The Renaissance began in Italy in the late middle ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. Three important factors in the rise of the Renaissance were the growing wealth and power of Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan due to trade, which enabled cultural development; the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, thanks to scholars like Petrarch; and new artistic techniques and perspectives developed by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael that mimicked nature. The movement enhanced science, philosophy, art, and literature.
The document summarizes key features of the Renaissance period between the 14th and 17th centuries in Europe. It began in Italy and comes from the French word for "rebirth." Major developments included the printing press which spread new ideas, humanism which emphasized human potential and secular concerns, the Renaissance Man with broad interests in science and arts, Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1492, the Protestant Reformation which sought to reform the Catholic Church, and Copernicus' theory in 1543 that displaced Earth from the center of the universe.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. In Italy, the Renaissance saw advancements in literature, philosophy, art, science, and architecture that emphasized humanism, secularism, and use of perspective and realism. Major Italian Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel ceiling, and School of Athens. The Renaissance ideals later influenced northern Europe with artists like Durer and architects like Brunelleschi leading the movement.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, describing its beginning in Italian city-states like Florence before spreading to Northern Europe. It discusses the Italian Renaissance's emphasis on secular pursuits and the arts, compared to the Northern Renaissance's greater focus on religious reform. Major themes of the Renaissance included humanism, secularism, and individualism. Significant figures that advanced new ideas included Petrarch, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Luther, and artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Durer. Innovations like the printing press and mechanical clocks helped spread new Renaissance concepts.
The document provides an overview of key developments during the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses how the Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and individualism. Specifically, it summarizes how the printing press allowed for wider dissemination of books and ideas; how vernacular languages like English, French, and Spanish developed their literary traditions; and how renowned artists and writers like Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and others made significant cultural contributions during this time.
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
This document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century. It discusses factors that contributed to the Renaissance such as increased trade, wealth in Italian city-states, and influence from classical Greek and Roman culture. Major artistic figures of the Renaissance are described like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Their famous works and new techniques in art are summarized. Writers of the time including Dante, Petrarch, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the start of the Modern Age, focusing on Humanism and the Renaissance. It discusses how the 15th-16th centuries saw changes that marked a new historical period in Europe. Humanism emerged as an intellectual movement that took inspiration from classical antiquity and placed mankind at the center. These ideas spread and influenced art during the Renaissance, particularly in Italy. The Renaissance saw developments in architecture, sculpture, and painting that emulated classical forms and placed new emphasis on nature, perspective and depicting reality. Famous artists from this period include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and others.
The document summarizes key features of the Renaissance period between the 14th and 17th centuries in Europe. It began in Italy and comes from the French word for "rebirth." Major developments included the printing press which spread new ideas, humanism which emphasized human potential and secular concerns, the Renaissance Man with broad interests in science and arts, Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1492, the Protestant Reformation which sought to reform the Catholic Church, and Copernicus' theory in 1543 that displaced Earth from the center of the universe.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. In Italy, the Renaissance saw advancements in literature, philosophy, art, science, and architecture that emphasized humanism, secularism, and use of perspective and realism. Major Italian Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who created famous works like the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel ceiling, and School of Athens. The Renaissance ideals later influenced northern Europe with artists like Durer and architects like Brunelleschi leading the movement.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, describing its beginning in Italian city-states like Florence before spreading to Northern Europe. It discusses the Italian Renaissance's emphasis on secular pursuits and the arts, compared to the Northern Renaissance's greater focus on religious reform. Major themes of the Renaissance included humanism, secularism, and individualism. Significant figures that advanced new ideas included Petrarch, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Luther, and artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Durer. Innovations like the printing press and mechanical clocks helped spread new Renaissance concepts.
The document provides an overview of key developments during the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses how the Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and individualism. Specifically, it summarizes how the printing press allowed for wider dissemination of books and ideas; how vernacular languages like English, French, and Spanish developed their literary traditions; and how renowned artists and writers like Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and others made significant cultural contributions during this time.
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
This document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century. It discusses factors that contributed to the Renaissance such as increased trade, wealth in Italian city-states, and influence from classical Greek and Roman culture. Major artistic figures of the Renaissance are described like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Their famous works and new techniques in art are summarized. Writers of the time including Dante, Petrarch, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the start of the Modern Age, focusing on Humanism and the Renaissance. It discusses how the 15th-16th centuries saw changes that marked a new historical period in Europe. Humanism emerged as an intellectual movement that took inspiration from classical antiquity and placed mankind at the center. These ideas spread and influenced art during the Renaissance, particularly in Italy. The Renaissance saw developments in architecture, sculpture, and painting that emulated classical forms and placed new emphasis on nature, perspective and depicting reality. Famous artists from this period include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and others.
The Medieval Period in England lasted from 1066 to 1485. In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and became the first Norman king of England. He established a feudal system and ordered the Domesday Book survey. The Roman Catholic Church was a powerful institution and the primary force of unity. Society was divided into three estates - clergy, nobles, and commoners. Medieval literature included genres such as romance, which featured tales of knights and courtly love, and religious mystery/morality plays. Important authors included Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the "Father of English Literature" for works like Canterbury Tales, and William Langland, who satirized
Christian Humanism emerged during the Reformation as a movement that emphasized studying early Christian writings and the Bible to reform the Catholic Church and improve society. A leading figure, Desiderius Erasmus, criticized the Church's corruption and hypocrisy in his influential work "In Praise of Folly" and called for reform from within. Martin Luther also sought reform but eventually broke from the Church over doctrines like salvation by faith alone, sparking the wider Protestant Reformation across Europe in various forms such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Church of England established under King Henry VIII.
The Protestant Reformation occurred in the 16th-17th centuries and was initiated by figures like Martin Luther who published his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517. Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn led to the establishment of the Church of England. William Tyndale translated the Bible into English, while Edmund Spenser and Erasmus sought reform from within the Catholic Church through their writings. The Reformation declined the power of feudalism and the papacy, increased literacy through Bible circulation, and supported intellectual progress, but also led to religious disputes and challenges to faith.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe from 1350-1600 CE. It discusses key ideas and developments including:
- The Renaissance marked a "rebirth" of art, literature, and ideas after the Middle Ages. This led some Europeans to leave the Catholic church and sparked the Reformation.
- The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy and spread north, influenced by trade between Europe and Africa and Greco-Roman culture.
- Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan played important roles in the origins and spread of Renaissance ideals. Powerful families like the Medicis in Florence supported artists.
