Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity
A large percentage of plants used in Ayurvedic practices and herbal medicines are subjected to controversy. Controversial drugs or Sandigdha Dravyas is term used for medicinal plants having controversial botanical sources due to polynomial nomenclature system of Sanskrit, non availability of plants and parallel evolved knowledge.
Adulterants and Substitutes are the common practices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is a debasement of article intentionally for commercial purpose or accidentally due to lack of knowledge of identification and proper collection.
Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipak and mostly on Karma.
GUDUCHI Tinospora Cordifolia The Amrita for Lifeijtsrd
Tinospora Cordifolia is a climbing shrub belongs to family Menispermaceae. It is commonly known as Guduchi, Amrita, Gurach, Tinospora. Known by many names in Sanskrit such as gaduchi and Kundalini and scientifically called Tinospora cordifolia, it is a large, glabrous deciduous climbing shrub. Guluchi is considered as a most divine herb because of its various Ayurvedic uses. It is called as nectar Amruta for its divine healing nature. Guluchi increases the immunity of the body. It fights against infecting organisms. It is reported to possess anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, anti spasmodic, anti allergic, anti HIV and anticancer properties. Harshada Shivarkar | Vishal Galave | Kishor Otari "GUDUCHI (Tinospora Cordifolia): The Amrita for Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38432.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38432/guduchi-tinospora-cordifolia-the-amrita-for-life/harshada-shivarkar
Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity
A large percentage of plants used in Ayurvedic practices and herbal medicines are subjected to controversy. Controversial drugs or Sandigdha Dravyas is term used for medicinal plants having controversial botanical sources due to polynomial nomenclature system of Sanskrit, non availability of plants and parallel evolved knowledge.
Adulterants and Substitutes are the common practices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is a debasement of article intentionally for commercial purpose or accidentally due to lack of knowledge of identification and proper collection.
Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipak and mostly on Karma.
GUDUCHI Tinospora Cordifolia The Amrita for Lifeijtsrd
Tinospora Cordifolia is a climbing shrub belongs to family Menispermaceae. It is commonly known as Guduchi, Amrita, Gurach, Tinospora. Known by many names in Sanskrit such as gaduchi and Kundalini and scientifically called Tinospora cordifolia, it is a large, glabrous deciduous climbing shrub. Guluchi is considered as a most divine herb because of its various Ayurvedic uses. It is called as nectar Amruta for its divine healing nature. Guluchi increases the immunity of the body. It fights against infecting organisms. It is reported to possess anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, anti spasmodic, anti allergic, anti HIV and anticancer properties. Harshada Shivarkar | Vishal Galave | Kishor Otari "GUDUCHI (Tinospora Cordifolia): The Amrita for Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38432.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38432/guduchi-tinospora-cordifolia-the-amrita-for-life/harshada-shivarkar
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
What is Tridosha theory?
How is it applied in Ayurveda?
What are the recent trends in research pertaining to Tridosha?
How is this theory still relevant?
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
What is Tridosha theory?
How is it applied in Ayurveda?
What are the recent trends in research pertaining to Tridosha?
How is this theory still relevant?
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Shilajit is One of The Best Anti Ageing Remedy. This halts ageing process in many ways. It gives strength to the bones, prevents depletion of calcium from the bones. Nourishes the nerves, rich in natural anti-oxidants, micro-nutrients, micro-minerals and thereby helping the body to keep the diseases away.
