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1. The Influence of Heredity
&
Environment
on
By Intelligence
Avradip &
Avinash

2. • Today, researchers generally agree that heredity
and environment have an interactive influence on
intelligence. Many researchers believe that there
is a reaction range to IQ, which refers to the
limits placed on IQ by heredity. Heredity places
an upper and lower limit on the IQ that can be
attained by a given person. The environment
determines where within these limits the person’s
IQ will lie.

3. Evidence for hereditary influences on
intelligence comes from the following
observations:

4. Heritability of Intelligence
Heritability is a mathematical estimate that
indicates how much of a trait’s variation in a
population can be attributed to genes.
Estimates of the heritability of intelligence
vary, depending on the methods used. Most
researchers believe that heritability of
intelligence is between 60 percent and 80
percent.

5. Three important factors that limit heritability estimates:
• Heritability estimates don’t
reveal anything about the
extent to which genes
influence a single person’s
traits.
• Heritability depends on how
similar the environment is for a
group of people.
• Even with high heritability, a
trait can still be influenced by
environment.

6. Evidence for environmental
influences on intelligence comes
from the following observations

7. Adoption studies demonstrate that
adopted children show some similarity in
IQ to their adoptive parents.
Adoption studies also show
that siblings reared together
are more similar in IQ than
siblings reared apart. This is
true even when identical
twins reared together are
compared to identical twins
reared apart.

8. IQ declines over time in children raised
in deprived environments, such as
understaffed orphanages or
circumstances of poverty and isolation.
Conversely, IQ improves in children
who leave deprived environments and
enter enriched environments.
Biologically unrelated children raised
together in the same home have some
similarity in IQ.

9. Flynn Effect
People’s performance on IQ tests
has improved over time in
industrialized countries. This
strange phenomenon, which is known
as the Flynn effect, is attributed to
environmental influences. It cannot
be due to heredity, because the
world’s gene pool could not have
changed in the seventy years or so
since IQ testing began.

10. Cultural and Ethnic Differences
Studies have shown a discrepancy
in average IQ scores between
whites and minority groups in the
United States. Black, Native
American, and Hispanic people score
lower, on average, than white people
on standardized IQ tests.
Controversy exists about whether
this difference is due to heredity
or environment.

11. Hereditary Explanations
• In the late 1960s, researcher Arthur
Jensen created a storm of controversy
by proposing that ethnic differences in
intelligence are due to heredity. He
based his argument on his own estimate
of about 80 percent heritability for
intelligence.
• In the 1990s, researchers Richard
Herrnstein and Charles Murray
created a similar controversy with

12. Environmental
Explanations
• Fewer learning resources
• Less privacy for study
• Less parental assistance
• Poorer role models
• Lower-quality schools
• Less motivation to excel intellectually

13. Hope you like it
Thank You