Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
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The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature.
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Medieval period
The document discusses several key aspects of life in medieval England between 1066 and 1485, including the following:
1) Feudalism was the dominant social hierarchy, with the king at the top and serfs at the bottom, and each person swearing allegiance to those of higher status.
2) The Norman conquest in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established a powerful Anglo-Norman state and integrated England more with the rest of Europe.
3) The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution, controlling intellectual thought and participating in inquisitions until the Renaissance.
4) The Black Death plague in 1348 killed up to half of Europe's population and contributed to the
Chapter 17.1 italy, birthplace of the renaissance
The Italian Renaissance was a period between 1300-1600 when learning, art, and culture revived and flourished. Wealthy merchant families like the Medicis in Florence supported scholars, artists, and humanism. Artists studied classical Greek and Roman works and applied realistic styles to subjects like portraits and sculptures of prominent individuals. Major artists of the time included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and female artists like Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi. Writers also embraced vernacular languages and individual expression in works by figures like Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli.
Renaissance and reformation quick review
1) The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century and saw a rebirth of classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome in areas like art, politics, science, and education.
2) Two of the most famous Italian Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, inventor, and scientist, and Michelangelo, known for realistic sculptures and paintings including the Sistine Chapel.
3) The Protestant Reformation began as a protest against corruption in the Catholic Church and led to new Christian denominations like Lutheranism and Anglicanism. Martin Luther and Henry VIII helped establish these new branches of Christianity.
The age of imperialism
During the late 19th century, powerful European nations and imperial powers like Great Britain, France, and Germany colonized much of Africa and Asia in pursuit of raw materials, new markets, and national prestige through building overseas empires. This period of imperial expansion, known as the Age of Imperialism, saw European powers divide up Africa at the Berlin Conference without input from Africans. Resistance to imperialism emerged from colonized peoples in places like South Africa, India, and China, but European military superiority allowed them to maintain control over most colonized territories by 1914.
Renaissance and reformation
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
Scientific revolutionpowerpoint
During the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s, scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton made important contributions that changed views of the universe and established the scientific method. Copernicus proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, contradicting the Church's teachings. Kepler proved Copernicus right and also discovered elliptical orbits. Galileo improved the telescope and made observations supporting Copernicus, but got in trouble with the Church. Newton discovered gravity and laws of motion and established classical mechanics. Their work fundamentally transformed science and thinking.
Northern Renaissance
The document discusses the spread of the Northern Renaissance from Italy to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Key artists of the Northern Renaissance such as Jan van Eyck and Hieronymus Bosch are mentioned for their highly detailed realist style. The document also outlines some of the political, religious, and economic developments occurring in major European powers such as Spain, England, and the Netherlands during this period.
Renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
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Medieval period
The document discusses several key aspects of life in medieval England between 1066 and 1485, including the following:
1) Feudalism was the dominant social hierarchy, with the king at the top and serfs at the bottom, and each person swearing allegiance to those of higher status.
2) The Norman conquest in 1066 led by William the Conqueror established a powerful Anglo-Norman state and integrated England more with the rest of Europe.
3) The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution, controlling intellectual thought and participating in inquisitions until the Renaissance.
4) The Black Death plague in 1348 killed up to half of Europe's population and contributed to the
Chapter 17.1 italy, birthplace of the renaissance
The Italian Renaissance was a period between 1300-1600 when learning, art, and culture revived and flourished. Wealthy merchant families like the Medicis in Florence supported scholars, artists, and humanism. Artists studied classical Greek and Roman works and applied realistic styles to subjects like portraits and sculptures of prominent individuals. Major artists of the time included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and female artists like Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi. Writers also embraced vernacular languages and individual expression in works by figures like Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli.
Renaissance and reformation quick review
1) The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century and saw a rebirth of classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome in areas like art, politics, science, and education.
2) Two of the most famous Italian Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, inventor, and scientist, and Michelangelo, known for realistic sculptures and paintings including the Sistine Chapel.
3) The Protestant Reformation began as a protest against corruption in the Catholic Church and led to new Christian denominations like Lutheranism and Anglicanism. Martin Luther and Henry VIII helped establish these new branches of Christianity.
