Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Evaluation of Nutritional Components of Carica papaya L. At Different Stages ...IOSR Journals
The study compared the nutritive value of Carica papaya L. fruit at different ripening stages with the
aim of advising consumers and biological world when best to consume the fruit. Proximate, mineral and vitamin
analysis were carried out on the pulp, peel and seeds of fruits. Results showed that unripe papaya is a good
source of carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins, and the content decreases as it ripens. Very ripe papaya is not a
good source of protein because unripe papaya contains more protein. The vitamin C content of the hard ripe
and very ripe pawpaw was found to be fairly high. Papaya at different stages is a good source of vitamin A and
mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Na and K). Unripe pawpaw contains the highest amount of all the non-nutritive
elements (Saponin, Alkaloid, Tannin, Flavonoid and Phenol) analyzed which are beneficial to the body. In view
of these differences, though very ripe pawpaw is sweet and good for consumption, the unripe pawpaw is
recommended for use due to its nutritive value.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Evaluation of Nutritional Components of Carica papaya L. At Different Stages ...IOSR Journals
The study compared the nutritive value of Carica papaya L. fruit at different ripening stages with the
aim of advising consumers and biological world when best to consume the fruit. Proximate, mineral and vitamin
analysis were carried out on the pulp, peel and seeds of fruits. Results showed that unripe papaya is a good
source of carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins, and the content decreases as it ripens. Very ripe papaya is not a
good source of protein because unripe papaya contains more protein. The vitamin C content of the hard ripe
and very ripe pawpaw was found to be fairly high. Papaya at different stages is a good source of vitamin A and
mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Na and K). Unripe pawpaw contains the highest amount of all the non-nutritive
elements (Saponin, Alkaloid, Tannin, Flavonoid and Phenol) analyzed which are beneficial to the body. In view
of these differences, though very ripe pawpaw is sweet and good for consumption, the unripe pawpaw is
recommended for use due to its nutritive value.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
Now a days everybody wants evidence or proof for any purpose.so govt.of india introduces AYUSH research portal for the devalopment and taking awareness regarding ayurveda where it consists of clinical trial and pre-clinical trial data.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Glycemic Variability in PregnancyInsideScientific
Join Caroline Wuyts, MSc for a deep dive into her research on pregnancy and monitoring glucose availability throughout the reproductive timeline of a mouse model.
Pregnancy is a physiological challenge for the female body. Metabolic adaptations are necessary to maintain the balance between maternal and fetal growth. To gain insight in these pregnancy-induced adaptations, continuous glucose was monitored in mice via telemetric transmitters.
Caroline’s group investigated the effect of telemetry on pregnancy outcome by comparing mice with an implanted transmitter and mice that underwent a sham surgery. They developed an overview of glucose tolerance before, during and after pregnancy by performing oral glucose tolerance tests. Glycemic variability was monitored continuously using camera surveillance, and it was determined that continuous glucose monitoring is a safe method that provides insight into glycemic control during pregnancy with unprecedented detail.
Key Topics Include:
Appreciate that telemetric implants do not have an influence on pregnancy and that they understand how glycemia adapts to pregnancy in mice.
Acknowledge that continuous glucose monitoring combined with camera surveillance is a suitable method to monitor glycemic variability.
Recognize that healthy mice during a full pregnancy develop adaptations in glucose homeostasis reminiscent of those in pregnant women.
Diet and exercise in the treatment of fatty liverRONSA1
This is a special issue published in volume 2012 of “Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism.”
All articles are open access articles dis- tributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
Now a days everybody wants evidence or proof for any purpose.so govt.of india introduces AYUSH research portal for the devalopment and taking awareness regarding ayurveda where it consists of clinical trial and pre-clinical trial data.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Glycemic Variability in PregnancyInsideScientific
Join Caroline Wuyts, MSc for a deep dive into her research on pregnancy and monitoring glucose availability throughout the reproductive timeline of a mouse model.
Pregnancy is a physiological challenge for the female body. Metabolic adaptations are necessary to maintain the balance between maternal and fetal growth. To gain insight in these pregnancy-induced adaptations, continuous glucose was monitored in mice via telemetric transmitters.
Caroline’s group investigated the effect of telemetry on pregnancy outcome by comparing mice with an implanted transmitter and mice that underwent a sham surgery. They developed an overview of glucose tolerance before, during and after pregnancy by performing oral glucose tolerance tests. Glycemic variability was monitored continuously using camera surveillance, and it was determined that continuous glucose monitoring is a safe method that provides insight into glycemic control during pregnancy with unprecedented detail.
Key Topics Include:
Appreciate that telemetric implants do not have an influence on pregnancy and that they understand how glycemia adapts to pregnancy in mice.
Acknowledge that continuous glucose monitoring combined with camera surveillance is a suitable method to monitor glycemic variability.