- Renaissance art, architecture, and literature broke from medieval traditions through greater
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century as a period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Wealthy Italian merchants became patrons of the arts, supporting artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci. Their works expanded on classical Greek and Roman styles and emphasized principles like humanism and realistic perspective. The Renaissance spread north over the next hundred years, influencing regions like Germany and the Netherlands.
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation period in Europe between 1350-1600. It discusses the origins and spread of the Renaissance from Italy to Northern Europe. Key figures and developments discussed include the influential city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, and others; influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael; the impact of the printing press; and early Protestant reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII of England and the English Reformation.
The Puritan Age lasted from 1620-1660 in England. It was divided into the Jacobean period under King James I from 1603-1625 and the Caroline period under King Charles I from 1625-1649. Puritanism advocated strict religious discipline and simplification of the Church of England's ceremonies. Literature from this era focused on themes of sadness, gloom, and criticism as political and religious divisions split the country during this turbulent time in English history. John Milton was a prominent writer who represented the Puritan Age.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance period literature. It discusses how the Renaissance was a cultural movement that started in Italy and spread to Europe, marking a transition between the Middle Ages and modern era. This period saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift to studying humanity. Key developments included the printing press popularizing literature and William Shakespeare establishing himself as one of the greatest English authors through plays like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
The Renaissance was a period between the Middle Ages and modern times where interest in classical antiquity from Greece and Rome grew. It began in Italy in the 14th century and later spread north. Both Northern and Italian Renaissance art moved away from solely religious themes and toward more realistic depictions of people and use of perspective, influenced by humanism and the idea that humans themselves were capable of achievement.
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
This document provides an overview of lessons about the Renaissance. It discusses factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance like increased trade, growth of cities and wealth, and recovery from disasters. It describes how the Renaissance began in Italy and its city-states. Italian cities like Florence, Venice, and Milan grew wealthy from trade and supported the arts. The document discusses the Black Death plague and its impact. It also summarizes Machiavelli's political ideas from The Prince, including that rulers should be feared rather than loved. The document outlines lessons on Renaissance art, including differences between classical, medieval, and Renaissance styles. It discusses how Renaissance art focused more on humans and nature.
The document provides an overview of the Age of Enlightenment, including its key stages, roots in England, main concepts, and results. The Age of Enlightenment was a period from the 17th to early 19th centuries that witnessed progress in science, politics, and philosophical discourse. It emphasized reason, the scientific method, and the idea that society would progress over time. Some results included increased political freedom, the scientific revolution, and greater religious tolerance. The document also profiles several influential Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Denis Diderot, Benjamin Franklin, and Voltaire.
The rise of the Renaissance in Italy and its major contributions to the rebirth of Europe. Includes key people, artwork techniques, and activities. SC State Standard 6-6.1 and 2
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and marked a change from medieval to modern times. Wealthy Italian merchants funded artists and scholars after experiencing economic growth from trade. People began focusing more on the human/natural world rather than religion, embracing concepts like humanism. Renaissance art, architecture, and culture reflected these new ideals, becoming more realistic and influenced by classical Roman/Greek styles rather than medieval traditions.
The document summarizes the causes and impact of the Renaissance in different fields of human life during this period, as presented in a powerpoint by students of Maria's Day School, class 9(B). The Renaissance saw a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture that spread across Europe. This led to new discoveries of old texts, the popularization of printing, and declines in feudalism and the influence of religious authorities. The Renaissance significantly influenced art, architecture, science, literature, and transformed human thinking.
The Anglo Saxon or old English period and Anglo-Norman period or Middle Engli...IshaAli11
The document summarizes the Anglo-Saxon period from 450-1066 AD and the Anglo-Norman period from 1066-1500 AD in English literature. It discusses how the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to Britain and established Old English as the dominant language. It then covers the impact of the Norman conquest in 1066, including the rise of Norman-French as the new elite language. Key genres that developed during each period are also mentioned, such as Anglo-Saxon poetry including Beowulf, and Anglo-Norman romances and chronicles.
This document summarizes the Neoclassical period of British literature from the 17th to late 18th centuries. It was characterized by order, accuracy, structure, and adherence to classical models. The period is divided into the Restoration, Augustan, and Age of Johnson stages. Notable writers included Dryden, Pope, Swift, Johnson, and Gibbon. Their works emphasized reason, moral order, and witty styles within strict poetic forms. The era reflected Enlightenment ideals but also saw a transition toward the greater emotion of Romanticism.
This document summarizes the major periods of the English Renaissance from 1500-1660. It describes the Early Tudor Age from 1500-1557 as a time when Renaissance ideas replaced those of the Middle Ages in England. The Elizabethan Age from 1558-1603 saw a golden age of English literature under Queen Elizabeth I, including the works of Shakespeare, Spenser, and Jonson. The Jacobean Age from 1603-1625 continued this period of drama and poetry during the reign of King James I. The document then briefly outlines the Caroline Age from 1625-1642 and the Commonwealth Interregnum from 1649-1660.
This document provides information on several key figures from Renaissance literature. It discusses Dante Alighieri, the Italian poet who wrote The Divine Comedy in Tuscan dialect, helping establish Italian as a literary language. It also mentions Francesco Petrarca, an early Italian humanist known for his sonnets and developing the concept of the "Dark Ages", and Giovanni Boccaccio, whose Decameron examined realistic characters. Finally, it briefly outlines William Shakespeare, the renowned English dramatist who drew from Greek/Roman classics and focused on complex human characters.
The Medieval Period in England lasted from 1066 to 1485. In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and became the first Norman king of England. He established a feudal system and ordered the Domesday Book survey. The Roman Catholic Church was a powerful institution and the primary force of unity. Society was divided into three estates - clergy, nobles, and commoners. Medieval literature included genres such as romance, which featured tales of knights and courtly love, and religious mystery/morality plays. Important authors included Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the "Father of English Literature" for works like Canterbury Tales, and William Langland, who satirized
Christian Humanism emerged during the Reformation as a movement that emphasized studying early Christian writings and the Bible to reform the Catholic Church and improve society. A leading figure, Desiderius Erasmus, criticized the Church's corruption and hypocrisy in his influential work "In Praise of Folly" and called for reform from within. Martin Luther also sought reform but eventually broke from the Church over doctrines like salvation by faith alone, sparking the wider Protestant Reformation across Europe in various forms such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Church of England established under King Henry VIII.