The age of imperialism
During the late 19th century, powerful European nations and imperial powers like Great Britain, France, and Germany colonized much of Africa and Asia in pursuit of raw materials, new markets, and national prestige through building overseas empires. This period of imperial expansion, known as the Age of Imperialism, saw European powers divide up Africa at the Berlin Conference without input from Africans. Resistance to imperialism emerged from colonized peoples in places like South Africa, India, and China, but European military superiority allowed them to maintain control over most colonized territories by 1914.
Renaissance and reformation
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
Scientific revolutionpowerpoint
During the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s, scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton made important contributions that changed views of the universe and established the scientific method. Copernicus proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, contradicting the Church's teachings. Kepler proved Copernicus right and also discovered elliptical orbits. Galileo improved the telescope and made observations supporting Copernicus, but got in trouble with the Church. Newton discovered gravity and laws of motion and established classical mechanics. Their work fundamentally transformed science and thinking.
Northern Renaissance
The document discusses the spread of the Northern Renaissance from Italy to other parts of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Key artists of the Northern Renaissance such as Jan van Eyck and Hieronymus Bosch are mentioned for their highly detailed realist style. The document also outlines some of the political, religious, and economic developments occurring in major European powers such as Spain, England, and the Netherlands during this period.
Renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy after the Middle Ages as a revival of classical antiquity and spread across Europe. It lasted from the 13th to 16th centuries. Humanism emerged as the study of classical antiquity to better understand humanity. Italian humanism originated in cities like Florence and Siena due to their wealth, independence, and Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance emphasized academic freedom, abundant living, and liberal education through studying Greek and Roman classics. Notable artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo. Northern humanism focused more on religious and social issues through figures like Erasmus and Rabelais. The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices, while the
The renaissance ppt
This document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century. It discusses factors that contributed to the Renaissance such as increased trade, wealth in Italian city-states, and influence from classical Greek and Roman culture. Major artistic figures of the Renaissance are described like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Their famous works and new techniques in art are summarized. Writers of the time including Dante, Petrarch, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More are also mentioned.
Colonialism
European colonialism expanded greatly between the 15th and early 20th centuries as European powers established overseas empires and spheres of influence in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Key events included Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, opening the sea route to India and East Asia; Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Caribbean beginning in 1492; and the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century which saw European powers carve up the continent. European colonialism had huge economic, political, and cultural impacts on colonized regions around the world.
The Renaissance
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, describing its beginning in Italian city-states like Florence before spreading to Northern Europe. It discusses the Italian Renaissance's emphasis on secular pursuits and the arts, compared to the Northern Renaissance's greater focus on religious reform. Major themes of the Renaissance included humanism, secularism, and individualism. Significant figures that advanced new ideas included Petrarch, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Luther, and artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Durer. Innovations like the printing press and mechanical clocks helped spread new Renaissance concepts.
The Middle Ages
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
French revolution & napoleon
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution from 1789-1815 and Napoleon's rise and fall. It discusses several key events:
1) The storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, a symbolic start to the revolution.
2) The National Assembly declares itself sovereign and adopts the "Rights of Man" as France's new constitution in 1789.
3) Napoleon stages a coup in 1799 and later crowns himself emperor, seeking to spread French ideals across Europe through war.
4) Napoleon's empire eventually collapses after his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 and defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
5
The northern renaissance
The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
The Enlightenment
The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
22.2 the enlightenment in europe
The document summarizes key thinkers and ideas during the Enlightenment period in Europe. It describes Thomas Hobbes's view of strong central government and absolute monarchy. John Locke believed in natural rights and that government's power comes from the consent of the people. Other thinkers mentioned include Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria, Wollstonecraft, and Mary Shelley, along with some of their central beliefs and contributions to political philosophy and society.
23.2 revolution brings reform and terror
After the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establishing principles of liberty, equality, and resistance to oppression. During the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, radical Jacobins took control and executed over 40,000 people, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Led by Robespierre, the Terror established radical reforms through violence and executions until Robespierre himself was overthrown and guillotined in 1794.
24.1 latin american peoples win independence
1. Spurred by Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought for independence from colonial rule in the early 1800s.
2. Creole leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutionary armies that liberated much of Latin America, with Bolívar freeing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia by 1824.
3. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Creole general Agustín de Iturbide, while Brazil peacefully separated from Portugal in 1822 under the leadership of Dom Pedro, who declared Brazil's independence and became its first emperor.
