The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance, including its origins, important city-states, prominent figures, and impact. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as European trade increased, allowing Italian merchants and their cities to grow wealthy. Powerful families like the Medicis in Florence helped sponsor the arts and transform cities into cultural centers. The Renaissance spread ideas across Europe in fields like art, literature, science, and education and emphasized humanism and secular thinking. Famous artists like da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced renowned works during this period.

1. The Italian Renaissance
►Renaissance  rebirth
►Italian Renaissance  rebirth of ancient
Greek & Roman worlds
►Characteristics
11
 Secular Urban society (City-states)
 Age of Recovery
 New view of human ability & worth

2. Origins of the Renaissance
►European trade with Asia increased during
the 1300s.
►2. Italian merchants organized much of this
trade.
►3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.
►4. They competed to create works that
would increase the prestige of their cities.
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3. Origins of the Renaissance (cont)
►5. Florence became a center for banking,
art, culture, and literature.
►6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make
Florence the most beautiful city.
►7. The Renaissance began in Italy and
spread throughout Europe.
33

4. Important City-States of the
Renaissance
►Florenc
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►Rome
►Venice
►Genoa
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5. City State Populations
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Florence
►Center of art, literature,
and culture.
►Florence became
wealthy from the
manufacturing of wool.
►Later Florence became
the banking center of
Italy.
►The Medici family were
the greatest bankers in
Florence.

8. 88
Florence
►The Renaissance
started in Florence
and spread
throughout Europe.
►Competition between
the Italian city-states
led to advances in
literature,
architecture, art,
music, science, and
education.

9. 99
Medici Family
►Ruled Florence, 13th  17th Centuries
►Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful
city in the world – Became Patrons of the
Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci,
Raphael & Michelangelo)
►Lorenzo (The Magnificent) –
created peace among Italian
states, ended w/his death,
2 years later FR invades

10. Rome
►Home of the Catholic
Church
►Popes commissioned
famous artists and
architects to beautify
Rome. Michelangelo,
Raphael, and Botticelli
all produced major
works in Rome.
1100

11. ►The popes employed the best artists R o m e and
architects of the Renaissance to build and decorate
the most opulent churches in in the world.
►Michelangelo designed the finest example of
Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del
Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the
dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).
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12. 1122
Venice
►Venice was the wealthiest city-state
of the Renaissance.
►It was a port city on the
Mediterranean.
►Venice maintained hundreds of
merchant ships and warships,
and thousands of sailors.

13. 1133
Genoa
►Genoa is located on the
Mediterranean.
►Genoa was one of two
main port cities in Italy
during the Renaissance.
►Genoa was one of the
wealthiest city-states of
the Renaissance.
►Dominated trade in the
Mediterranean
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14. Milan ►Milan dominated the inland trade
1144
routes because it was the
gateway to Italy from the north.
►Milan is the site of Santa Maria
delle Grazie, the cathedral
where Leonardo da Vinci
painted The Last Supper in the
dining hall.

15. 1155
Niccolo Machiavelli
►IT philosopher, diplomat, poet,
musician, playwright..
►Best known for The Prince – realist politics
 Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive
and powerful) and at other times like a fox
(cunning and practical)
 “The Ends Justify the Means”
 “It was better to be feared than to be loved”
 All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
►1st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt
stability

16. Renaissance Society
1166
►Strict Class society
 Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group
►Strict rules and expectations
►Born not made or earned
 Townspeople
►Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor
►Provide goods & services
 Peasants – weakest, but largest group
►More freedoms as serfdom decreased
►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by
Renaissance

17. The Intellectual and Artistic
1177
Renaissance

18. Italian Renaissance Humanism
►Stressed that man was the center of the universe
and had dignity and value
►Humanism – intellectual movement based on the
classics
 Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
philosophy & history (the Humanities)
►Ren Educations – based on humanism
1188
 Goal – create complete citizens
►Vernacular Literature – written in common lang
 Dante, Chaucer, Pizan

19. Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
►Petrarch was a scholar and
poet who was responsible for
the recovery of manuscripts
and works of Greek and
Roman writers.
►He traveled throughout Europe
recovering manuscripts of
Cicero and other Roman
authors that had been lost in
monastery libraries.
►Petrarch, like other writers of
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the time, wrote in Latin.
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1199

20. 2200
Dante Alighieri
►“Father of the Italian
Language”
►Wrote The Divine Comedy.
►The Divine Comedy is
considered one of the greatest
works of Italian and world
literature.
►Dante was first to write in the
vernacular, the language used
in everyday life. Until his time,
all European literature was
written in Latin. DDaannttee
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22. The Artistic Renaissance in
2222
Italy
►Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the
1500s.
 Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the
Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art
patronage.
►3 Masters of the High Renaissance
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Raphael
►Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance
Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences

23. New Artistic Techniques
►Fresco –
watercolor on
fresh plaster
►Law of
Perspective
►Study of human
anatomy
►GOAL – imitate
nature
2233
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24. 2244
Leonardo da Vinci
►Master of realism &
perspective
►Studied human
anatomy (cadavers)
to be as accurate as
possible
►Sculptor, painter,
astronomer,
inventor – a true
“Renaissance Man”

25. Leonardo da Vinci
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26. 2266
Raphael Santi
►1 of the top Renaissance painters
►Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
►A major artist in the Vatican
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27. 2277
Raphael Santi
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28. Raphael Santi
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Michelangelo Buonarroti
►Painter, sculptor and architect
►Most famous for work in Vatican City
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30. Michelangelo
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31. Michelangelo, the sculptor
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33. Northern Italian Renaissance
►Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux,
Neth
►Due to weather- few frescoes
 Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
►Jan van Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
paints
 Oils allow greater variety of color
& detail
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34. 3344
Albrecht Durer
►German
►1 of greatest Northern
Renaissance artists
►Revolutionized
woodcuts
►Studied in Italy on
several different
occasions

35. 3355

36. 3366
Architecture
► Architectural design returns
to the classical styles of
Rome and Greece.
► Public buildings, homes and
villas are designed using
Greek and Roman
architectural styles.
► Renaissance buildings
feature columns, domes, and
vaulted ceilings.
► Brunelleschi designs the first
domed building.
► Perspective becomes
important in architecture.

37. 3377
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38. Donato Bramante
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39. The Printing Press
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► Johannes Gutenberg was a
German goldsmith and printer.
► Gutenberg was the first to
develop movable type . This
allowed for mass production of
books.
► Gutenberg’s invention
revolutionized book-making in
Europe.
► Gutenberg was the key figure
in spreading the Renaissance.
► His invention of movable type
is still considered the most
important invention in history.

40. 4400
IMPACT
►Much easier to
publish books
►Increased literacy
►1450-1500, 20 million
books printed
covering 35,000
topics
►Vernacular Literature
– written in common
language
 Dante, Chaucer,
Shakespeare

41. Writers of the Renaissance
►With the printing press. books become more
affordable and more people (mostly wealthy)
learn to read
►Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all
important writers of the time
►But there were more…
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42. 4422
Miguel de Cervantes
►Cervantes was a Spanish novelist,
poet, painter, and playwright. He
was born in La Mancha, Spain.
►Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
influential work of literature to come out of the
Spanish Golden Age.
►Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said
that he left Castile because of a duel.
►Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while
serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
agent.

43. New Words Abound…
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Critical Lonely Zany
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Eyesore Puke
Gloomy Torture
BBuutt wwhheerree ddiidd tthheeyy ccoommee ffrroomm??
4433

44. William Shakespeare
►Shakespeare is considered the
greatest writer and dramatist of
all time.
►Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius
Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night
Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much
Ado About Nothing, Twelfth
Night, Hamlet and more.
►Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154
sonnets, two narrative poems,
and other poems.
4444
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aanndd aallll tthhee mmeenn
aanndd wwoommeenn
mmeerreellyy ppllaayyeerrss
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tthheeiirr eennttrraanncceess,,
aanndd oonnee mmaann iinn
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45. 4455
Shakespeare
►William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan
era
 Greatest of English Renaissance authors
 His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of
classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism
and humanism
 Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
 Known for the “timelessness” of his work
 Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been
made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I
Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the
Shrew)

46. Contributions of the Renaissance
►Invention of the Gutenberg Press
►The banking industry
►Exploration, colonization of world
►Expansion of trade
►Humanism, individual is the center of the universe
►Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge
and philosophy
►Gateway to modern art forms
►Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and
sculpture
►Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to
know more
4466

47. The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
►Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR,
HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control
►Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)
4477
 Pope Clement forced to flee
 Aftermath:
►End of Roman Renaissance
►Damaged Papal prestige
►SP dominant power in IT
►Charles V given freedom to act
on Reformation in Germany
FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard
members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.

48. THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
►Religious reforms dividing western
Christianity
►Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of
power and corruption
►Christian Humanists–wanted to reform
Church
 Believed through reason, and studying the
classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)
 Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian
Humanism
4488

49. Desiderius Erasmus
►Erasmus was a Dutch scholar,
humanist, and theologian.
►Erasmus was ordained a Catholic
priest, but never practiced priestly
duties.
►Instead, he studied theology and
classical Greek at the universities
of Paris and Cambridge.
►Erasmus was critical of some of
the practices and doctrines of the
Catholic Church.
►Erasmus sought to reform the
Catholic Church.
4499
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50. Calls to Reform the Church
►In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
 Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
 Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it
 Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church
leaders and the clergy
 The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and
influenced Martin Luther
5500

51. 5511
Why reform?
►Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of
spiritual leadership
►Scientific advances contradicted the Church
►People wanted to know how to save souls
►Indulgences –a release of a
soul from purgatory for
monetary donation –
a HUGE abuse of
Church power!

52. What was the Protestant
5522
Reformation?
►Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman
Catholic
►The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the
Catholic Church
►People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the
corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
►In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their
own religions
►The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the
formation of these new Protestant religions

53. 5533
Scan graphic?

54. 5544
MARTIN LUTHER
►German Priest
►Saw problems in the Church
►Church believed salvation gained
from faith + good work
 Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
►Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door
in Wittenburg, Ger
 His criticisms of Church
 1000s of copies distributed through
Germany

55. The Reformation Begins
►By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church
►Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in
Germany & est a German Church
►By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
 Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms
 Called by Emperor Charles V,
wanted Luther to change his
ideas, Luther – “NO”
 Edict of Worms issued, making
Luther an outlaw
 Luther kept in hiding by
his prince
5555

56. 5566
Lutheranism
►Followers of Luther’s religious practices
►Gained support of many German princes
►1524, German peasants revolted & hoped
Luther would support them, because Luther
needed the princes’ support, he did not help
the peasants
►Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
 To achieve peace Emperor Charles V accepted
the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger princes to
choose the faith of their region)

57. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
►Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
►Zwinglian Reformation
 Banned all religious relics & images
 Whitewashed all church interiors
 No music in church services
 Does not merge w/Luther b/c
can’t agree with the meaning
of communion
5577

58. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
►John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war)
►French, fled for safety to Switzerland
►1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
5588
 Created a church govt of elect & laity
 Used consistory (moral police)
►Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath.
►Ideas spread  FR, Neth, Scot…
►Mid 16th C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism

59. 5599

60. 6600

61. 6611

62. 6622

63. Reformation in England
►Political, not religious motives for reform
►Henry VIII – King of England
6633
 Needs a male heir to carry on
the Tudor Dynasty
 Married Catherine of Aragon
(Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)
 Have a daughter, Mary
 No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you
need an annulment, granted by the
Church. The Pope grants it for a King.

64. Reformation in England (cont)
►The Pope refused to grant the annulment,
too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor)
►After a long argument, Henry decided to
break from Catholic Church
►Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
►Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng
 King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
 Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions
 Remained close to Cath teachings
6644

65. Henry & his wives
6655
►Henry was
desperate for a son.
So much so he
married 6 times!!
►The saying goes…
Divorced, Beheaded,
Died
Divorced,
Beheaded, Survived
Horrible Histories

66. The Church of England
6666
►1547 – Henry died
 His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne
►The Church of England- aka Anglican Church
 Became more Protestant
 Angering Catholics
►1553 – Edward dies
 His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
 She wants to restore Catholicism
 “Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics
 Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot

67. The Catholic Reformation
►Protestantism spreading rapidly through Eur
►Church sees need to reform
 Raises the standards of the clergy
 Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and
morale
 Contributed significantly to producing the
Catholic Church as we know it today.
6677
►Pillars of Catholic Reformation
 1. Reform of Papacy
 2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 3. Council of Trent

68. 6688
The Papacy
►Corruption had to be
addressed
►Pope Paul II led papal
reform
 Oversaw the creation of
the Jesuit order
 Opened the Council of
Trent
 Revived the Inquisition

69. 6699
The Jesuits
►Most significant agency of
Catholic reform
►Founded by Ignatius of
Loyola
 Spanish soldier
 Injured in battle
►Had a conversion during
recovery, dedicated himself
to the Church

70. 7700
Role of Jesuits
►Missionaries
 Convert former and non-
Catholics
►Urged the religious
education of children
►Devoted to religious and
secular education
 Secondary schools
 Colleges/Universities
 Seminaries

71. 7711
Council of Trent
►Met over 18 year period (1545-63)
►Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
 Including 7 sacraments
 Maintained salvation was gained through faith
and good works
►More strict rules for clergy
 Incl more education for priests
►Each diocese established a seminary
►Banned indulgences!!

72. 7722
The Inquisition
►Church’s way to
suppress heresy
►Infamous for its
cruelty
►Followed strictly in
Spain, Portugal and
Rome
►Some countries, like
France, refused