The Protestant Reformation occurred in the 16th-17th centuries and was initiated by figures like Martin Luther who published his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517. Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn led to the establishment of the Church of England. William Tyndale translated the Bible into English, while Edmund Spenser and Erasmus sought reform from within the Catholic Church through their writings. The Reformation declined the power of feudalism and the papacy, increased literacy through Bible circulation, and supported intellectual progress, but also led to religious disputes and challenges to faith.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe from 1350-1600 CE. It discusses key ideas and developments including:
- The Renaissance marked a "rebirth" of art, literature, and ideas after the Middle Ages. This led some Europeans to leave the Catholic church and sparked the Reformation.
- The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy and spread north, influenced by trade between Europe and Africa and Greco-Roman culture.
- Italian city-states like Florence, Venice, and Milan played important roles in the origins and spread of Renaissance ideals. Powerful families like the Medicis in Florence supported artists.
- Renaissance art, architecture, and literature broke from medieval traditions through greater
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century as a period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Wealthy Italian merchants became patrons of the arts, supporting artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci. Their works expanded on classical Greek and Roman styles and emphasized principles like humanism and realistic perspective. The Renaissance spread north over the next hundred years, influencing regions like Germany and the Netherlands.
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation period in Europe between 1350-1600. It discusses the origins and spread of the Renaissance from Italy to Northern Europe. Key figures and developments discussed include the influential city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, and others; influential artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael; the impact of the printing press; and early Protestant reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII of England and the English Reformation.
The Puritan Age lasted from 1620-1660 in England. It was divided into the Jacobean period under King James I from 1603-1625 and the Caroline period under King Charles I from 1625-1649. Puritanism advocated strict religious discipline and simplification of the Church of England's ceremonies. Literature from this era focused on themes of sadness, gloom, and criticism as political and religious divisions split the country during this turbulent time in English history. John Milton was a prominent writer who represented the Puritan Age.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance period literature. It discusses how the Renaissance was a cultural movement that started in Italy and spread to Europe, marking a transition between the Middle Ages and modern era. This period saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift to studying humanity. Key developments included the printing press popularizing literature and William Shakespeare establishing himself as one of the greatest English authors through plays like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
The Renaissance was a period between the Middle Ages and modern times where interest in classical antiquity from Greece and Rome grew. It began in Italy in the 14th century and later spread north. Both Northern and Italian Renaissance art moved away from solely religious themes and toward more realistic depictions of people and use of perspective, influenced by humanism and the idea that humans themselves were capable of achievement.
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
This document provides an overview of lessons about the Renaissance. It discusses factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance like increased trade, growth of cities and wealth, and recovery from disasters. It describes how the Renaissance began in Italy and its city-states. Italian cities like Florence, Venice, and Milan grew wealthy from trade and supported the arts. The document discusses the Black Death plague and its impact. It also summarizes Machiavelli's political ideas from The Prince, including that rulers should be feared rather than loved. The document outlines lessons on Renaissance art, including differences between classical, medieval, and Renaissance styles. It discusses how Renaissance art focused more on humans and nature.
The document provides an overview of the Age of Enlightenment, including its key stages, roots in England, main concepts, and results. The Age of Enlightenment was a period from the 17th to early 19th centuries that witnessed progress in science, politics, and philosophical discourse. It emphasized reason, the scientific method, and the idea that society would progress over time. Some results included increased political freedom, the scientific revolution, and greater religious tolerance. The document also profiles several influential Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Denis Diderot, Benjamin Franklin, and Voltaire.
The rise of the Renaissance in Italy and its major contributions to the rebirth of Europe. Includes key people, artwork techniques, and activities. SC State Standard 6-6.1 and 2
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and marked a change from medieval to modern times. Wealthy Italian merchants funded artists and scholars after experiencing economic growth from trade. People began focusing more on the human/natural world rather than religion, embracing concepts like humanism. Renaissance art, architecture, and culture reflected these new ideals, becoming more realistic and influenced by classical Roman/Greek styles rather than medieval traditions.
The document summarizes the causes and impact of the Renaissance in different fields of human life during this period, as presented in a powerpoint by students of Maria's Day School, class 9(B). The Renaissance saw a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture that spread across Europe. This led to new discoveries of old texts, the popularization of printing, and declines in feudalism and the influence of religious authorities. The Renaissance significantly influenced art, architecture, science, literature, and transformed human thinking.
The Anglo Saxon or old English period and Anglo-Norman period or Middle Engli...IshaAli11
The document summarizes the Anglo-Saxon period from 450-1066 AD and the Anglo-Norman period from 1066-1500 AD in English literature. It discusses how the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to Britain and established Old English as the dominant language. It then covers the impact of the Norman conquest in 1066, including the rise of Norman-French as the new elite language. Key genres that developed during each period are also mentioned, such as Anglo-Saxon poetry including Beowulf, and Anglo-Norman romances and chronicles.
This document summarizes the Neoclassical period of British literature from the 17th to late 18th centuries. It was characterized by order, accuracy, structure, and adherence to classical models. The period is divided into the Restoration, Augustan, and Age of Johnson stages. Notable writers included Dryden, Pope, Swift, Johnson, and Gibbon. Their works emphasized reason, moral order, and witty styles within strict poetic forms. The era reflected Enlightenment ideals but also saw a transition toward the greater emotion of Romanticism.
This document summarizes the major periods of the English Renaissance from 1500-1660. It describes the Early Tudor Age from 1500-1557 as a time when Renaissance ideas replaced those of the Middle Ages in England. The Elizabethan Age from 1558-1603 saw a golden age of English literature under Queen Elizabeth I, including the works of Shakespeare, Spenser, and Jonson. The Jacobean Age from 1603-1625 continued this period of drama and poetry during the reign of King James I. The document then briefly outlines the Caroline Age from 1625-1642 and the Commonwealth Interregnum from 1649-1660.
This document provides information on several key figures from Renaissance literature. It discusses Dante Alighieri, the Italian poet who wrote The Divine Comedy in Tuscan dialect, helping establish Italian as a literary language. It also mentions Francesco Petrarca, an early Italian humanist known for his sonnets and developing the concept of the "Dark Ages", and Giovanni Boccaccio, whose Decameron examined realistic characters. Finally, it briefly outlines William Shakespeare, the renowned English dramatist who drew from Greek/Roman classics and focused on complex human characters.
The document discusses the philosophy of realism and its implications for education. It outlines four forms of realism - scholastic, humanistic, social, and sense-realism. Key philosophers discussed include Aristotle, Aquinas, Bacon, and Locke. Realism holds that the external world exists independently of the mind and can be understood through observation and experience. In education, realism emphasizes understanding the material world, a practical curriculum focused on science and culture, and developing the whole person.
1) As royal power grew in Europe during the Middle Ages, there was a need for more officials trained in law and record keeping, leading to a revival of learning and literacy outside the Church.