There are certain folklore treatment which are very effective but lacks in scientific validation. Council for Development of Rural Area and Scientist council of scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). validated some of the formulations in the form of plant identification and dose determination
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
The paucity of documented investigations on the effect of aqueous neem seed extract in the control of colour morphs of Myzus persicae necessitated the investigations of this study. Experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of aqueous seed extracts of Azadirachta indica with Neemazal and Deltrin against Lemon and Dark green morphs of Myzus persicae. The effect of the extract on the aphid’s population and on plant biometrics was evaluated at three concentrations (viz 100%, 75% and 50% v/v). The effect of aqueous neem seed extracts were significant (P <0.05) compared to Deltrin and Neemazal. The efficacy of the extract in reducing lemon and dark green morphs of aphids increased with increasing concentration and duration of exposure. Lemon green morphs of M.persicae were most susceptible to the neem seed extract at all concentrations. At 168 hours after application of 100% aqueous neem seed extract, reductions in population of the morphs were 91.8% and 84.8% in lemon and dark green morphs respectively. However, this concentration was toxic as localized lesions were observed on the leaves of chili pepper.The application of 50% aqueous neem seedextract was non toxic and proffers an efficacious, ecofriendly, cheap and more effective method of control of the imminent pest.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
A review article: antifungal activity of eucalyptus genusSriramNagarajan16
Plant essential oils are intricate blends of organic volatility that may have antifungal characteristics of interest in the
food, cosmetics and human health industries. As a result, in the quest for a natural and secure alternative, surveys of
the antimicrobial activity of essential oils in recent decades have become increasingly essential. This review describes
the anti-fungal therapeutic operations reported in the accessible research papers and scientific references of herbal
Eucalyptus oils from diverse verities. At the same time, a study of significant techniques used in the assessment of
antimicrobial activity and some of the processes involved in antimicrobial activities of essential oils was also carried
out. The focus of this review article is on the characteristics and antimicrobial procedures of Eucalyptus globulus
essential oils and the procedures involved in inhibiting these pathogenic micro-organisms.
Development of Nylon, Glass/Wool blended Fabric for Protective ApplicationIOSR Journals
Abstract: Bullet proof vest is one of the protective application which helps for protection of ballistic impact to
the fabric who wears the vest. In previous days hard rigid materials are used to protect the ballistic impact to
the wearer, which resist the penetration and dissipated the impact. Then synthetic textile fibres are used for
ballistic resistance and in recent days, the high performance textile fibres are used to resist the ballistic impact.
Now a day, Kevlar fibre is used to produce bullet proof vest which has some disadvantages of less is
compression property. Nylon filament yarn and Carbon nanotube can an alternative for existing Kevlar bullet
proof vest. So combining of nylon filament yarn and carbon nanotube can be effectively fulfilling the requirements of ballistic impact and safe the life of wearer. Nylon filament yarn of 858 denier and 1330 denier was taken for the work. The multi layer woven fabric was produced by using nylon filament yarn of two various deniers. The fabric weave structure is plain weave. Double cloth and triple cloth was produced for protection
of ballistic impact, because each fabric layer reduces the energy of projectile. The developed multi layer fabrics
can be coated with multiwalled carbon nanotube by using textile coating method. The technical test and field
test can be carried to existing bullet proof vest, un coated nylon bullet proof vest and coated bullet proof vest.
The developed triple cloth will shows more ballistic resist than double cloth.
The developed plaited Glass/Wool bended fabrc can used for thermal proof application because of high
Limiting oxygen Index. Nylon with Carbon nanotube coated fabric can also be used for thermal proof
application. Keywords: Ballistic impact, Tearing strength, Cover factor , multi layer fabric, thermal conductivity
This present survey was carried out to examine the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Pulicaria crispa (Forssk). The plant is an annual herb or a perennial, producing yellow flowers. The plant materials were collected from Khartoum state –western Omdurman area – Sudan. Four solvent (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water) were used in the extraction. The secondary metabolize compounds were investigated. The antibacterial activity of extracts were evaluated against four standard bacteria (Gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and (Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results provided that, P. crispa is contain very high amount of alkaloids; phenyl and flavonoids in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts and high amount in methanol extracts and moderate amount in water extract) ; low amount of amino acid in all extracts, high amount of protein in ethanol and low in all extracts, moderate amount of carbohydrate and Saponins in all extracts, high amount of tannins, sterol in ethanol and methanol and low amount in water and ethyl acetate extract. The result of antibacterial tests indicated that the methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were recorded high activity (21,20,19,18) against all bacteria at concentration (100), and low activity against all bacteria in water extract and most extracts showed same degree of antibacterial activity.
