The large intestine by Pandian M.
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Cerebrum external features
The document provides a detailed overview of the gross anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres, including their lobes, surfaces, borders, poles, sulci, gyri, and functional areas. Key points include:
1. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the median longitudinal fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. They are divided into lobes named according to the overlying cranial bones.
2. The hemispheres have four surfaces - superolateral, medial, inferior (orbital and tentorial), and borders that divide the surfaces.
3. Functional areas include the primary motor, sensory, and association cortices in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that control voluntary movement, process
Anatomy of the Digestive system
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as consisting of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The document outlines the locations and roles of each organ in ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Diseases of the pituitary gland include hyperpituitarism due to overproduction of hormones and hypopituitarism due to underproduction. Pituitary tumors are also common and can cause hormonal imbalances or pressure effects.
Pancreas anatomy and functions
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It releases around 1500-3000 mL of alkaline fluid per day containing enzymes like proteases, nucleases, amylase and lipase. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate metabolism. Diseases of the pancreas include pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
Adrenal gland
It includes the histological , phsiological , pathological and histopathological charaterstics of adrenal gland.
Small intestine.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the small intestine. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. Digestive enzymes in the intestinal juices and glands help break down nutrients into absorbable molecules. Peristaltic waves and segmentation contractions mix and propel food through the small intestine where most absorption occurs before entering the large intestine.
Anatomy of Nephron
Here are the answers:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
Well done! You correctly answered all the questions. Let me know if you have any other questions.
Respiratory system (Structure).pptx
The document discusses the structure and function of the respiratory system. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The respiratory system is divided into an upper and lower portion. The upper portion includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx, while the lower portion includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
2) Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
3) Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The brain stem contains centers that control automatic breathing, while voluntary control occurs in the cerebral cortex.
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Cerebrum external features
The document provides a detailed overview of the gross anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres, including their lobes, surfaces, borders, poles, sulci, gyri, and functional areas. Key points include:
1. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the median longitudinal fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. They are divided into lobes named according to the overlying cranial bones.
2. The hemispheres have four surfaces - superolateral, medial, inferior (orbital and tentorial), and borders that divide the surfaces.
3. Functional areas include the primary motor, sensory, and association cortices in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that control voluntary movement, process
Anatomy of the Digestive system
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as consisting of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The document outlines the locations and roles of each organ in ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Diseases of the pituitary gland include hyperpituitarism due to overproduction of hormones and hypopituitarism due to underproduction. Pituitary tumors are also common and can cause hormonal imbalances or pressure effects.
Pancreas anatomy and functions
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It releases around 1500-3000 mL of alkaline fluid per day containing enzymes like proteases, nucleases, amylase and lipase. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate metabolism. Diseases of the pancreas include pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
Adrenal gland
It includes the histological , phsiological , pathological and histopathological charaterstics of adrenal gland.
Small intestine.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the small intestine. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. Digestive enzymes in the intestinal juices and glands help break down nutrients into absorbable molecules. Peristaltic waves and segmentation contractions mix and propel food through the small intestine where most absorption occurs before entering the large intestine.
Anatomy of Nephron
Here are the answers:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
Well done! You correctly answered all the questions. Let me know if you have any other questions.
Respiratory system (Structure).pptx
The document discusses the structure and function of the respiratory system. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The respiratory system is divided into an upper and lower portion. The upper portion includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx, while the lower portion includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
2) Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
3) Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The brain stem contains centers that control automatic breathing, while voluntary control occurs in the cerebral cortex.
Anatomy and physiology of central nervous system
1. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into four lobes that control different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions.
3. The brain requires a high blood flow to meet its metabolic demands, and precisely regulates blood flow through mechanisms such as autoregulation in response to changes in blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other factors. Disruptions to this regulation can impair brain function.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Bronchi
Bronchi are the passageways leading into the lungs from the trachea. The trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra. The main bronchi then branch further into lobar and segmental bronchi which divide into smaller bronchioles and distribute air into the lungs. The bronchi are surrounded by cartilaginous rings that contain smooth muscle to control the diameter during breathing.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is 15-20cm in length and divided into the head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine to aid in digestion and produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that are released into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. It has both an extensive arterial blood supply and venous drainage that parallels the arteries. The pancreas is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Large intestine ANATOMY
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Medulla Oblongata
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Physiology of the kidneys
The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
Cerebrum
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the cerebrum and its lobes. It discusses:
- The four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
- The frontal lobe contains motor and premotor areas that control voluntary movement, as well as prefrontal areas involved in higher cognitive functions. Damage can result in frontal lobe syndrome.
- The parietal lobe contains primary and secondary sensory areas that process touch, proprioception, and discrimination of sensory inputs.
Nervous system anatomy
The document discusses the anatomy of the nervous system. It describes the surfaces and lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. It also discusses the ventricle system, including the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and cerebral aqueduct. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three peduncles. Several cranial foramina that transmit nerves and vessels are also described.