2) The first universities were established in the late 12th century, starting with Bologna in Italy, and theology and scholasticism were most highly regarded subjects.
3) Scholars began looking to ancient Greek classics and translating Arabic copies into Latin, contributing to the growth of knowledge in Western Europe.
The revival of learning from 1400-1550 saw the gradual enlightenment of the human mind after the Middle Ages. During this period, vernacular languages like English began to be used for literature and poetry, not just Latin. Some key developments included the first printing press in 1476, William Caxton printing the first book in English in 1473-74, Sir Thomas Malory compiling Le Morte d'Arthur around 1470 in early Modern English, and Desiderius Erasmus writing In Praise of Folly in Latin in 1509. The English Bible was also translated, with the Great Bible being the first authorized English version in 1539.
This will serve as your reviewer for the ST and TE. Please also search for others terms which meanings are not included (ex. blasphemers, panderer) since they are also included in the exams.
The document presents information about literature. It defines literature as creative works involving poetry, drama, fiction, and some instances of songs that consider human emotions. The major genres of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. Prose includes fiction and nonfiction, poetry uses techniques like rhythm and imagery, and drama is meant to be performed. The document also discusses the Renaissance literature, noting it was a rebirth of learning through ancient Greek and Latin texts and focused on studying humanity rather than religion. Key Renaissance writers mentioned include Shakespeare, Milton, Johnson, Sidney and Spenser.
This document provides an overview of German literature through various time periods from medieval times to the 20th century. It discusses major literary movements like Romanticism, Enlightenment, Expressionism and Dadaism. Some of the most prominent authors mentioned are Goethe, Schiller, Grimmelshausen during the Baroque period who wrote about the tragedies of the Thirty Years' War. The document also provides brief descriptions of key works produced during each literary era in Germany.
Dante Alighieri is considered the father of Italian literature. His masterpiece, the Divine Comedy, is widely regarded as the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language. Written between 1308 and 1321, the Divine Comedy is an epic poem that follows Dante on an allegorical journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso). Through this journey, Dante establishes the Tuscan language as the standardized Italian and influences many other important writers around the world.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet born in 1882 in Dublin. He is best known for his landmark works Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. His collection of short stories Dubliners, published in 1914, depicts middle-class life in Dublin in the early 20th century. The stories are grouped thematically from childhood to public/adult life to death. Key motifs in Dubliners include paralysis, epiphany, betrayal, and the intersection of life and death. Through precise realism and attention to detail rather than overt commentary, Joyce sought to reveal the inner lives and frustrations of his characters.
Dubliners is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce published in 1914. It depicts realist portrayals of lower middle-class life in Dublin in the early 20th century. The stories are divided into four sections based on different stages of life. Through minutely detailed descriptions, Joyce aims to critique Irish society and culture, exposing his characters as spiritually weak and trapped in the past. The stories provide a glimpse into Dublin society at the turn of the century through complex patterns and repetitions.
Les Misérables follows the story of Jean Valjean, an ex-convict who is released from prison and struggles to escape his past. The novel is divided into five parts with short chapters and examines themes of love, compassion, social injustice and the long term effects of the French Revolution. It follows the intertwining stories of Valjean, Fantine, Cosette, Marius and Javert across many years and locations in France.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist born in 1882 who is known for revolutionizing modernist literature. Some key points about his work include:
- His fiction disrupted conventional expectations about narrative certainty, heroism, and religious faith by offering a look at human consciousness in a world where grand beliefs were breaking down.
- Influences on his work included World War I, Ezra Pound's call to "make it new," and thinkers like Marx, Nietzsche, Darwin, and Freud who questioned traditional beliefs.
- His collection Dubliners, written between 1903-1907, contained 15 short stories meant to capture different aspects of Dublin life and portray "a chapter of the moral history of my country."
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe. It summarizes that the Renaissance was a period of transition from the Middle Ages to modern times where European nations rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman culture. Italy is identified as the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its proximity to ancient Rome. The document then highlights some of the key aspects of the Renaissance including Humanism, important figures like Petrarch and Machiavelli, the spread of Renaissance ideas, developments in art, architecture, literature and more. It concludes by noting some of the effects the Renaissance had, like sparking the intellectual revolution and paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.
The document discusses different perspectives on realism and its role in education. It covers classical realists like Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, modern realists such as Francis Bacon and John Locke, and contemporary realists including Alfred Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, Hilary Putnam, and John Searle. Realism in education aims to help students understand the material world through inquiry, science, and essential knowledge. Teachers play an important role in presenting curricula in a systematic, organized way to help students acquire the knowledge needed to survive.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright and poet widely considered one of the greatest writers in the English language. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets over the course of his career. Some of his most famous works include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Shakespeare lived during the Elizabethan era in England and wrote for The Lord Chamberlain's Men theatrical troupe, later known as the King's Men. He helped build The Globe Theater in London, where many of his plays were first performed.
The document provides an overview of the major periods in English literature from Old English to the Modern period. It summarizes the key historical events, literary movements, and important authors that defined each period, such as Beowulf in Old English, Chaucer in Middle English, Shakespeare in the Elizabethan period, and T.S. Eliot in the Modern period. Major genres and works that emerged are also mentioned for each literary time period outlined.
The story follows an unnamed narrator who develops a crush on his neighbor Mangan's sister. One day, she asks him to go to Araby, a bazaar, and buy her something, as she cannot attend. He eagerly awaits the day of the bazaar. However, on the day of the event, his uncle is late coming home with money for travel. By the time the narrator arrives at Araby, it is almost closed. He feels frustration as his romantic notions about the bazaar are shattered, realizing he was naive to think it could relieve his boredom.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. It was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning and values. Several Italian city-states, like Florence, Rome, Venice, and Milan, became centers of the Renaissance and saw cultural and artistic flourishing due to wealth accumulated through trade and banking. Renowned artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced famous works that defined the era. The widespread use of the printing press also helped spread Renaissance ideas across Europe.
The Italian Renaissance began in Florence in the late Middle Ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. The wealthy city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, Genoa, and Milan competed to commission art and architecture that demonstrated their power and wealth, leading to advances in these fields. Key figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and others who achieved great realism and mastery of techniques like perspective and anatomy. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas widely.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It describes how the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century as trade increased, allowing certain city-states like Florence to become wealthy centers of art, literature, and culture. Important figures that helped spread Renaissance ideas included Petrarch, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The document also summarizes how Martin Luther and other reformers criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a split in Christianity.