Ap age of exploration powerpoint
The document discusses the Age of Exploration beginning in the 1400s in Europe. Demand for goods from Asia was high, driving European powers like Portugal and Spain to seek new trade routes and lands. Technological advances in navigation helped explorers like da Gama and Columbus reach Asia and the Americas. Their voyages led to colonization of the Americas and establishment of European empires, bringing profound changes through encounters with native peoples and the slave trade.
Britain in WWI
Civilians on the British home front were affected by World War 1 in several ways:
1) Food rationing was introduced in 1917 and became compulsory in 1918 to address food shortages caused by German U-boats sinking British merchant ships carrying supplies.
2) Conscription was introduced in 1916, requiring all men aged 18-40 to register for potential military service.
3) Censorship of soldiers' letters and limitation of news about casualties was implemented to maintain public morale and support for the war effort.
European exploration
The document provides information about European exploration between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal, under Prince Henry the Navigator, began exploring westward down the coast of Africa in search of trade routes. This led to Portugal establishing the first global maritime empire and discovering routes to India and Brazil. It also discusses Spain's exploration led by Christopher Columbus, which expanded Spain's territory through conquests in the Americas by conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro. Finally, it summarizes the establishment of British, French, Dutch and other European colonial empires through continued exploration, trade and colonization efforts around the world.
21 1 spain’s empire and european absolutism
During a time of religious and economic instability in 16th century Spain, Philip II ruled with a strong hand and expanded Spain's vast empire through war and conquest. However, rising taxes and inflation weakened Spain's economy over time. The Dutch Revolt resulted in the independence of the Netherlands, and the Dutch Republic became a prosperous trading power while practicing religious tolerance. Meanwhile, other European monarchs asserted more absolute control over their kingdoms in response to crises and challenges to their authority in the 17th century.
17.2 - The Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance in several key ways. While wealthy merchants and independent city-states drove the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance was led by powerful monarchies in countries like France. King Francis I of France was a major patron of the arts who sponsored works by Leonardo da Vinci and expanded the royal library. Literature during this period combined humanist ideas with Christianity. Additionally, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made books widely accessible for the first time by allowing mass production of written works.
World War II
The document provides an overview of key events leading up to and during World War II, beginning with the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations after WWI. It discusses the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s and their acts of aggression. Major sections cover the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, key battles on the Eastern and Western Fronts, Allied conferences and strategy, and the war against Japan in the Pacific theater. The document concludes with Germany and Japan's defeat in 1945 and discussions of war crimes and postwar settlements.
Europeans explore the east
Portugal led the initial wave of European exploration in the 15th century, with Prince Henry encouraging voyages down the west coast of Africa. Vasco da Gama then reached India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and demonstrating the wealth that could be attained. Spain soon followed, with Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while attempting to find a western route to Asia. This led to rivalry between Spain and Portugal over territorial claims that was settled by the Treaty of Tordesilla in 1494, which divided the new world between them. Other European powers like the Dutch Republic soon entered the exploration race in search of trade and riches.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire originated from Turkish tribes migrating to Asia Minor between 1000-1200 AD. They converted to Islam and eventually replaced Arabic-speakers as rulers of Islamic kingdoms. By the 1200s, the Ottomans had risen to power in Asia Minor as local lords competed for control in the region between the declining Byzantine and Seljuk Empires. The Ottomans expanded their empire through military conquest, capturing Constantinople in 1453 and much of the Balkans. In its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent from 1520-1566, the Ottoman Empire spanned Europe, Asia Minor, and parts of Arabia.
25.4 reforming the industrialized world
The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms. Early philosophers like Adam Smith supported laissez-faire economics and free markets while thinkers like Malthus and Ricardo saw capitalism leading to overpopulation and a permanent underclass. Socialists like Robert Owen and Karl Marx argued that government intervention could reduce inequality and poverty. Labor unions formed to advocate for workers' rights and reforms gradually limited child labor and established safety standards through laws. The reform movement also sought to abolish slavery and fight for women's rights.
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon was born in 1769
Napoleonic wars started after the French Revolution
Ended with the Battle of Waterloo
17.1 - Italy, Birthplace Of The Renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including:
1) The Renaissance began in Italy, particularly northern Italian city-states like Florence, due to strong economies based on trade which empowered merchants over feudal lords.
2) Florence became a center of the Renaissance under the patronage of the Medici family, most notably Lorenzo de' Medici, who sponsored many great artists and thinkers.