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L and Rumex ...theijes
The present study presents the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Rumex dentatus against some selected microorganisms which are known to cause diseases in human beings and the comparative study of extent of antimicrobial properties of various extracts. Petroleum ether, Methanol and Aqueous extracts of seeds and whole plant respectively were prepared and then tested against pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition for Nigella sativa was found maximum in petroleum ether extract of 30 mm at a dose of 250μg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium while as at the same concentration the highest inhibition zone diameter of 21mm was recorded against K. pneumoniae for methanol extract in case of Rumex dentatus.
A comparative assessment on paralysis and death of Indian adult earthworm (Ph...Uploadworld
The present study was carried out to investigate the paralysis and death of methanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Lasia spinosa against Pheretima posthuma. Lasia spinosa (Lour) Thwaites belonging to family Araceae, locally known as Chengmora in Assamese, is a perennial herb with watery, bitter juice with an elongated or tuberous rhizome and leaves are ethno medicinally prescribed in North-East India to cure helminthes infections.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Every Civilization having its own culture of treating diseases
260 AD around establishment of Jund-i-Shapur
Initially Prisoners from Roman Empire
After Roman Empire cracked down on Scientific Centers and Intellectuals
The AYUSH system of medicine mostly relies on
prevention of disease. The Unani System of Medicine has much more to
offer for prevention of the disease.
Six essentials of life which form the basics of the Unani
Preventive measures are:
•Air-----Quality of air
•Food and Drinks (Ma’akool wa Mashroob)---Dietary habits,
balanced diet etc
•Physical Rest and Movement (Harkat wa Sakoon Badni)….Exercise
etc
•Mental Rest and Movement (Harkat wa Sakoon Nafsani) ….
Thinking, stress etc
•Sleep and awakeness (Naum wa Yagza)----Sleep time, good sleep
•Retention and Evacuation (Ehtibas and Estefaragh)….What is to be
retained and evacuated from the body.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
The incredible benefits of nagarmotha (cyperus rotundus)
1. [Downloaded free from http://www.ijnpnd.com on Saturday, January 11, 2014, IP: 117.242.185.59] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal
Rev i ew A r t i cle
The incredible benefits of Nagarmotha
(Cyperus rotundus)
Hashmat Imam, Zarnigar, Ghulamuddin Sofi1, Seikh Aziz1, Azad Lone2
Departments of Preventive and
Social Medicine, 1Ilmul Advia,
and 2Moalajat, National Institute
of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Hashmat Imam,
Department of Preventive
and Social Medicine, National
Institute of Unani Medicine,
Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road,
Bengaluru ‑ 560 091, Karnataka,
India.
E‑mail: mdhashmatimam@gmail.
com
ABSTRACT
Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus), a cosmopolitan weed, is found in all tropical,
subtropical and temperate regions of the world. In India, it is commonly known as
Nagarmotha and it belongs to the family Cyperacea. The major chemical components of
this herb are essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, cyprotene, cyperene,
aselinene, rotundene, valencene, cyperol, gurjunene, trans‑calamenene, cadalene,
cyperotundone, mustakone, isocyperol, acyperone, etc., Research studies have shown
that it possesses various pharmacological activities such as diuretic, carminative,
emmenagogue, anthelminthic, analgesic, anti‑inflammatory, anti‑dysenteric,
antirheumatic activities. An extensive review of the ancient traditional literature and
modern research revealed that the drug has numerous therapeutic actions, several
of which have been established scientifically, which may help the researchers to
set their minds for approaching the utility, efficacy and potency of nagarmotha.
Key words: Cyperus rotundus, cyprotene, flavonoids, Nagarmotha
INTRODUCTION
Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) commonly known as
Nagarmotha is found throughout India. It belongs to the
family Cyperacea. The genus name Cyperus is derived
from Cypeiros, which was the ancient Greek name for the
genus, rotundus is Latin word for round and refers to the
tuber.[1] The family comprises about 104 genera and more
than 5000 species world‑wide, although number vary
greatly due to differing taxonomic concepts of individual
researchers. The largest genus is Carex with about 2000
species world‑wide, followed by Cyperus with about 550
species.[2] It is a pestiferous perennial weed with dark
green glabrous culms, arising from underground tubers.
It is actually a field weed known in all the Southern States
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DOI:
10.4103/2231-0738.124611
as nut grass. The plant produces rhizomes, tubers, basal
bulbs and fibrous roots below ground and rosettes of
leaves, scapes and umbels above ground.[3]
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
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Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Commelinidae
Order: Poales (Cyperales)
Family: Cyperacae
Genus: Cyperus
Species: Rotundus[4]
VERNACULAR NAMES
Arabic: Soad, Soadekufi; Bangali: Nagarmotha;
Burma: Vomonniu; Hindi: Nagarmotha; Malaya:
Mushkezamin; Gujarat: Nagaramothaya; English:
Nut grass; Sanskrit: Chakranksha, Charukesara; Urdu:
Saad kufi.[3,5]
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Imam, et al.: Cyperus rotundus: An overview
DISTRIBUTION
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
Nagarmotha (C. rotundus) is a cosmopolitan weed
found in all tropical, subtropical and temperate
regions of the world. In India, it is common in open,
disturbed habitats to an elevation of about 1800 m.[6]
Ovicidal and larvicidal activity
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
It is a perennial slender herb, stem at base nodosely
thickened and suddenly constricted into a wiry
rhizome, sub solitary, triquetrous at top. Leaves long,
often overlapping stem. Flowers borne in compound
umbel, spikes loosely spicate of 3‑8 spixelets. Seeds in
the form of trigonous nuts, flowers and fruits almost
throughout the year, but chiefly during rainy season.[7]
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Phytochemical studies has shown that the major
chemical components of this herb are essential oils,
flavonoids, terpenoids, and mono sesquiterpenes. The
plant contains the following chemical constituents;
cyprotene, acopaene, cyperene, aselinene, rotundene,
valencene, cyperol, gurjunene, trans‑calamenene,
dcadinene, gcalacorene, cadalene, amuurolene,
gmuurolene, cyperotundone, mustakone, isocyperol,
acyperone,[8] 4,11‑selinnadien‑3‑one and 1,8‑cineole.[9]
The oil of C. rotundus was mainly composed of cyperol,
α‑cyperene, rotundine, α‑cyperone, α‑copaene,
valerenal, myrtenol, β‑pinene, α‑pinene and α‑Selinene,
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (Caryophyllene).[10,11]
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
Diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue, anthelminthic,
stomachic, stimulant, analgesic, hypotensive,
anti‑inflammatory, antidysenteric, antirheumatic.[12]
THERAPEUTIC USES
The essential oil (0.5-0.9%) from the tuber is used
in perfumery, soap making and insect repellent
cream.[13] Decoction of rhizome with stem bits of
Tinospora cardifolia and dried ginger is given to treat
malarial fever. Decoction of rhizome with leaves
of Fuaria indica, Swertia chirayita, black pepper and
ginger was used to treat typhoid fever. Rhizome
juice is given in the dose of 25 ml thrice daily for
3 days to treat constipation.[14] The rhizomes are
scraped and pounded with green ginger mixed with
honey prescribed in dysentery, gastric and intestinal
troubles. Fresh tubers are applied to the breast as a
galactagogue.[5]
24
The ovicidal and larvicidal effect of essential oils
extracted from the tubers of C. rotundus was studied
on eggs and fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. The
eggs and larvae were exposed to serial concentration
of the oils ranging from 5 to 150 ppm and kept
under observation for 24 h. Both the oils showed
remarkable ovicidal and larvicidal activities indicated
by EC50 values of<5 ppm and LC50 and LC90 values
of <20 ppm. The results obtained suggested that the
essential oils of these Cyperus species can serve as a
potential source of natural mosquitocidal agents.[15]
Insect repellency activity
Hexane extract of tuber of plant C. rotundus was
screened under laboratory conditions for repellent
activity against mosquito vector Anopheles culicifacies,
Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The
C. rotundus tuber extract was used to determine their
effect on mosquito vector and comparison with the
N, N‑diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide. Result obtained
from the laboratory experiment showed that the tuber
extracts are more effective for repellency of the entire
mosquito vector even at a low dose.[16]
Insecticidal activity
A study was conducted to test the phytochemical
screening and insecticidal testing of C. rotundus. It is
more effective than Carbamate and has almost the
same efficacy as that of organophosphate. Result