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance, including its origins, important city-states, prominent figures, and impact. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as European trade increased, allowing Italian merchants and their cities to grow wealthy. Powerful families like the Medicis in Florence helped sponsor the arts and transform cities into cultural centers. The Renaissance spread ideas across Europe in fields like art, literature, science, and education and emphasized humanism and secular thinking. Famous artists like da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced renowned works during this period.
During the 1400s in Italy, a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture known as the Renaissance developed. Wealthy patrons supported artists and scholars in the Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, and Florence. Renaissance thinkers explored humanism and secular ideas and used observation rather than religious teachings to explain the world. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others developed new techniques and created extremely lifelike paintings.
The document discusses the effects of the Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries. It states that the Crusades weakened the Byzantine Empire and allowed the Ottoman Turks to eventually conquer Constantinople in 1453. The Crusades also expanded cultural and economic exchange between Europe and the Middle East, increasing knowledge of places like Palestine in Europe. This stimulated trade and the development of banking/accounting in Italian cities like Venice and Genoa. The Crusades also introduced new technologies, literature, heraldry, and architectural styles to Europe. However, the cultural exchange was mostly from East to West, and the Crusades had negative impacts on the Muslim world by undermining tolerance.
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period from 1350-1550. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy as a "rebirth" that drew inspiration from classical Greece and Rome. Powerful city-states replaced the feudal system and a more secular worldview emerged. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci embodied the "Renaissance man" ideal of having broad and deep knowledge across many fields. The Renaissance also saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts that emulated styles of ancient civilizations.
Wealthy merchant families in Italian city-states like Florence and Milan grew very rich through trade and banking during the Renaissance, and became important patrons of the arts. Figures like Cosimo de' Medici in Florence and the Sforza family in Milan both grew wealthy and ruled their cities while supporting many artistic and scholarly projects. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman ideals of humanism, secularism, and intellectual thought that influenced literature, art, architecture and more across Italy and eventually northern Europe as well.
The document summarizes how the Crusades helped spark the Italian Renaissance by stimulating trade between Europe and the Middle East. This increased contact and exchange of goods and ideas. Wealth accumulated from trade led to the rise of powerful city-states like Florence, Venice, and Genoa. The Renaissance saw revolutions in art and literature as artists like Michelangelo and writers like Shakespeare embraced humanism and drew inspiration from classical antiquity. The printing press helped spread new Renaissance ideas across Europe.
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
The Renaissance was a period from the 1300s to 1500s when artistic creativity flourished in Europe, beginning and thriving most in Italian city-states that had grown wealthy from trade. A new way of thinking called humanism developed, emphasizing the importance of individual pursuits and worth, increasing emphasis on individualism in European society. Famous Renaissance humanists included artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo as well as writers like Niccolo Machiavelli and William Shakespeare.
During the 15th century Renaissance in Florence, Italy, artists like Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio, and Leonardo da Vinci made influential contributions that changed Western art. Brunelleschi measured ancient Roman buildings to understand classical proportions and designed Florence Cathedral's huge dome. Donatello carved some of the first large-scale freestanding statues since antiquity. Masaccio used light and shadow to give figures three-dimensionality in innovative frescoes. Leonardo was a genius in multiple fields but struggled to finish works, though the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are masterpieces. Their works were inspired by reviving principles of beauty and ideal form from ancient Greece and Rome.
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 where new ideas in art, expression, and intellectual works flourished. Major writings from ancient Greece and the Middle East were translated into Latin, spreading new ideas. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Florence and Venice funded the arts. Notable Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who pioneered new styles of art like realistic perspective and emphasis on individual subjects. The Renaissance valued humanism and reason over religious superstition.
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 that saw a rebirth of interest in classical learning and values. Major developments included an emphasis on humanism and reason over religious superstition, and increased access to ancient Greek and Muslim writings through translations into Latin. This led to new ideas exploding across Europe. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Venice and Florence funded the arts. Iconic Italian Renaissance artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. The Northern Renaissance saw a continuation of medieval realism with an emphasis on details, landscapes, middle-class life, and portraiture by artists like Jan van Eyck.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe between 1350-1550 CE. It discusses key aspects of the Renaissance such as Humanism, prominent Italian city-states, families like the Medici who supported the arts, and influential writers and artists of the time including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The printing press is also highlighted as an important development that spread new ideas and learning across Europe during this period.
The Renaissance began in 14th-15th century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires. Wealthy merchant families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts. Artists revived classical Greek and Roman styles and themes, focusing on realistic human proportions and forms. Thinkers began questioning established ideas and writing in local languages. The printing press spread new ideas rapidly. Scientists like Copernicus advanced heliocentric theories. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Botticelli created masterpieces emphasizing humanism, individualism, and secular themes. Architects blended classical and Christian styles in buildings like St. Peter's Basilica. The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth across Europe.
ED--The_Renaissance FOR SOCIAL STUDIES SAbigailRanque
The Renaissance began in 14th-15th century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires. Wealthy merchant families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts. Artists revived classical Greek and Roman styles and themes, focusing on realistic human proportions and anatomy. Thinkers began questioning established ideas and writing in local languages. The printing press spread new ideas rapidly. Scientists like Copernicus advanced heliocentric theories. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks emphasizing individualism, secular themes, and glorifying the human form and experience. The Renaissance marked a rebirth of interest in classical learning and emphasis on individual human achievement.
The Character Bosola in the play The Duchess of Malfi Monir Hossen
Daniel de Bosola is a complex, supporting character in John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. Though he acts as a villain who betrays the Duchess and kills others, he is essentially an intelligent, good man driven to dishonorable acts by poverty and circumstance. As a tool of the evil Duke Ferdinand, Bosola spies on and murders people, but grows to oppose Ferdinand. By the end, Bosola avenges the Duchess' death by killing both Ferdinand and the Cardinal.
The Return of the Native Presented by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This is a Victorian novel written by one of the notable author Thomas Hardy. The themes and imageries of this novel is really fantastic for the readers.
All for Love by John Dryden conducted by Monir HossenMonir Hossen
This document provides biographical information about John Dryden, an English poet, playwright, and literary critic who lived from 1631 to 1700. It discusses his most famous play, All for Love, which was written in 1677 as a tragedy focusing on the last days of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. The summary provides key details about the plot of the play, including Antony's love and eventual betrayal of Cleopatra, their suicides at the end, and the rise of Octavius Caesar. It also analyzes the characters of Antony, Cleopatra, Octavius, and Ventidius. The document thus comprehensively covers Dryden's play All for Love through summaries of its plot, characters,
The Way of the World Presented by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview of William Congreve's play The Way of the World through a lecture presented by Monir Hossen. It includes sections on Congreve's biography, the historical context of Restoration drama, a plot summary of The Way of the World, descriptions of key characters, and discussions of the themes of comedy of manners and Restoration theatre. The document analyzes Congreve's work through an educational lens to provide students with background information and critical analysis of The Way of the World.
