2. Tu and Vous
• Many languages have a distinction
corresponding to the tu-vous (T/V) distinction
in French, where grammatically there is you’tu
(T) and ‘plural you’vous (V). The T form is
sometimes described as the ‘familiar’ form
and the V form as the ‘polite’one.
• Other languages with a similar T/V distinction
are Latin (tu/vous), Russian (ty/vy), Italian
(tu/Lei), German (du/sie), Swedish (du/nj),
abd Greek (esi/esis).
3. • A book published in France entitled Savoir-wreen
France (Vigner, 1978) gives the following advice
to foreigners on the current use of tu and vous
there.
• ‘Tu’ should be used between brothers & sisters
regardless age, parents & children, between close
relatives, betwen young people living or working
closely together or between adults who have a
relationship.
• ‘Vous’ should be used between strangers,
between those who have no ties any kind and
between inferior & superior.
4. Address Terms
• Address term is the normal term for a person
to whom someone else (the speaker) speaks
or ‘addresses’ an utterance.
• (TFL/FN) indicated inequality in power, that
mutual TLN indicated inequality &
unfamiliarity and that mutual FN indicated
equality & familiarity. Other opinion is title
alone (T) e.g. Prof, Doctor indicated the least
intimate form of address or last name alone
(LN).
5. Politeness
• Polite form is a form used to show deference
to an addressee.
• The concept of ‘politeness’ owes a great deal
to Goffman’s original work (1967) on “face”.
Brown & Levinsion define ‘face’ as ‘the public
self-image that every member wants to claim
for himself. They also distinguish between
“positive face & negative face”.
6. Positive & Negative Face
• Positive face leads to moves to achieve
solidarity through offers of friendship, the use
of compliments & informal language use: we
treat others as friends and allies.
• Negative face leads to deference, apologizing,
indirectness and formality in language use: we
adopt a variety of avoidance strategies.
7. Politeness in Javaness
• Levels in Javanese:
Krama inggil (high style, high honorofics)
Krama madya (high style, no honorofics)
Krama biasa (middle style, no honorofics)
Ngoko sae (low style, high honorofics)
Ngoko madya (lw style, low honorofics)
Ngoko biasa (low style, no honorofics)
• Honorofics is pronoun, form of verb, etc, used in
expressing respect for someone, e.g. Of higher
social status.