Happy downloading

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6

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5

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4

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3

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2

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Solidarity
Retno Apriliyanti
apriliyantiretno89@gmail.com

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Social
Relationship
Speaker
And
Listener

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Historical Relation

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The use of Tu and Vous
Asymmetrical T/V usage symbolized a power relationship

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Symmetrical
Symmetrical Use
Symmetrical V usage became
“polite” usage, spreading downwards
in society. It was used, for instance,
between wife and husband, parents
and children and lovers
Symmetrical T usage showed
intimacy. People using this for had
strong common interests, showed
solidarity.
Symmatrical T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Symmatical VChange

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Javanese People have several
addressing for her wife/husband
Such as; Raden = Raden Ayu,
Nimas = Pangeran, etc.

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Addressing Parents

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The alteration based on Savoir-vivre en French (Vigner: 1978)

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The grammar of English names
Three word-classes:
• Title (Mr, Prof, …)
• Given name (John,
Mary)
• Family name
(Holdsworth, Smith,
etc)
Title
(Mr)
Given
(John)
Family
(Smith)

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T G F
Professor Christopher Holdsworth
Professor Holdsworth
Christopher /Chris
Christopher /Chris
Holdsworth
Doctor
(ok for some titles)
Holdsworth
NB: old-fashioned
Professor Chris
Possible combinations:

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 Is the formality of the setting relevant?
 Is the kinship relation or other social relationship relevant?
 Is age or generation relevant in selecting the appropriate
form?
 Is relative status or rank relevant in selecting an appropriate
term?
 Is the gender of the speakers relevant?
What contextual elements influence the
form used?

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The sociolinguistics of English names
Sex (Mr/Mrs; John/Mary)
The Solidarity hierarchy
The Power hierarchy

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Solidarity relations to a:
Stranger
Acquaintance
Friend/relative

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Power relations to a:
Superior
Equal
Subordinate

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To a close equal: a young friend

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To a close equal: an old friend

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To an even closer equal

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To a close subordinate: a child

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Even more subordinate: a pet

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To equal acquaintances

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To a superior stranger

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What name do you use?
• To superior stranger : TF (Mr Smith)
• To subordinate relative : G (John)
• To superior relative : T (Dad)
• To equal acquaintance : G
• To superior acquaintance : ?

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Inequality reigns
salesperson is
subordinate to
customer
dentist is superior
to patient
teacher is superior
to student

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Power Semantic
Symmetrical Use
Symmetrical V usage became
“polite” usage, spreading downwards
in society. It was used, for instance,
between wife and husband, parents
and children and lovers
Symmetrical T usage showed
intimacy. People using this for had
strong common interests, showed
solidarity.

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Does naming matter?
• To the hearer:
• To the speaker:
• A wrong choice can offend or hurt.
• Decisions are difficult.
• The better you speak English, the more a
wrong choice will offend.

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 vary with the nature of the relationship between speakers
reciprocal use of first names generally signifies an informal intimate
relationship
 title and last name used reciprocally indicates a more formal or businesslike
relationship between individuals of roughly equal status
 nonreciprocal use of first names and titles is reserved for speakers who
recognize a marked difference in status between themselves
this status can be a function of age (as when a child refers to her mother's
friend as Mrs Miller and is in returned referred to as Sally)
 or it can be along occupational lines as when as person refers to his boss by
title and last name and is in return addressed as John
Forms of address

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1

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2

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3

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5

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6

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