Areopagitica (1644) by John Milton presented by Monir HossenMonir Hossen
John Milton wrote Areopagitica in 1644 to argue against censorship of publishing. He draws on examples from ancient Greece and Rome, who allowed open publishing but punished afterwards. Milton also contrasts this to Catholic censorship. While his immediate goal failed, Areopagitica became an influential work advocating freedom of speech and the press.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is considered the father of English poetry. He wrote some of the earliest poems in English, including The Canterbury Tales. The document provides biographical details about Chaucer, an overview of his major works, and a description of the characters from The Canterbury Tales that go on a pilgrimage and tell stories. Some of the most prominent characters described are the Knight, the Prioress, the Monk, the Friar, the Pardoner, the Wife of Bath, and the Miller. The document emphasizes Chaucer's important contributions to literature as one of the first authors to use English as a language of poetry and to portray realistic characters and contemporary life.
Macbeth by William Shakespeare presented by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview of William Shakespeare's play Macbeth. It includes quotes and summaries of key plot points and characters. The document discusses the story of Macbeth and how he becomes king by murdering the previous king, Duncan, after being influenced by prophecies from witches. It then leads Scotland into a tyrannical rule as he commits more murders to protect himself until his death. The document analyzes major themes like ambition and the difference between kingship and tyranny. It provides a character map and more quotes from the play.
Relationship among the characters in The Return of the Native by Hardy Presen...Monir Hossen
The presentation summarizes the characters and their relationships in Thomas Hardy's novel Return of the Native. It discusses the main characters including Clym and Eustacia Yeobright, Thomasin and Damon Wildeve, and Mrs. Yeobright. It also examines the role of nature as a character and how fate impacts the characters' lives. The presentation analyzes the complex relationships between the characters and themes of love, misunderstanding, ambition and neglect.
The document provides an overview of the Romantic Period in English literature from 1798-1832. It notes that Romanticism began with the joint publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1798. It then discusses some of the key features of Romantic literature like a love of nature, emphasis on emotion and imagination. The document also profiles several major Romantic authors like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and William Blake, highlighting some of their most important works and poetic philosophies that helped define the Romantic movement in English literature.
The theory of Impersonality by T.S. Eliot Monir Hossen
This document discusses T.S. Eliot's theory of impersonality in poetry. It provides context around Eliot's views as expressed in some of his early essays. While Eliot advocated for impersonality and focusing on the poetry rather than the poet, the document notes that critics have argued Eliot often smuggled his own personality back into his works. It also examines Eliot's use of first-person pronouns in some of his poems like "The Waste Land" and "Ash Wednesday" to show how exploring impersonality through pronouns is not entirely reliable given Eliot's use of persona.
Themes and motives in The Return of the Native by Thomas Hardy Presented by T...Monir Hossen
The document summarizes several key themes in Thomas Hardy's novel "The Return of the Native":
1) Love is often not romantic and characters fall in love based on fantasy rather than reality, as seen with Eustacia's love for Clym.
2) Man struggles to co-exist with the harsh natural environment of Egdon Heath, with nature operating in a Darwinian manner of survival and competition.
3) Fate plays a central role in the novel, with characters feeling ill-used by their fate and circumstances leading to despair and death.
4) Isolation, family dynamics, tradition, superstition, and marriage are also important themes explored in the novel.
Justification of the title The Return of the Native by Thomas Hardy Presente...Monir Hossen
This document justifies the title of Thomas Hardy's novel "The Return of the Native". It provides context about the Victorian era and Hardy's life. The plot involves Eustacia Vye trying to marry Clym Yeobright for her future, while Damon Wildeve has an affair with her. The title is justified as it refers to Clym returning to his native Egdon Heath after living in Paris, as well as themes of returning to religion, restored love, and Thomasin's return with Diggory Venn.
The Return of the Native by Thomas HardyMonir Hossen
Thomas Hardy's sixth novel, The Return of the Native, follows a tangled web of lovers on Egdon Heath. Damon Wildeve orchestrates a marriage delay to pursue Eustacia Vye, but she becomes interested in Clym Yeobright upon his return. They marry despite his mother's objections. Their marriage sours as Eustacia renews her affair with Wildeve. A series of tragic events, including Mrs. Yeobright's death and Eustacia and Wildeve's drowning, leaves Clym broken and Thomasin married to Diggory Venn.
This document provides background information on William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, including a plot summary and discussion of Renaissance elements in the play. It notes that the historical source for Macbeth was Holinshed's Chronicles of Scottish history. It summarizes the plot over 12 events and discusses Renaissance features like revival of classical literature, translation of texts, patriotism, humanism, literary discoveries, and the age of drama. It concludes that the play incorporates Renaissance elements like its historical source, themes of patriotism and adventure, supernatural elements from the witches, and use of literary devices.
Presentation on the Romantic Period by Scholars Group Monir Hossen
This document provides short notes and summaries on topics related to the Romantic period in English literature, including the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Romantic movement, Romanticism, symbolism, and spontaneity. It was presented by several students and includes an introduction, definitions of key terms, discussions of related historical events and their impacts, and characteristics of Romantic poetry and ideals. The document serves to outline important concepts and provide foundational information on the Romantic era for further discussion.
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This document provides short notes and summaries on topics related to the Romantic period in English literature, including the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Romantic movement, Romanticism, symbolism, and spontaneity. It was presented by several students and includes an introduction, definitions of key terms, discussions of related historical events and their impacts, and characteristics of Romantic poetry and ideals. The document serves to outline important concepts and provide foundational information on the Romantic era for students in an English literature course.
Romanticism and William Wordsworth by Romance Group Monir Hossen
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2. The Italian Renaissance
►Renaissance rebirth
►Italian Renaissance rebirth of ancient
Greek & Roman worlds
►Characteristics
Secular Urban society (City-states)
Age of Recovery
New view of human ability & worth
3. Origins of the Renaissance
►European trade with Asia increased during
the 1300s.
►2. Italian merchants organized much of this
trade.
►3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.
►4. They competed to create works that
would increase the prestige of their cities.
Venice
Genoa
Milan
4. Origins of the Renaissance (cont)
►5. Florence became a center for banking,
art, culture, and literature.
►6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make
Florence the most beautiful city.