3) Renaissance art and literature broke from medieval traditions by embracing realism, perspective, and a focus on classical antiquity as well as humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and secular subjects.
17.2 the-northern-renaissance
The Northern Renaissance began around 1450 as influences from Italy spread outside its borders following periods of war and plague. A major proponent was French King Francis I from 1515-1547, who embraced humanism and sponsored the arts. He lured Leonardo da Vinci to France and greatly expanded the royal library. Printing presses, invented by Johann Gutenberg, mass-produced texts and spread Renaissance ideas more widely. Literature took on a Christian humanist bent, emphasizing human freedom within Christianity. Art emulated Italian techniques like perspective and realism as seen in the works of artists like Durer, van Eyck, and Holbein.
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The renaissance ppt
This document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 14th century. It discusses factors that contributed to the Renaissance such as increased trade, wealth in Italian city-states, and influence from classical Greek and Roman culture. Major artistic figures of the Renaissance are described like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Their famous works and new techniques in art are summarized. Writers of the time including Dante, Petrarch, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More are also mentioned.
Colonialism
European colonialism expanded greatly between the 15th and early 20th centuries as European powers established overseas empires and spheres of influence in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Key events included Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, opening the sea route to India and East Asia; Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Caribbean beginning in 1492; and the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century which saw European powers carve up the continent. European colonialism had huge economic, political, and cultural impacts on colonized regions around the world.
The Renaissance
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, describing its beginning in Italian city-states like Florence before spreading to Northern Europe. It discusses the Italian Renaissance's emphasis on secular pursuits and the arts, compared to the Northern Renaissance's greater focus on religious reform. Major themes of the Renaissance included humanism, secularism, and individualism. Significant figures that advanced new ideas included Petrarch, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Luther, and artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Durer. Innovations like the printing press and mechanical clocks helped spread new Renaissance concepts.
The Middle Ages
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
French revolution & napoleon
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution from 1789-1815 and Napoleon's rise and fall. It discusses several key events:
1) The storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, a symbolic start to the revolution.
2) The National Assembly declares itself sovereign and adopts the "Rights of Man" as France's new constitution in 1789.
3) Napoleon stages a coup in 1799 and later crowns himself emperor, seeking to spread French ideals across Europe through war.
4) Napoleon's empire eventually collapses after his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 and defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
5
The northern renaissance
The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
The Enlightenment
The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
22.2 the enlightenment in europe
The document summarizes key thinkers and ideas during the Enlightenment period in Europe. It describes Thomas Hobbes's view of strong central government and absolute monarchy. John Locke believed in natural rights and that government's power comes from the consent of the people. Other thinkers mentioned include Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria, Wollstonecraft, and Mary Shelley, along with some of their central beliefs and contributions to political philosophy and society.
23.2 revolution brings reform and terror
After the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establishing principles of liberty, equality, and resistance to oppression. During the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, radical Jacobins took control and executed over 40,000 people, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Led by Robespierre, the Terror established radical reforms through violence and executions until Robespierre himself was overthrown and guillotined in 1794.
24.1 latin american peoples win independence
1. Spurred by Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought for independence from colonial rule in the early 1800s.
2. Creole leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutionary armies that liberated much of Latin America, with Bolívar freeing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia by 1824.
3. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Creole general Agustín de Iturbide, while Brazil peacefully separated from Portugal in 1822 under the leadership of Dom Pedro, who declared Brazil's independence and became its first emperor.
Ap age of exploration powerpoint
The document discusses the Age of Exploration beginning in the 1400s in Europe. Demand for goods from Asia was high, driving European powers like Portugal and Spain to seek new trade routes and lands. Technological advances in navigation helped explorers like da Gama and Columbus reach Asia and the Americas. Their voyages led to colonization of the Americas and establishment of European empires, bringing profound changes through encounters with native peoples and the slave trade.
Britain in WWI
Civilians on the British home front were affected by World War 1 in several ways:
1) Food rationing was introduced in 1917 and became compulsory in 1918 to address food shortages caused by German U-boats sinking British merchant ships carrying supplies.
2) Conscription was introduced in 1916, requiring all men aged 18-40 to register for potential military service.
3) Censorship of soldiers' letters and limitation of news about casualties was implemented to maintain public morale and support for the war effort.
