security
48. Memory Contention
CPU Core
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
DDR
Internal Bus
PCI Device
Drivers understand this problem
and structure themselves
accordingly.
49. PCI Issues
Parallel interface has several pins
Speed of light becomes a factor when
multiple high speed signals need to
reach their goal at the same time
At high speed, a trace becomes a
memory device
50. PCIe
High speed serial interface
Far fewer pins
Full 64-bit address range
Version 1, 2.5GHz per lane
Version 2, 5GHz per lane
Version 3, 8GHz per lane
etc
51. Legacy
64-bit addressing, but structures still stay
below 4G
Still deals with physical memory addresses
Has no security
52. 64-bit
rax, rbx, rcx, rdx, rdi, rsi, rbp, rsp
Plus r8 – r15
Virtual address range from 256TB to 16PB
Physical address range from 1TB (40 bits) to
256 TB (48 bits)
For the remainder of this series, I’ll refer to the
32-bit registers, but all can be 64-bit extended
54. Protection Rings
Intel has four security rings: 0 – 3
Ring 0 has full access to all opcodes
Ring 3 has limited access to opcodes
and certain memory
Drivers and OS run in ring 0/1
User software runs in ring 3
55. Problem for You to Think About
In a 16-bit, x86 computer, a segment
register is used as a base of a 16-byte
offset. So, ES = 0x1000, would be
based at the memory location 0x10000.
In a system with 1Mbyte of RAM (max
address location 0x100000), what would
happen if you load ES with 0xFFFF and
BX with 0x400 and then execute the
instruction: mov ax, es:[bx]?
56. Real World Problem
You created a 64-bit operating system.
You found that the size of your
executables almost doubled in size. You
found that this also caused the
programs to run slower because the
increased size was a burden on the
CPU cache.
What would you do to fix that?