►7. The Renaissance began in Italy and
spread throughout Europe.
5. Important City-States of the
Renaissance
►Florence
►Rome
►Venice
►Genoa
►Milan
Genoa Towers,
Palazzo
Contarini
del Bovolo,
Venice
Façade and
bell tower,
Santa Maria
del Fiore,
Florence
Comune
gi Milano,
Milan
7. Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY
Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy
Each Italian
city-state had
its own wealthy
ruler.
8. Florence
► Center of art, literature,
and culture.
► Florence became
wealthy from the
manufacturing of wool.
► Later Florence became
the banking center of
Italy.
► The Medici family were
the greatest bankers in
Florence.
9. Florence
► The Renaissance
started in Florence
and spread
throughout Europe.
► Competition between
the Italian city-states
led to advances in
literature,
architecture, art,
music, science, and
education.
10. Medici Family
►Ruled Florence, 13th 17th Centuries
►Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful
city in the world – Became Patrons of the
Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci,
Raphael & Michelangelo)
►Lorenzo (The Magnificent) –
created peace among Italian
states, ended w/his death,
2 years later FR invades
11. Rome
► Home of the Catholic
Church
► Popes commissioned
famous artists and
architects to beautify
Rome. Michelangelo,
Raphael, and Botticelli
all produced major
works in Rome.
12. Rome► The popes employed the best artists
and architects of the Renaissance to build and
decorate the most opulent churches in in the world.
► Michelangelo designed the finest example of
Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del
Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the
dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).
13. Venice
► Venice was the wealthiest city-
state of the Renaissance.
► It was a port city on the
Mediterranean.
► Venice maintained hundreds of
merchant ships and warships,
and thousands of sailors.
14. Genoa
► Genoa is located on the
Mediterranean.
► Genoa was one of two
main port cities in Italy
during the Renaissance.
► Genoa was one of the
wealthiest city-states of
the Renaissance.
► Dominated trade in the
Mediterranean
Genoa
Harbor
15. Milan
► Milan dominated the inland
trade routes because it was the
gateway to Italy from the north.
► Milan is the site of Santa Maria
delle Grazie, the cathedral where
Leonardo da Vinci painted The
Last Supper in the dining hall.
16. Niccolo Machiavelli
► IT philosopher, diplomat, poet,
musician, playwright..
► Best known for The Prince – realist politics
Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and
powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning
and practical)
“The Ends Justify the Means”
“It was better to be feared than to be loved”
All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
► 1st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt
stability
17. Renaissance Society
►Strict Class society
Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group
►Strict rules and expectations
►Born not made or earned
Townspeople
►Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor
►Provide goods & services
Peasants – weakest, but largest group
►More freedoms as serfdom decreased
►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by
Renaissance
19. Italian Renaissance Humanism
► Stressed that man was the center of the universe
and had dignity and value
► Humanism – intellectual movement based on the
classics
Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
philosophy & history (the Humanities)
► Ren Educations – based on humanism
Goal – create complete citizens
► Vernacular Literature – written in common lang
Dante, Chaucer, Pizan
20. Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
► Petrarch was a scholar and
poet who was responsible for
the recovery of manuscripts
and works of Greek and
Roman writers.
► He traveled throughout Europe
recovering manuscripts of
Cicero and other Roman
authors that had been lost in
monastery libraries.
► Petrarch, like other writers of
the time, wrote in Latin.
Francesco
Petrarch
21. Dante Alighieri
► “Father of the Italian
Language”
► Wrote The Divine Comedy.
► The Divine Comedy is
considered one of the greatest
works of Italian and world
literature.
► Dante was first to write in the
vernacular, the language used
in everyday life. Until his time,
all European literature was
written in Latin.
Dante
Alighieri
23. The Artistic Renaissance in
Italy
► Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the
1500s.
Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the
Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art
patronage.
► 3 Masters of the High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
► Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance
Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences
24. New Artistic Techniques
►Fresco –
watercolor on
fresh plaster
►Law of
Perspective
►Study of human
anatomy
►GOAL – imitate
nature
From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book
25. Leonardo da Vinci
► Master of realism &
perspective
► Studied human
anatomy (cadavers)
to be as accurate as
possible
► Sculptor, painter,
astronomer,
inventor – a true
“Renaissance Man”
26. Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
A page from one of da Vinci’s
notebooks, he “coded” his work
by writing backwards. He could
read it, but most other people
would need a mirror to read it.
27. Raphael Santi
►1 of the top Renaissance painters
►Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
►A major artist in the Vatican
Madonna
of the
Meadows
Madonna del
Granduca
29. Raphael Santi
The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought
to have drawn his likenesses. 6: Pythagoras? 7: Alexander the Great? 12: Socrates?
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle holding the Ethics? 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: 18: Euclid or Archimedes
with students 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael)
30. Michelangelo Buonarroti
►Painter, sculptor and architect
►Most famous for work in Vatican City
Vatican City
St. Peter’s Bascillica
(large domed building) –
designed by Michelangelo
(St. Peter’s Square –
designed by Bernini)
31. Michelangelo
Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of
Genesis
The Creation of Adam
The Last Judgement
On the Alter Wall of the
Sistine Chapel.
32. Michelangelo, the sculptor
The Pieta –
marble statue
of a crucified
Jesus being
held by his
mother Mary.
In St. Peter’s
Basilica.
33. Michelangelo, the sculptor
David – carved from
one piece of marble
from 1501 to 1504.
Said to be
proportionally perfect,
though David is 17
feet tall
34. Northern Italian Renaissance
►Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux, Neth
►Due to weather- few frescoes
Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
►Jan van Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
paints
Oils allow greater variety of color
& detail
Portrait of a Man in a
Turban , probably a
self-portrait, painted
1433
35. Albrecht Durer
►German
►1 of greatest Northern
Renaissance artists
►Revolutionized woodcuts
►Studied in Italy on
several different
occasions
36.
37. Architecture
► Architectural design returns
to the classical styles of
Rome and Greece.
► Public buildings, homes and
villas are designed using
Greek and Roman
architectural styles.
► Renaissance buildings
feature columns, domes, and
vaulted ceilings.
► Brunelleschi designs the first
domed building.
► Perspective becomes
important in architecture.
40. The Printing Press
► Johannes Gutenberg was a
German goldsmith and printer.
► Gutenberg was the first to
develop movable type. This
allowed for mass production of
books.
► Gutenberg’s invention
revolutionized book-making in
Europe.
► Gutenberg was the key figure
in spreading the Renaissance.
► His invention of movable type
is still considered the most
important invention in history.