European exploration
The document provides information about European exploration between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal, under Prince Henry the Navigator, began exploring westward down the coast of Africa in search of trade routes. This led to Portugal establishing the first global maritime empire and discovering routes to India and Brazil. It also discusses Spain's exploration led by Christopher Columbus, which expanded Spain's territory through conquests in the Americas by conquistadors like Cortez and Pizarro. Finally, it summarizes the establishment of British, French, Dutch and other European colonial empires through continued exploration, trade and colonization efforts around the world.
21 1 spain’s empire and european absolutism
During a time of religious and economic instability in 16th century Spain, Philip II ruled with a strong hand and expanded Spain's vast empire through war and conquest. However, rising taxes and inflation weakened Spain's economy over time. The Dutch Revolt resulted in the independence of the Netherlands, and the Dutch Republic became a prosperous trading power while practicing religious tolerance. Meanwhile, other European monarchs asserted more absolute control over their kingdoms in response to crises and challenges to their authority in the 17th century.
17.2 - The Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance in several key ways. While wealthy merchants and independent city-states drove the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance was led by powerful monarchies in countries like France. King Francis I of France was a major patron of the arts who sponsored works by Leonardo da Vinci and expanded the royal library. Literature during this period combined humanist ideas with Christianity. Additionally, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made books widely accessible for the first time by allowing mass production of written works.
World War II
The document provides an overview of key events leading up to and during World War II, beginning with the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations after WWI. It discusses the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s and their acts of aggression. Major sections cover the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, key battles on the Eastern and Western Fronts, Allied conferences and strategy, and the war against Japan in the Pacific theater. The document concludes with Germany and Japan's defeat in 1945 and discussions of war crimes and postwar settlements.
Europeans explore the east
Portugal led the initial wave of European exploration in the 15th century, with Prince Henry encouraging voyages down the west coast of Africa. Vasco da Gama then reached India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and demonstrating the wealth that could be attained. Spain soon followed, with Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while attempting to find a western route to Asia. This led to rivalry between Spain and Portugal over territorial claims that was settled by the Treaty of Tordesilla in 1494, which divided the new world between them. Other European powers like the Dutch Republic soon entered the exploration race in search of trade and riches.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire originated from Turkish tribes migrating to Asia Minor between 1000-1200 AD. They converted to Islam and eventually replaced Arabic-speakers as rulers of Islamic kingdoms. By the 1200s, the Ottomans had risen to power in Asia Minor as local lords competed for control in the region between the declining Byzantine and Seljuk Empires. The Ottomans expanded their empire through military conquest, capturing Constantinople in 1453 and much of the Balkans. In its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent from 1520-1566, the Ottoman Empire spanned Europe, Asia Minor, and parts of Arabia.
25.4 reforming the industrialized world
The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms. Early philosophers like Adam Smith supported laissez-faire economics and free markets while thinkers like Malthus and Ricardo saw capitalism leading to overpopulation and a permanent underclass. Socialists like Robert Owen and Karl Marx argued that government intervention could reduce inequality and poverty. Labor unions formed to advocate for workers' rights and reforms gradually limited child labor and established safety standards through laws. The reform movement also sought to abolish slavery and fight for women's rights.
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon was born in 1769
Napoleonic wars started after the French Revolution
Ended with the Battle of Waterloo
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17.1 - Italy, Birthplace Of The Renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including:
1) The Renaissance began in Italy, particularly northern Italian city-states like Florence, due to strong economies based on trade which empowered merchants over feudal lords.
2) Florence became a center of the Renaissance under the patronage of the Medici family, most notably Lorenzo de' Medici, who sponsored many great artists and thinkers.
3) Renaissance art and literature broke from medieval traditions by embracing realism, perspective, and a focus on classical antiquity as well as humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and secular subjects.
17.2 the-northern-renaissance
The Northern Renaissance began around 1450 as influences from Italy spread outside its borders following periods of war and plague. A major proponent was French King Francis I from 1515-1547, who embraced humanism and sponsored the arts. He lured Leonardo da Vinci to France and greatly expanded the royal library. Printing presses, invented by Johann Gutenberg, mass-produced texts and spread Renaissance ideas more widely. Literature took on a Christian humanist bent, emphasizing human freedom within Christianity. Art emulated Italian techniques like perspective and realism as seen in the works of artists like Durer, van Eyck, and Holbein.
