The document discusses fiscal policy effectiveness and the multiplier effect. It uses an example where the government representative, Big G Man, wants to increase aggregate demand (AD) by $10 billion to reach the GDP goal. Big G Man learns that a $1 billion increase in government spending will actually increase AD by $5 billion due to the multiplier effect, where each dollar of initial spending recirculates in the economy and generates further spending. The multiplier depends on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), and is calculated as 1/(1-MPC). The example illustrates how the multiplier amplifies the impact of fiscal policy on AD and GDP.
Notes for Principles of Macroeconomics (ECON 10020 or ECON 20020) at the University of Notre Dame. Topics include the role of financial institutions and financial markets in capitalist economies, government management of the business cycle, and current monetary policy in the United States. Etc.
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The Multiplier content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to the Multiplier
Calculating the Multiplier Ratio
Factors Affecting the Multiplier
Significance of AD on the Multiplier
This is a ppt which will help you all to understand the multiplier concept in depth. It have plenty of step by step economic conversion, plenty of example.
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2. Sooooooo…
1.) Full employment - about 5% unemployment
2.) Stability (Prices)
3.) Economic growth
4.) Balance of Payments Equilibrium
- about 2% inflation
- about 3% growth (7% in China)
AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
These are our Macroeconomic goals…
This is our Macroeconomic equation…
And the G in the equation is the government attempting
to smooth out the business cycle with it’s policy…
Expansionary Fiscal Policy
Contractionary Fiscal Policy
And there are two ways to enact either policy…
3. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
And there are two ways to enact either policy…
Government spending
Taxes
And the two ways this is accomplished…
Discretionary Fiscal Policy
Automatic Stabilizers
And there are the resources used to do this…
4. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
Federal Budget
And there are the resources used to do this…
Which comes from either…
Taxes
Borrowing
Soooooooooooo…….
The next question is how effective are these policies…
5. I work for the
Government!
Big G Man
This Man represents the
Government in our economy
so we will call him…
Let’s look at our
country’s AD!
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
9. Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRAS
AD = Y1 = 90 billion current GDP
AD =YN = 100 billion GDP Goal
Big G Man
Our country has a $10
billion shortfall in AD
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
10. Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRAS
AD = Y1 = 90 billion current GDP
AD =YN = 100 billion GDP Goal
Big G Man
Ok simply, the
government can just
spend $10 billion to
fill this hole!
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
11. Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
G
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASOk simply, the
government can just
spend $10 billion to
fill this hole!
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$10 billion
Big G Man
12. Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
G
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASOk simply, the
government can just
spend $10 billion to
fill this hole!
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$10 billion
Big G Man
13. Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
G
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASOk simply, the
government can just
spend $10 billion to
fill this hole!
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$10 billion
Big G Man
This doesn’t work
14. Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
G
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASOk simply, the
government can just
spend $10 billion to
fill this hole!
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$10 billion
Big G Man
It doesn’t
equal this,
instead it
equal…
16. G
Price
level
GDP
SRAS
PE
YN
LRASOh no! the economy is
overheating and now
we have too much
inflation!
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$50 billion
AD1
Y2
P2
= Inflation
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
18. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
Government spending
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
LRAS
YN Y1
P1
AD1
- Government spends
more in the economy
and makes jobs, people
have more money and
increase consumption.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
Must add a
multiplier
effect
19. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
Taxes
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
LRAS
YN Y1
P1
AD1
- Lower taxes means
people have more
money to use for
consumption and also
businesses have more
money to increase
investment spending.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
Must add a
multiplier
effect
20. - the number of times a rise in national
income exceeds the rise in injections 注入
of demand that caused it
The Multiplier
effect
the additional shifts in AD
that result when fiscal policy
increases income and thereby
increases consumer spending (C)
Reworded definition: 换句话说
Each $1 increase in G can generate
more than a $1 increase in AD.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
21. The Multiplier
effect
1
1 – MPC
=
- the number of times a rise in national
income exceeds the rise in injections 注入
of demand that caused it
G spending
Equation:
or
1
MPS
=
Tax Equation:
or
Tax Equation:
or
The Multiplier Effect
22. 1.) The government buys airplanes from a domestic
manufacturer.
2.) This is distributed to workers (wages)
and owners ( profits or stock dividends).
3.) These people are also consumers and
will spend a portion of the extra income.
4.) This extra consumption
causes further increases in AD.
Price
level
GDP
AD
Multiplier Effect Example
23. - the fraction of extra income that
households consumes rather than
save
The Multiplier
effect
Marginal
Propensity to
Consume
(MPC)
Example:
1.) if MPC = 0.8
2.) if income rises by $100
3.) then C consumption rises $80
The size of the multiplier depends on MPC.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
24. Marginal
Propensity to
Consume
(MPC)
The size of the multiplier depends
on MPC.
if MPC = 0.5 Multiplier = 2
if MPC = 0.75 Multiplier = 4
if MPC = 0.9 Multiplier = 10
Example sizes:
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
25. - the fraction of extra income that
households saves rather than
consumes
Marginal
Propensity to
Consume
(MPS)
Marginal
Propensity to
Save
Example:
1.) if MPS = 0.2
2.) if income rises by $100
2.) then C consumption rises $80
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
26. I will spend more G
money and make a
new bridge!
Big G Man
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
27. So I need to hire
some workers to
do it.
Big G Man
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
28. Big G Man
给钱 做桥
G
$10 billion
Spending
=
AD
$10 billion + …
Workers
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
29. Workers
Some of this money
with will spend
(MPC) = 0.8
We have earned
some wages!