41. IMPACT
► Much easier to
publish books
► Increased literacy
► 1450-1500, 20 million
books printed
covering 35,000
topics
► Vernacular Literature
– written in common
language
Dante, Chaucer,
Shakespeare
42. Writers of the Renaissance
►With the printing press. books become more
affordable and more people (mostly wealthy)
learn to read
►Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all
important writers of the time
►But there were more…
43. Miguel de Cervantes
► Cervantes was a Spanish novelist,
poet, painter, and playwright.
He was born in La Mancha, Spain.
► Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
influential work of literature to come out of the
Spanish Golden Age.
► Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said
that he left Castile because of a duel.
► Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while
serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
agent.
44. New Words Abound…
Alligator Laughingstock Worthless
Critical Lonely Zany
Equivocal Luggage
Eyeball Manager
Eyesore Puke
Gloomy Torture
But where did they come from?
45. William Shakespeare
► Shakespeare is considered the
greatest writer and dramatist of
all time.
► Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius
Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night
Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much
Ado About Nothing, Twelfth
Night, Hamlet and more.
► Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154
sonnets, two narrative poems,
and other poems.
“All the world’s a stage,
and all the men and
women merely players
there, they have their exits
and their entrances, and
one man in his time plays
many parts….”
William Shakespeare
46. Shakespeare
► William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan era
Greatest of English Renaissance authors
His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical
Greek and Roman culture, individualism and
humanism
Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
Known for the “timelessness” of his work
Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been
made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I
Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the
Shrew)
47. Contributions of the Renaissance
► Invention of the Gutenberg Press
► The banking industry
► Exploration, colonization of world
► Expansion of trade
► Humanism, individual is the center of the universe
► Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge
and philosophy
► Gateway to modern art forms
► Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and
sculpture
► Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to know
more
48. The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
► Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR,
HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control
► Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)
Pope Clement forced to flee
Aftermath:
►End of Roman Renaissance
►Damaged Papal prestige
►SP dominant power in IT
►Charles V given freedom to act
on Reformation in Germany
FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard
members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.
49. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
►Religious reforms dividing western Christianity
►Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of
power and corruption
►Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Church
Believed through reason, and studying the
classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)
Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian Humanism
►Suggested reforming from within the Church
50. Desiderius Erasmus
► Erasmus was a Dutch scholar,
humanist, and theologian.
► Erasmus was ordained a Catholic
priest, but never practiced
priestly duties.
► Instead, he studied theology and
classical Greek at the universities
of Paris and Cambridge.
► Erasmus was critical of some of
the practices and doctrines of the
Catholic Church.
► Erasmus sought to reform the
Catholic Church.
Desiderius
Erasmus
51. Calls to Reform the Church
►In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it
Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church
leaders and the clergy
The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and
influenced Martin Luther
52. Why reform?
►Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of
spiritual leadership
►Scientific advances contradicted the Church
►People wanted to know how to save souls
►Indulgences –a release of a
soul from purgatory for
monetary donation –
a HUGE abuse of
Church power!
53. What was the Protestant
Reformation?
► Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman
Catholic
► The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the
Catholic Church
► People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the
corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
► In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their
own religions
► The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the
formation of these new Protestant religions
55. MARTIN LUTHER
► German Priest
► Saw problems in the Church
► Church believed salvation gained
from faith + good work
Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door
in Wittenburg, Ger
His criticisms of Church
1000s of copies distributed through
Germany
56. The Reformation Begins
► By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church
► Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in
Germany & est a German Church
► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms
Called by Emperor Charles V,
wanted Luther to change his
ideas, Luther – “NO”
Edict of Worms issued, making
Luther an outlaw
Luther kept in hiding by
his prince
57. Lutheranism
►Followers of Luther’s religious practices
►Gained support of many German princes
►1524, German peasants revolted & hoped
Luther would support them, because Luther
needed the princes’ support, he did not help
the peasants
►Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
To achieve peace HRE Emperor Charles V
accepted the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger
princes to choose the faith of their region)
58. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
►Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
►Zwinglian Reformation
Banned all religious relics & images
Whitewashed all church interiors
No music in church services
Does note merge w/Luther b/c
can’t agree with the meaning
of communion
59. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war)
► French, fled for safety to Switzerland
► 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
Created a church govt of elect & laity
Used consistory (moral police)
► Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath.
► Ideas spread FR, Neth, Scot…
► Mid 16th C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. Reformation in England
► Political, not religious motives for reform
► Henry VIII – King of England
Needs a male heir to carry on
the Tudor Dynasty
Married Catherine of Aragon
(Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)
Have a daughter, Mary
No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you
need an annulment, granted by the
Church. The Pope grants it for a King.
66. Reformation in England (cont)
►The Pope refused to grant the annulment,
too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor)
►After a long argument, Henry decided to
break from Catholic Church
►Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
►Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng
King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions
Remained close to Cath teachings
67. Henry & his wives
► Henry was
desperate for a son.
So much so he
married 6 times!!
► The saying goes…
Divorced, Beheaded,
Died
Divorced, Beheaded,
Survived
Horrible Histories
68. The Church of England
► 1547 – Henry died
His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne
► The Church of England- aka Anglican Church
Became more Protestant
Angering Catholics
► 1553 – Edward dies
His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
She wants to restore Catholicism
“Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics
Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot
69. The Catholic Reformation
►Protestantism spreading rapidly through Eur
►Church sees need to reform
Raises the standards of the clergy
Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and
morale
Contributed significantly to producing the
Catholic Church as we know it today.
►Pillars of Catholic Reformation
1. Reform of Papacy
2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
3. Council of Trent
70. The Papacy
►Corruption had to be
addressed
►Pope Paul II led papal
reform
Oversaw the creation of
the Jesuit order
Opened the Council of
Trent
Revived the Inquisition
71. The Jesuits
►Most significant agency of
Catholic reform
►Founded by Ignatius of
Loyola
Spanish soldier
Injured in battle
►Had a conversion during
recovery, dedicated himself
to the Church
72. Role of Jesuits
►Missionaries
Convert former and non-
Catholics
►Urged the religious
education of children
►Devoted to religious and
secular education
Secondary schools
Colleges/Universities
Seminaries
73. Council of Trent
►Met over 18 year period (1545-63)
►Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
Including 7 sacraments
Maintained salvation was gained through faith
and good works
►More strict rules for clergy
Incl more education for priests
►Each diocese established a seminary
►Banned indulgences!!
74. The Inquisition
►Church’s way to
suppress heresy
►Infamous for its
cruelty
►Followed strictly in
Spain, Portugal and
Rome
►Some countries, like
France, refused