World History Ch. 17 Section 1 Notes
Esma'il focused on spreading Shiism through military conquest, but suffered a major defeat against the Ottomans. 'Abbas focused more on domestic reforms like strengthening the government and military by acquiring modern weapons, which allowed him to defeat enemies and bring a golden age of culture and trade to the Safavid Empire.
The inca
The Inca civilization originated in Peru and grew to cover over 2,500 miles across western South America by the 15th century, comprising around 12 million people. Ruled by a divine king called the Sapa Inca, the Inca built infrastructure like the 2,000 mile Royal Road and suspension bridges. They developed advanced agricultural techniques using terracing. The Inca had no written language but used knotted string records and a messenger system to efficiently govern their vast empire.
Renaissance Art
The document summarizes major developments in Renaissance art in Italy and Northern Europe. It discusses breakthroughs like the use of oil paint on canvas and techniques like perspective, chiaroscuro, and pyramid composition that emerged in Italy. Major Italian artists mentioned include Donatello, Botticelli, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. Northern European artists discussed include Holbein, Dürer, and Bruegal, who painted with great detail and realism. The Renaissance saw a shift from rigid medieval styles to naturalistic representations and a focus on humanism, anatomy, and ideal form.
Unit 8 Reformation, Humanism, Renaissance Art
This document provides an overview of humanism, the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation, and Renaissance art. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther who initiated the Protestant Reformation by rejecting the Pope's authority. It also describes the Counter-Reformation led by the Catholic Church in response to Protestantism through the Council of Trent. Additionally, it characterizes humanism as an intellectual movement that placed human beings at the center. Finally, it outlines the characteristics and major artists of the Renaissance in Italy, including figures like Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
Renaissance art
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art, which originated in 15th century Italy in Florence and saw a rebirth of classical Greco-Roman artistic styles and techniques. Key characteristics included a focus on classicism, realism, perspective, and the human figure. Major artists from this period included Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Raphael. The Renaissance then spread to other parts of Europe, including the development of oil painting techniques in Flanders by artists such as the Van Eyck brothers and Hieronymus Bosch.
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Wh Renaissance For Posting
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 where new ideas in art, expression, and intellectual works flourished. Major writings from ancient Greece and the Middle East were translated into Latin, spreading new ideas. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Florence and Venice funded the arts. Notable Renaissance figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, who pioneered new styles of art like realistic perspective and emphasis on individual subjects. The Renaissance valued humanism and reason over religious superstition.
Wh Renaissance For Posting
The Renaissance was a period between 1400-1700 that saw a rebirth of interest in classical learning and values. Major developments included an emphasis on humanism and reason over religious superstition, and increased access to ancient Greek and Muslim writings through translations into Latin. This led to new ideas exploding across Europe. The Renaissance began in Italy, where wealthy merchant cities like Venice and Florence funded the arts. Iconic Italian Renaissance artists included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. The Northern Renaissance saw a continuation of medieval realism with an emphasis on details, landscapes, middle-class life, and portraiture by artists like Jan van Eyck.
Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance began in Florence in the late Middle Ages and spread across Europe. It was characterized by a revival of learning based on classical sources. The wealthy city-states of Florence, Rome, Venice, Genoa, and Milan competed to commission art and architecture that demonstrated their power and wealth, leading to advances in these fields. Key figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and others who achieved great realism and mastery of techniques like perspective and anatomy. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas widely.
Renaissance.ppt
The Renaissance was a period from the 1300s to 1500s when artistic creativity flourished in Europe, beginning and thriving most in Italian city-states that had grown wealthy from trade. A new way of thinking called humanism developed, emphasizing the importance of individual pursuits and worth, increasing emphasis on individualism in European society. Famous Renaissance humanists included artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo as well as writers like Niccolo Machiavelli and William Shakespeare.
Renaissance Art
During the Renaissance, art was commissioned by powerful groups and individuals to glorify themselves and promote particular religious doctrines. Subject matter became more secular over time, depicting myths and portraits that displayed wealth and physical uniqueness. Artists gained more social status and signed their works, seeing themselves as divine creators on par with God. The culture of the Renaissance mainly affected the educated elite and mercantile class.