shows that C. rotundus ranked first because after 10 s,
all the test animals (ants) died (10); Organophosphate
ranked second with 9 ants dead after 10 s; and the last
was Carbamate with seven dead after 12 s.[17]
Antimicrobial activity
The essential oil (0.2%) was extracted by
hydrodistillation from the tubers of C. rotundus
collected from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The
hydrodistilled oil of C. rotundus was subjected to
GC‑MS analysis. The oil was found to be effective
against various bacterial and fungal strains viz. Bacillus
subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus, Candida parapsilosis, Aspergillus
flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum
in different concentrations.[11]
Antimutagenic and radical scavenging activity
This study evaluates mutagenic and antimutagenic
effects of aqueous, total oligomers flavonoids (TOF),
ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from aerial parts
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Imam, et al.: Cyperus rotundus: An overview
of C. rotundus with the Salmonella typhimurium assay
system. The different extracts showed no mutagenicity
when tested with Salmonella typhimurium strains
TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538 either with or
without the S9 mix. On the other hand, our results
showed that all extracts have antimutagenic activity
against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in TA100 and TA98 assay
system and against sodium azide in TA100 and
TA1535 assay system. TOF, ethyl acetate and methanol
extracts exhibited the highest inhibition level of the
Ames response induced by the indirect mutagen
AFB1.Whereas, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts
exhibited the highest level of protection towards the
direct mutagen, sodium azide, induced response.
In addition to antimutagenic activity, these extracts
showed an important free radical scavenging activity
toward the 1,1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl free radical.
TOF, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed IC50
value of 15, 14 and 20 g/ml, respectively.[18]
Antimalarial activity
Activity guided investigation of C. rotundus tubers led to
the isolation of patchoulenone, caryophyllene or‑oxide,
10,12‑peroxycalamenene and 4,7‑dimethyl‑l‑tetralone.
The antimalarial activities of these compounds are
in the range of ECso 10‑4-10‑6 M, with the novel
ndoperoxide sesquiterpene, 10,12‑peroxycalamenene,
exhibiting the strongest effect at ECso 2.33 × 106 M.[19]
Antispasmodic activity
An aqueous extract of rhizomes of C. rotundus (ACR)
was tested for its anti‑diarrheal and anti‑spasmodic
activity. Anti‑diarrheal effect of ACR was evaluated in
castor oil induced diarrhea in mice and antispasmodic
effect was evaluated by charcoal meal test in mice
at a dose of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg. The % inhibition
of diarrhea was 30.36%, 37.90%, 45.45% and 92.45%
for ACR 125, 250, 500 mg/kg (po) and loperamide
2 mg/kg dose (po) respectively. ACR 125, 250,
500 mg/kg (po) and atropine sulfate 2 mg/kg
dose (po) produced 24.35%, 31.48%, 36.75% and
55.94% inhibition of intestinal transit respectively.
These results were indicated that ACR produces its
anti‑diarrheal effect through decreasing intestinal
secretions and anti‑spasmodic effect by inhibiting the
intestinal motility.[20]
Anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity
Regarding high incidence of epilepsy in human society
and with respect to insufficient therapies, in the present
study, anticonvulsant effect of C. rotundus extract was
experimentally examined. A total of 60 male mice
were randomly selected and divided into 6 groups; (1)
control, (2) pentylentetrazole (PTZ)‑kindled
mice, (3) positive control group which received
valproate (100 mg/kg) as anticonvulsant drug
and (4‑6) which received C. rotundus rhizome extract at
three doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg; i.p). All groups
except for control group were kindled by 11 injections
of PTZ (35 mg/kg; i.p) with an interval of 48 h. In the
12th injection, all groups except for control group were
tested for PTZ challenge dose (75 mg/kg). The exhibited
phases of seizure (0‑6) were observed and noted for
30 min after PTZ injection. At last, all brains of mice
were removed and then malondialdehyde (MDA),
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO)
levels of brain tissues were determined. Data analysis
showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of C. rotundus
could reduce intensity and duration of seizure.
