The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity
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This document discusses the pronouns of address "T" and "V" and how their usage varies across languages and cultures based on dimensions of power and solidarity. It analyzes how these pronouns are used to reflect social hierarchies and relationships. Specifically: 1) Historically, "T" was used informally while "V" was formal, with "T" denoting solidarity between equals and "V" showing deference to superiors. 2) Surveys found patterns like using "T" with family but "V" with teachers/bosses, and these norms communicate social status and power dynamics. 3) The choice of pronoun can also express transient attitudes beyond social norms, like contempt
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The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity
- 1. The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity T and V
- 2. Pronouns of Address • You • Thou- prayers and poetry Before: • Ye/You-formal • Thou-informal
- 5. • T: Kumain ka na? V: Kumain na po kayo? (Have you eaten?) • T: Ikaw ang napili para sa contest. V: Sila po ang napili para sa contest. (You were chosen for the contest.)
- 6. T and V 2 pronouns of address (You) • Latin- Tu; Vos • Italian- Tu; Voi (Lei) • French- Tu; Vous • Spanish- Tu; Vos (Usted) • German- Du; Ihr (Er, Sie) • English- Thou; Ye (You) Two dimensions to the analysis of social life
- 7. Semantic Evolution of T and V
- 8. • Latin Tu- singular • Latin Vos- pluralsingular • 4th century- T for all, V for emperor (implicit plurality) • Royal Persons: We; Common Persons: I • Roman Emperor: Nos and reverential Vos • Expansion in society
- 10. • Power- Relationship and control • Superior: T and receives V • Bases of power- strength, age, wealth, sex, role in church and the state • A child’s experience of subordination to power starts within his family. • Social structure, strata • Upper Class: V; Lower Class: T
- 12. • Power: Asymmetrical/nonreciprocal; Solidarity: symmetrical/reciprocal • Like mindedness, similar behavioral dispositions • Differentiating address among equal power • T: Intimacy; V: Reverence
- 13. Figure 1 Superior and Solidary Superior and not Solidary Equal and Solidary Equal and not Solidary Inferior and Solidary Inferior and not Solidary
- 14. Customer T V V Waiter Officer T V V Soldier Employer T V V Employee Parent T T V Son Master T T V Faithful Servant Elder Brother T T V Younger Brother Customer V Waiter Officer V Soldier Employer V Employee Parent T Son Master T Faithful Servant Elder Brother T Younger Brother Figure 2
- 15. Interview • Address between master and servant retains the greatest power loading. • Mutual T is advancing among fellow students, fellow workers, members of the same political group.
- 16. Survey • Students were asked to answer a questionnaire about their usage of T and V. • Family, school, strangers, etc. • Members: Upper-middle class
- 17. Results • German: T is applied within the family. • French: T is applied in school and workplace. (fellow MALE student/ fellow MALE worker) • Italian: T is applied within the family but more in school and workplace. : extended to Italian female
- 18. Semantics, Social Structure and Ideologies
- 19. • Power semantic is distributed by birthright. • Reciprocal solidarity: equalitarian ideology. • Prevails so much in French Literature. • French Africa use nonreciprocal address to recognize Caste system. (Eu: V, Af: T) • “Ye”- reverential singular by nobility.
- 20. Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) • George Fox • 17th Century • Popes introduced V • Scriptures show the God is not happy to say and receive T.
- 21. • Communism- Universal mutual T of solidarity. • Afrikaans- 8 nonreciprocal power distinction. - Use T but not those who belong in the last two lower castes. - Coloreds: Meneer; Black: Baas • Hindi- nonreciprocal T and V. • Americans- no discriminating pronouns but there are nonreciprocal norms of address. • (White: First name, Negro: Mr, Ms)
- 22. • T and V are partnered with actions. • Change in mode of address. • Equalitarian favors solidarity.
- 23. Group Styles with the Pronouns of Address
- 24. • Variations in pronouns style: social status of speaker – V – good breeding • V and T indicates class membership (king and servant) • Literature: social climbers through wrong imitation of V. • Child learns what to use depending on what group he belongs to. • Barriers (religion, race, nationality, etc.) affect non-solidarity.
- 25. Pronouns of Address as Expression of Transient Attitudes
- 26. • Behavior norms are practices consistent within a group. • Choice of pronoun violates the norm of a group due to variation of attitudes. • Not consistent personal styles but a deviation from one’s group’s customs. • Breaking the rule of solidarity: thinking another member as an outsider.
- 27. Pronouns of Address as Expression of Transient Attitudes
- 28. • T contempt or anger • V admiration or respect • Dramas: V among high ranks and T toward confidante. • Thou and Ye: mood and tone • Relationship between pronouns and actions. (mocking) • Solidarity semantic on plays: sympathy and estrangement