The renaissance
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe. It summarizes that the Renaissance was a period of transition from the Middle Ages to modern times where European nations rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman culture. Italy is identified as the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its proximity to ancient Rome. The document then highlights some of the key aspects of the Renaissance including Humanism, important figures like Petrarch and Machiavelli, the spread of Renaissance ideas, developments in art, architecture, literature and more. It concludes by noting some of the effects the Renaissance had, like sparking the intellectual revolution and paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.
The Renaissance
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance, including:
1) Changes in society and the rise of wealthy city-states like Florence and Venice stimulated new ideas and interest in art and learning.
2) Ideas like humanism and secularism emerged, with a new focus on ancient Greek and Roman culture and individual achievement.
3) Renaissance artists pioneered new techniques like realistic perspective and used their skills to depict religious subjects and myths in a more humanistic style.
Italian Renaissance Essay
The Italian Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 16th centuries that saw a rebirth of art and intellectual thought inspired by classical antiquity. Major artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo gained fame for their realistic paintings and sculptures that represented biblical themes and ideas of individualism in the styles of ancient Greeks and Romans. This new artistic movement and perspective spread from Italy throughout Europe.
Ch. 12 sec. 1 & 2
The document provides an overview of the Early Renaissance period from 1350-1550. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy as a "rebirth" that drew inspiration from classical Greece and Rome. Powerful city-states replaced the feudal system and a more secular worldview emerged. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci embodied the "Renaissance man" ideal of having broad and deep knowledge across many fields. The Renaissance also saw developments in painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts that emulated styles of ancient civilizations.
Renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy between 1400-1600 and saw a revival of art, architecture, and learning that was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman forms and ideals. Key characteristics included more realistic and lifelike depictions of figures and use of perspective. Famous early Renaissance artists included Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. The invention of the printing press in 1450 helped spread Renaissance ideas more widely. Renaissance architecture featured more symmetrical designs and classical orders of columns while painting placed more emphasis on realism, nature, and secular subjects over religious ones alone.
Renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects and events of the Renaissance period from the 1350s to 1700. It discusses how the opening of the Silk Road by Mongols, and the travels of Marco Polo, sparked European interest in Chinese goods. The Black Death had some positive impacts by leaving farmland and resources untouched. Scholars fled the fall of Constantinople to Italy, bringing ancient Greek and Roman texts. Major Italian cities like Florence saw a flourishing of the arts sponsored by wealthy families like the Medicis. Figures like Machiavelli and the concept of humanism marked a shift toward secular thinking and questioning established powers. The printing press helped spread new Renaissance ideas across Europe.
C:\fakepath\renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects and events of the Renaissance period from the 1350s to 1700. It discusses how the opening of the Silk Road by Mongols, and the travels of Marco Polo exposed Europeans to Chinese goods and culture. The Black Death had some positive impacts by increasing spending as people sought to improve their lives. Scholars fled the fall of Constantinople bringing ancient Greek and Roman texts to Italy, fueling interest in classical learning. Major Italian cities like Florence saw a flourishing of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis sponsored artists and architects. Figures like Machiavelli and the concept of humanism reflected new ways of thinking that questioned religious authority and put more emphasis on human abilities and
Renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects and events of the Renaissance period from the 1350s to 1700. It discusses how the opening of the Silk Road by Mongols, and the travels of Marco Polo exposed Europeans to Chinese goods and culture. The Black Death had some positive impacts by increasing spending as people sought to improve their lives. Scholars fled the fall of Constantinople bringing ancient Greek and Roman texts to Italy, fueling interest in classical learning. Major Italian cities like Florence saw a flourishing of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis sponsored artists and architects. Figures like Machiavelli and the concept of humanism marked a shift toward secular and human-centered worldviews. The printing press helped spread
Renaissance
The document summarizes key aspects and events of the Renaissance period from the 1350s to 1700. It discusses how the opening of the Silk Road by Mongols, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Black Death impacted Europe. It also describes how the fall of Constantinople led to Greek and Roman texts spreading to Italian cities like Florence and Venice. Major artistic figures like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci embodied the Renaissance emphasis on humanism, individualism, and rebirth of classical learning.
Renaissance Notes
The document summarizes how the Crusades helped spark the Italian Renaissance by stimulating trade between Europe and the Middle East. This increased contact and exchange of goods and ideas. Wealth accumulated from trade led to the rise of powerful city-states like Florence, Venice, and Genoa. The Renaissance saw revolutions in art and literature as artists like Michelangelo and writers like Shakespeare embraced humanism and drew inspiration from classical antiquity. The printing press helped spread new Renaissance ideas across Europe.