Furthermore, the extract could increase the level of
SOD and NO and decrease MDA level in mice brain. It
is concluded that C. rotundus rhzome extract, probably
through its antioxidant properties could have exerted
a potent antiepileptic effect.[21]
Antibacterial activity
The Antibacterial activity of Cyperus oil was studied
for various microorganisms (S. aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus pyogenes,
E. coli and P. aeruginosa) using inhibition zone
method (Aromatogram). The MIC and MBC for each
microbe were estimated. The oil of C. rotundus was
shown a remarkable activity against Gram‑positive
bacteria, less antibacterial activity was found against
Gram‑negative bacteria and no activity were observed
with the oil against P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris.[10]
Antiplatelet activity
C. rotundus, a well‑known oriental traditional medicine,
has been reported to exhibit wide spectrum activity in
biological systems including the circulatory system,
however, little information is available on its antiplatelet
activity. This study was undertaken to investigate the
antiplatelet effects of C. rotundus EtOH extract (CRE) and
its constituent compounds. Materials and methods: The
antiplatelet activities of CRE and its eight constituent
compounds were evaluated by examining their effects
on rat platelet aggregations in vitro and ex vivo and on
mice tail bleeding times. Results: During the in vitro
platelet aggregation study, CRE showed significant and
concentration dependent inhibitory effects on collagen,
thrombin and/or induced platelet aggregation. Of
its eight components, (+)‑nootkatone was found to
have the most potent inhibitory effect on collagen,
thrombin and AA‑induced platelet aggregation.
In addition, CRE‑and (+)‑nootkatone‑treated mice
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Imam, et al.: Cyperus rotundus: An overview
exhibited significantly prolonged bleeding times.
Furthermore, (+)‑nootkatone had a significant
inhibitory effect on rat platelet aggregation ex vivo.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the antiplatelet
effects of CRE and its active component (+)‑nootkatone
and suggests that these agents might be of therapeutic
benefit for the prevention of platelet‑associated
cardiovascular diseases.[22]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Lipid lowering activity
REFERENCES
In the present study, hyperlipidaemia was induced by
high fat diet as it is always useful for the assessment of
agents that interfere with the absorption, degradation
and excretion of cholesterol. Feeding with high fat diet
caused significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum total
cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density
lipoprotein (LDL) levels with respect to the baseline
value. Though on high fat diet feeding an increase in
high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were seen but
they were not found to be statistically significant.
In present study, treatment with the standards
and different doses of extract exerted statistically
significant (P < 0.05) reduction in serum TC, LDL, TG,
HDL levels at the end of 15 days of intervention.[23]
Wound healing activity
The present study was aimed to evaluate the wound
healing activity of extract of tuber parts of C. rotundus.
An alcoholic extract of tuber parts of C. rotundus was
examined for wound healing activity in the form of
ointment in three types of wound models on rats:
The excision, the incision and dead space wound
model. The extract ointments showed considerable
difference in response in all the above said wound
models when comparable to those of a standard drug
nitrofurazone ointment (0.2% w/w NFZ) in terms of
wound contracting ability, wound closure time and
tensile strength.[24]
CONCLUSION
Nagarmotha (C. rotundus) is a perennial plant and
is one of the most invasive weeds known, having
spread out to a world‑wide distribution in tropical
and temperate regions. The plant is mentioned in
the ancient ayurvedic medicine Charaka Samhita.
Ayurvedic physicians uses the plant, known as musta
or musta moola churna, for treating fevers, digestive
system disorders, dysmenorrhea and other maladies.
Modern alternative medicine recommends using the
plant to treat nausea, fever and inflammation; for
pain reduction; for muscle relaxation and many other
disorders.
26
The authors are gratefully acknowledged the immense
help received from the scholars whose articles are cited
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articles, journals and books from where the literature for
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1.
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Imam, et al.: Cyperus rotundus: An overview
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cyperus rotundus
rhizome on pentylentetrazoleinduced kindling model in male mice.
Med Plants Res 2011;5:1140‑6.
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How to cite this article: Imam H, Z, Sofi G, Seikh A, Lone A. The
incredible benefits of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus). Int J Nutr
Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2014;4:23-7.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Received: 18-10-2013, Accepted: 18-11-2013
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