Some of this money
we will save (MPS)
= 0.2
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
33. Big G Man
$10 billion
Spending
+ …
Workers
+ +
Dress maker
+
$8 billion
Spending
$6.4 billion
Spending
+ +…
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
34. Big G Man
+ …
Workers
+ +
Dress maker
G
$10 billion
Spending
+
MPC = 0.8
of each round of
income’s spending
1
1 – MPC
=
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
35. Big G Man
+ …
Workers
+ +
Dress maker
MPC = 0.8
of each round of
income’s spending
1
1 – MPC
= Multiplier
= 5
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
36. Big G Man
+ …
Workers
+ +
Dress maker
G
$10 billion
Spending
= AD
$50 billion
x Multiplier
of 5
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
37. A $10billion increase
in G initially shifts
AD to the right by
$10billion.
The increase in Y
causes C to rise,
which shifts AD
further to the right.
Y
P
AD1
P1
AD2
AD3
Y1 Y3Y2
$10 billion
The Multiplier Effect
38. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)Government
spending
Y = C + I + G + NX identity
Y = C + G I and NX do not change
Y = MPC Y + G because C = MPC Y
solved for Y1
1 – MPC
Y = G
The multiplier
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
39. Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRAS
Ok let’s try
again!
Big G Man
41. Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRAS
AD = Y1 = 90 billion current GDP
AD =YN = 100 billion GDP Goal
Big G Man
Our country has a $10
billion shortfall in AD
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
45. Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASI only have to spend
$2 billion and that
will equal $10 billion
in total spending!
AD = Y1 = 90 billion current GDP
AD =YN = 100 billion GDP Goal
Big G Man
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
47. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
Government spending
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
LRAS
YN Y1
P1
AD1
- Government spends
more in the economy
and makes jobs, people
have more money and
increase consumption.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
This has a
multiplier…
48. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
Taxes
Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
LRAS
YN Y1
P1
AD1
- Lower taxes means
people have more
money to use for
consumption and also
businesses have more
money to increase
investment spending.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness Example
This has a
different
multiplier…
49. The Multiplier
effect
- the number of times a rise in national
income exceeds the rise in injections 注入
of demand that caused it
G spending
Equation:
or
Tax Equation:
or
Tax Equation:
or
MPC
1 – MPC
=
MPC
MPS
=
- MPC
1 – MPC
=
- MPC
MPS
=
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
50. AD = C + I + G + (X – M)Taxes
Reduced taxes are not an injection of
new money
It “frees’” up current income into more
disposable income
Some is saved, some is spend, just like
the Government Spending Multiplier
but without the first injection of new
money that is 100% spend.
Tax Multiplier Effect
51. 1.) The government reduces income taxes for people
2.) People now have more disposable income
(wages) and owners ( profits or stock dividends).
3.) These people are also consumers and
will spend a portion of the extra income.
4.) This extra consumption
causes further increases in AD.
Price
level
AD
However it is one less round
then government spending it
is a smaller multiplier
Tax Multiplier Example
61. Price
level
GDP
AD
SRAS
PE
YN
Y1
P1
LRASI have to cut taxes by
2.5 billion to get $10
billion in total
spending!
AD = Y1 = 90 billion current GDP
AD =YN = 100 billion GDP Goal
Big G Man
Tax Multiplier Effect Example
63. The Multiplier
effect
1
1 – MPC
=
- the number of times a rise in national
income exceeds the rise in injections 注入
of demand that caused it
G spending
Equation:
or
1
MPS
=
Tax Equation:
or
Tax Equation:
or
MPC
1 – MPC
=
MPC
MPS
=
- MPC
1 – MPC
=
- MPC
MPS
=
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness
64. So the Government can spend money and
increase AD by a multiplier…
Or the Government can decrease taxes an
increase AD by a multiplier…
So the Government spending has a bigger multiplier…
However…
Don’t forget the money isn’t free, it comes
from the federal budget that has to be
balanced, and if it’s in deficit this adds
another problem.
The Multiplier Effect
65. 3.1) Budget Deficit Problems
Crowding out: - Government spending and borrowing
that may fail to increase AD and hurts
排挤 private investment.
- When the government has to borrow, it
needs to borrow from the private sector. This
could be private individuals, pension funds or
investment trusts. It is argued that if the
private sector buy government securities this
will crowd out 排挤 private sector investment.
- Typically this deals with the increase of interest
rates due to attempting to sell more bonds to
finance debt.
66. So a quick example of
this…
The Multiplier Effect
67. The economy is in recession.
Shifting the AD curve rightward by $200billion
would end the recession.
A. If MPC = .8 and there is no crowding out,
how much should the government increase G
to end the recession?
B. If there is crowding out, will the government
need to increase G more or less than this
amount?
The Multiplier Effect Example
68. The economy is in recession.
Shifting the AD curve rightward by $200billion
would end the recession.
A. If MPC = .8 and there is no crowding out,
how much should the government increase G
to end the recession?
Multiplier = 1/(1 – .8) = 5
Answer: Increase G by $40billion
to shift AD by 5 x $40billion = $200billion
69. The economy is in recession.
Shifting the AD curve rightward by $200billion
would end the recession.
B. If there is crowding out, will the government
need to increase G more or less than this
amount?
- Crowding out reduces the impact of G on AD.
Answer: To offset this, the government should
increase G by a larger amount, how much
depends on the math involved.