MAPEH 9 ARTS OF RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIOD
The document summarizes the arts of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, focusing on Renaissance art from 1400-1600. It describes Renaissance art as characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and deeper landscapes. Two famous Renaissance artists discussed are Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo's greatest works included sculptures like David and frescoes in the Sistine Chapel. Leonardo da Vinci was a renowned painter best known for works like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
The renaissance
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
Renaissance paintings
Renaissance paintings focused on Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Renaissance art emerged in 14th century Italy and was inspired by ancient Greek, Gothic, and Roman styles. Major Florentine artists included Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli. Da Vinci was a polymath and pioneer who employed techniques like oil painting and linear perspective. Michelangelo was renowned for his sculptures and frescoes, including the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Renaissance art sought to capture nature, humanity, and philosophical questions through realistic depictions of the human form and natural world.
Arts of the Renaissance Period.pptx
This document provides information on several prominent Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello. It discusses some of their most famous works such as Michelangelo's Pieta and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. For Leonardo Da Vinci, it mentions the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Raphael's works highlighted include The School of Athens and The Transfiguration. Donatello's sculptures including David and the Feast of Herod are also noted. The document aims to educate the reader about influential artworks and artists from the Renaissance period.
The Rennaisance
The Renaissance began in 14th-15th century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires. Wealthy merchant families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts. Artists revived classical Greek and Roman styles and themes, focusing on realistic human proportions and forms. Thinkers began questioning established ideas and writing in local languages. The printing press spread new ideas rapidly. Scientists like Copernicus advanced heliocentric theories. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Botticelli created masterpieces emphasizing humanism, individualism, and secular themes. Architects blended classical and Christian styles in buildings like St. Peter's Basilica. The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth across Europe.
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Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
- 1. The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature. David (1501-1504), Michelangelo Source: http://www.owasso.k12.ok.us/webpages/gyan key/regadvhandouts.cfm?subpage=174609
- 2. The Renaissance Renaissance—an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought Started in northern Italy Lasted from 1300-1600
- 3. Merchants and the Medici A wealthy merchant class develops More emphasis on individual achievement Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence Looking to Greece and Rome Artists and scholars study ruins of Rome, and study Latin and Greek manuscripts Scholars move to Rome after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
- 5. Classics Lead to Humanism Humanism—intellectual movement focused on human achievements Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, and philosophy Worldly Pleasures Renaissance society was secular—worldly Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, and clothes
- 6. Patrons of the Arts Patron—a financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, and combat BaldassareCastiglione’s (pictured right)The Courtier (1528) teaches how to become a “universal” person
- 7. The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Isabella d’Este, patron of the artists, wields power in Mantua
- 8. Artistic Styles Change Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective—a way to show three dimensions on canvas Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors (although he looks more like a classical Greek)
- 9. Portrait painted after 1535 of Michelangelo at the age of 60 by Jacopino del Conte The novel and film The Agony and the Ecstasy is about him painting the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II.
- 10. Photo of the ceiling of the SistineChapel
- 11. The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, found of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
- 12. Michelangelo’s The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel
- 13. Leonardo, Renaissance Man Leonardo daVinci— painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Paints one of the best- known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa Famous religious painting: The Last Supper
- 14. Left: Mona Lisa Above: The Last Supper
- 15. THEVITRUVIAN MAN STUDIES OF A FETUS FROM LEONARDO'S JOURNALS
- 16. INVESTIGATINGTHE MOTION OFTHE ARM ORGANS OF A WOMAN’S BODY
- 17. Design of a flying machine based on bat’s wings
- 18. Raphael Advances Realism Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective Favorite subject: the Madonna and child Famous painting: School of Athens
- 20. Women Painters Sofonisba Anguissola (pictured right): first woman artist to gain world renown
- 21. Women Painters Artemisia Gentileschi (self portrait below) paints strong, heroic women (see right). Judith Slaying Holofernes (1614-20) Oil on canvas 199 x 162 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
- 22. NewTrends inWriting Writers use the vernacular—their native language Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject Petrarch and Boccaccio Francesco Petrarch, humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of stories
- 23. Machiavelli Advises Rulers Niccolo Machievelli, author of a political guidebook, The Prince The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep power