- The document discusses the concepts of solidarity, politeness, and address terms from a linguistic perspective.
- Historically, the use of "tu" versus "vous" in French indicated social relationships, with "vous" signaling respect between upper classes and asymmetry signaling power dynamics. Symmetrical use of address terms now indicates equality and familiarity.
- Addressing someone by title, last name, or asymmetrically signals inequality, while mutual first names indicate equality and familiarity. The more powerful person usually initiates a switch to first names.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Critical Language Awareness commonly described CLA is a prerequisite technique to Critical Discourse Analysis. CLA is primarily an understanding that makes us competent socially, politically, ideologically and among various discourses and contexts of different linguistic variations.
Most companies today have separate programs which helps in bringing the employees of the organisation together and teaches them to work in a team environment. It is also one of the typical questions asked during interviewing a candidate, whether team work is one of their strength or not.
Although giving a definite answer to what really drives team work is difficult, as it may vary from good leadership to understanding among the team members, here's a list of few ways which can be used to enhance team values and work towards a successful company.
Gender, politeness, and stereotypes
Janet Holmes: An introduction to sociolinguistics
Gossip
The linguistic construction of gender
The linguistic construction of sexuality
Sexist language
Can a language be sexist?
Influence of Sex and Age on Language useAyu Monita
It is Sociolinguistic's presentation from Faculty of Humanities at Dian Nuswantoro University.
Differences between Sex and Gender, Women's Language, Sexist Language, Indexing
Lecturing by Anisa Larasati, M.Hum
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Introduction to Speech Communication, definition of language, definition of speech communication, gender fair language, examples of gender fair language, gender neutral language
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. • When we speak we have to make choices of many different
kinds: what to say, when to say it, how to say it.
• How we say something is as important as what we say.
Content and form are inseparable
• Some linguistics choices indicate the social relationship
between speaker and listener.
3. TU AND VOUS
• This distinction began as a difference between plural and
singular.
• IV century: the use of plural vous was to address the emperor.
There were two emperors: one in Constantinople and another
in Rome, but the Empire was administratively unified. By
addressing one, you were in fact addressing both emperors.
• As a consequence, the medieval upper classes began to use V-
forms among them to show mutual respect and politeness
4. • Lower classes used mutual T –forms .
• Upper classes used T to address lower classes, but received V
addressing.
• Asymmetrical T/V usage symbolized a power relationship.
• Symmetrical V usage became “polite” usage, spreading
downwards in society. It was used, for instance, between wife
and husband, parents and children and lovers.
• Symmetrical T usage showed intimacy. People using this for
had strong common interests, showed solidarity.
5. • Mutual T for solidarity gradually replaced mutual V for
politeness.
• Use of asymmetrical T/V decreased and mutual V was often
used in its place.
• Nowadays, the right to initiate the reciprocal T belongs to the
member of the dyad having the better power based claim to
say T without reciprocation – an interesting residual of the
power relation.
• If you cannot judge who has the power, settle for polite V
usage!
• But…once a pair of speakers decide on mutual T, it is
impossible to go back to either T/V or V/V usage.
6. ADDRESS TERMS
How do you address people?
By title?
By first name?
by last name?
by nickname?
By some combination of these?
7. Brown and Ford reported that:
• Asymmetrical use of title, last name and first name
indicated inequality in power.
• Mutual title, last name indicated inequality and
unfamiliarity.
• Mutual first name indicated equality and familiarity.
• Switch from mutual TFL to FN is usually initiated
by the most powerful member in the relationship.
• Address somebody by title is the least intimate form
of address in that titles usually designates ranks or
occupations.
• Using another’s first name is a sign of considerable
intimacy.
8. Is the address process symmetrical or asymmetrical?
• Asymmetric use of names and address terms is often a clear
indictor of a power differential.
• Examples:
Children and teachers.
In the past, white people addressing black people.
People addressing the Queen or the President.
9. • In each country there are different rules stating how people
should address each other. In England we can omit the
address term when greeting someone but in France that
avoidance could be impolite.
• As your family relationships change, issues of naming and
addressing may arise; for example: how do you address your
father/mother in law?
• Finally, an additional peculiarity is that people sometimes give
names to, and address, non – human as well as humans.
• For example:
How do you address your pets, if you have?
And how do you address your kids or kids in general?
10. POLITENESS
• POLITENESS is socially prescribed, we adjust to others in
social relationships in ways society deems appropriate.
• IMPOLITENESS depends on the existence of standards.
•
11. There are two kinds of politeness:
• POSITIVE: we try to achieve solidarity and treat others as
friends. We do not impose and never threaten their face.
Example: symmetrical pronominal use
• NEGATIVE: it leads to deference, indirectness and formality
in language use.
Example: Asymmetric T/V use
12. • Goffman (1955) states that when communicating “we present
a FACE to others and to others’ faces.”
• In every social interaction we are obliged to protect both our
own face and the face of others.
• We play out a kind of ritual in which each party is required to
recognize the identity the other presents or claims.
• There is no faceless communication.
•
13. • Brown and Levinson (1987) provide the definition of
FACE “[it is] the public self-image that every member
wants to claim for himself ”
They make a distinction between:
• POSITIVE FACE: it is the desire to gain the approval
of others, the positive consistent self- image or
personality. It looks to SOLIDARITY
• NEGATIVE FACE: it is the desire to be unimpeded by
others’ actions; a claim for freedom of action and from
imposition.
14. • Each interaction is a FACE WORK and the goal is the
maintenance of as much of each individual’s positive face as
possible.
• Pinker (2007) argues that “politeness theory is a good start,
but not enough [because] it assumes that the speaker and the
hearer are working in perfect harmony, each trying to save
each other’s face”
•