PPT on Gall bl;adder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac located on the posterior surface of the liver that is around 7-10 cm long and 3 cm broad with a capacity of 30-50 ml. It is divided into three parts: the body, fundus, and neck. The cystic duct runs from the neck of the gallbladder to join the hepatic duct and form the common bile duct. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile released from the liver and regulates pressure in the biliary system through contraction and dilation.
Spinal cord
The document summarizes key aspects of the spinal cord's anatomy and function. It describes the spinal cord's location, shape, length, coverings, enlargements, internal structure including grey and white matter, segments, and tracts. It also outlines some of the spinal cord's major functions, including electrochemical communication, enabling walking through coordinated muscle contractions, and facilitating reflexes through involuntary responses between the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
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If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
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This document discusses the structure and function of the major sense organs - eyes, ears, and skin. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, and retina. It also explains the parts of the ear like the outer, middle, and inner ear and the ossicles that transmit sound vibrations. The document provides details on receptors throughout the body that detect stimuli and maintain homeostasis.
Renal system Physiology and Homeostasis
The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and also play an important role in maintaining water, salt, and pH balances in order to regulate blood pressure and volume. Urine is formed in microscopic tubules called nephrons through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Urine formation osmo regulation
Kidneys play an important role in urine formation through processes like ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. Ultrafiltration forces small molecules like water, glucose, and salts through the basement membrane into the nephron. Through selective reabsorption, the kidneys regulate the levels of water, salts, and other solutes in the blood to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water in the blood. The kidneys also help control glucose and salt levels in the blood.
Anatomy of the Cerebrum
The document provides an overview of cerebrum anatomy. It discusses that the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It describes the lobes of the cerebrum including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It also discusses the internal structures of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, ventricles, basal ganglia, and white matter tracts.
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Introduction to Digestive System
The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion to extract nutrients for absorption. It involves both organs of the gastrointestinal tract - the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down through peristalsis, enzymes, and absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Indigestible waste is eliminated as feces.
1. INTROduction TO GIT - I (1) (3) - 1.pptx
The gastrointestinal tract provides the body with nutrients through a multi-step process. It begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. The GI tract is supported by organs like the liver and pancreas. Food moves through the tract, is digested by enzymes, and has nutrients absorbed in the small intestine. The remaining waste is eliminated from the body. Each part of the GI tract from mouth to anus has a specialized function in this process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
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Anatomy and physiology of central nervous system
1. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into four lobes that control different functions. The cerebellum aids in movement coordination and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions.
3. The brain requires a high blood flow to meet its metabolic demands, and precisely regulates blood flow through mechanisms such as autoregulation in response to changes in blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other factors. Disruptions to this regulation can impair brain function.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Bronchi
Bronchi are the passageways leading into the lungs from the trachea. The trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra. The main bronchi then branch further into lobar and segmental bronchi which divide into smaller bronchioles and distribute air into the lungs. The bronchi are surrounded by cartilaginous rings that contain smooth muscle to control the diameter during breathing.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is 15-20cm in length and divided into the head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine to aid in digestion and produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that are released into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. It has both an extensive arterial blood supply and venous drainage that parallels the arteries. The pancreas is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Large intestine ANATOMY
anatomy of large intestine, its section, ceacum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, functions of large intestine , relations of each components of large intestine, carddinal siggns of large intestine, iliocecal junstion, difference between large and small intestine. abdominal angina, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery, lymphatic drainage, colonoscophy,
Medulla Oblongata
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Physiology of the kidneys
The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
Cerebrum
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the cerebrum and its lobes. It discusses:
- The four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
- The frontal lobe contains motor and premotor areas that control voluntary movement, as well as prefrontal areas involved in higher cognitive functions. Damage can result in frontal lobe syndrome.
- The parietal lobe contains primary and secondary sensory areas that process touch, proprioception, and discrimination of sensory inputs.
Nervous system anatomy
The document discusses the anatomy of the nervous system. It describes the surfaces and lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. It also discusses the ventricle system, including the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and cerebral aqueduct. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three peduncles. Several cranial foramina that transmit nerves and vessels are also described.
PPT on Gall bl;adder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac located on the posterior surface of the liver that is around 7-10 cm long and 3 cm broad with a capacity of 30-50 ml. It is divided into three parts: the body, fundus, and neck. The cystic duct runs from the neck of the gallbladder to join the hepatic duct and form the common bile duct. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile released from the liver and regulates pressure in the biliary system through contraction and dilation.
Spinal cord
The document summarizes key aspects of the spinal cord's anatomy and function. It describes the spinal cord's location, shape, length, coverings, enlargements, internal structure including grey and white matter, segments, and tracts. It also outlines some of the spinal cord's major functions, including electrochemical communication, enabling walking through coordinated muscle contractions, and facilitating reflexes through involuntary responses between the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
Pancreas_Nursing.pptx
If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
Sense organs Anatomy and Physiology
This document discusses the structure and function of the major sense organs - eyes, ears, and skin. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, and retina. It also explains the parts of the ear like the outer, middle, and inner ear and the ossicles that transmit sound vibrations. The document provides details on receptors throughout the body that detect stimuli and maintain homeostasis.
Renal system Physiology and Homeostasis
The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and also play an important role in maintaining water, salt, and pH balances in order to regulate blood pressure and volume. Urine is formed in microscopic tubules called nephrons through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Urine formation osmo regulation
Kidneys play an important role in urine formation through processes like ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. Ultrafiltration forces small molecules like water, glucose, and salts through the basement membrane into the nephron. Through selective reabsorption, the kidneys regulate the levels of water, salts, and other solutes in the blood to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water in the blood. The kidneys also help control glucose and salt levels in the blood.
Anatomy of the Cerebrum
The document provides an overview of cerebrum anatomy. It discusses that the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It describes the lobes of the cerebrum including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It also discusses the internal structures of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, ventricles, basal ganglia, and white matter tracts.
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
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The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion to extract nutrients for absorption. It involves both organs of the gastrointestinal tract - the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down through peristalsis, enzymes, and absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Indigestible waste is eliminated as feces.
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The gastrointestinal tract provides the body with nutrients through a multi-step process. It begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. The GI tract is supported by organs like the liver and pancreas. Food moves through the tract, is digested by enzymes, and has nutrients absorbed in the small intestine. The remaining waste is eliminated from the body. Each part of the GI tract from mouth to anus has a specialized function in this process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
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The large intestine by Pandian M.
- 1. The Large Intestine Pandian M. Dept. of Physiology
- 2. Functions of the large intestine Reabsorb water and compact material into feces Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria Store fecal matter prior to defecation
- 3. The areas of the colon are: Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum Anal canal
- 5. Histology of the large intestine Absence of villi Presence of goblet cells Deep intestinal glands
- 6. The physiology of different colon regions 1. The ascending colon is specialized for processing chyme delivered from the terminal ileum When rediolabeled chemy is instilled into cecum, half of the instilled volume empties in 87 min This period is short in comparison with the transverse colon The ascending colon is not the primary site of storage, mixing and removal of water
- 7. The physiology of different colon regions 2. The transverse colon is specialized for the storage and dehydration of feces The labeled material is retained for about 24 hrs The transverse colon is the primary site for the removal of water and electrolytes and the storage of feces
- 8. The physiology of different colon regions 3. The descending colon is a conduit between the transverse and sigmoid colon Labeled feces begin to accumulate in the sigmoid colon about 24 hrs after the label is instilled in the cecum This region has the neural program for power propulsion
- 9. The physiology of different colon regions 4. The physiology of the rectosigmoid region, anal canal, and pelvic floor musculature maintains fecal continence The sigmoid and rectum are reservoirs with a capacity of up to 500mL The puborectalis muscle and external anal sphincter comprise a functional unit of that maintains continence Fibers of puborectalis join behaind the anorectum and pass around it to form a U-shaped sling (physiological valve)
- 11. Sensory innervation and continence Mechanoreceptors in the rectum detect distention and supply the ENS The anal canal in the region of the skin is innervated by somatosensory nerves that transmit signals to CNS This region has sensory receptors of pain, temperature and touch Contraction of internal anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle blocks the passage of feces and maintains continence
- 12. Motility in the Large Intestine The proximal half of the colon is concerned with absorption and the distal half with storage The transit of small labeled markers through the large intestine occurs in 36-48 hrs Movements of the colon Mixing movements (Haustrations) Propulsive movements (Mass Movements)
- 13. Motility in the Large Intestine Mixing movements (Haustrations) o Ring-like contractions (about 2.5 cm) of the circular muscle divide the colon into pockets called haustra o The contracting segment and receiving segment on either side remain in their respective state for longer periods o In addition, there is uniform repetition of the haustra along the colon o Net forward propulsion occurs when sequential migration of haustra occurs along the length of the bowel
- 14. Motility in the Large Intestine Propulsive movements (Mass Movements) o The motor events in the transverse and descending colon o May be triggered by the increased delivery of ileal chyme into ascending colon following a meal (gastrocolic reflex) o Irritants, e.g., castor oil, threatening agents such as parasites and enterotoxins can initiate mass movement o Starts in the middle of transverse colon and is preceded by relaxation of the circular muscle and the downstream disappearance of haustral contractions
- 15. Physiology of the large intestine Reabsorption in the large intestine includes: Water Vitamins – K, biotin, and B5 Organic wastes – urobilinogens and sterobilinogens Bile salts Toxins
- 16. The rectum Last portion of the digestive tract Terminates at the anal canal Internal and external anal sphincters
- 19. REFRENCES 1.Text book of medical physiology -Guyton and hall, 12th edition. 2.Ganong’s review of medical physiology -23rd edition 3.text of medical physiology -2nd edition 4.net sources (acknowledge for all online sources) 5.text book of medical physiology --A.K. JAIN 6.text book of medical physiology ---indu khurana
- 20. THANK YOU . . .