Recognize that healthy mice during a full pregnancy develop adaptations in glucose homeostasis reminiscent of those in pregnant women.
Diet and exercise in the treatment of fatty liverRONSA1
This is a special issue published in volume 2012 of “Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism.”
All articles are open access articles dis- tributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Health Benefits Associated with Vitamin ENutricap Labs
Despite recently published negative press, there are many health benefits associated with Vitamin E supplementation.
Our presentation covers many of the benefits associated with Vitamin E and how you can go about starting your own Vitamin E supplement line!
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile...ijtsrd
"Abnormal lipid metabolism is a major pathogenic factor for various cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the lipid profile of methanol extract of unfermented Theobroma cacao TC in Wistar rats. 24 Male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9 normal saline. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 200mg kg, 400mg kg and 800mg kg methanol extract of unfermented TC. Administration was via oral gavage and lasted for 21 days. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and later centrifuged to get serum. Laboratory assays were done for serum concentrations of total cholesterol Tc , triacylglycerides TAG , high density lipoprotein HDL c , and low density lipoprotein LDL c . Administration of TC extract resulted in an increase p 0.05 serum concentration of HDL c, with a consequent reduction in the serum concentrations of Tc, TAG, and LDL c when compared with the control. The observed results showed that consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao within the experimental dose promotes normal lipid profile of Wistar rats. Thus, if these results are extrapolated to man, consumption of unfermented Theobroma cacao is encouraged. Eyuwa Ignatius Agwupuye | Justin Atiang Beshel | Assumpta Chioma Anosike | Lawrence U. Ezeanyika ""Methanol Extract of Unfermented Theobroma Cacao Promotes Normal Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21730.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/21730/methanol-extract-of-unfermented-theobroma-cacao-promotes-normal-lipid-profile-of-wistar-rats/eyuwa-ignatius-agwupuye"
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Similar to Pumpkin seed oil extracted from cucurbita maxima improves urinary disorder in human overactive bladder (20)
Every Civilization having its own culture of treating diseases
260 AD around establishment of Jund-i-Shapur
Initially Prisoners from Roman Empire
After Roman Empire cracked down on Scientific Centers and Intellectuals
The AYUSH system of medicine mostly relies on
prevention of disease. The Unani System of Medicine has much more to
offer for prevention of the disease.
Six essentials of life which form the basics of the Unani
Preventive measures are:
•Air-----Quality of air
•Food and Drinks (Ma’akool wa Mashroob)---Dietary habits,
balanced diet etc
•Physical Rest and Movement (Harkat wa Sakoon Badni)….Exercise
etc
•Mental Rest and Movement (Harkat wa Sakoon Nafsani) ….
Thinking, stress etc
•Sleep and awakeness (Naum wa Yagza)----Sleep time, good sleep
•Retention and Evacuation (Ehtibas and Estefaragh)….What is to be
retained and evacuated from the body.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. [Downloaded free from http://www.jtcm.org on Friday, January 10, 2014, IP: 115.244.31.67] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal
Nishimura, et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 4 (2014) 72‑74
testosterone showed an increase of prostate size ratio, but admin‑
istration of 2.0 or 4.0 mg/100 g body weight of pumpkin seed oil
from C. pepo inhibited the prostate size ratio in rats treated with
testosterone. These previous studies have clarified the effect of
pumpkin seed oil extracted from C. pepo, but there has been no
clinical investigation on urinary disorder treatment using any other
kind of pumpkin seed oil.
In Japan, especially in Hokkaido, Cucurbita maxima is the main
pumpkin species grown for food. Thus, numerous pumpkin seeds
are available here. Ojiako et al. have analyzed the composition
of seeds of C. maxima as having various fatty acids, proteins,
carbohydrates, and minerals.[7] Recently, we have developed a
product extracted from the pumpkin seed oil of C. maxima, and
we herein evaluated the effect of the product on urinary disorders
in volunteers suffering from OAB symptom.
Moreover, the levels of serum prostate‑specific antigen (PSA)
in all males were within normal range. Four subjects quit the
entry on their own, and three subjects were excluded because of
inadequate intake of the oil. The characteristics of the enrolled
subjects are summarized in Table 2. Six and 12 weeks after
the initial administration of the pumpkin seed oil, the average
levels of high density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (HDL‑cholesterol)
and low density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (LDL‑cholesterol) and
triglyceride were essentially unchanged [Table 2]. There was
no significant difference in the laboratory data between pre‑ and
post‑administration of the pumpkin seed oil in various age and
body weight groups [Table 2].
Improvement of OABSS in subjects given pumpkin seed oil
Serial changes of total score and sub‑scores of OABSS
are summarized in Table 3. Six and 12 weeks after the initial
administration of pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima, the total
scores were significantly decreased compared to those on day 0
[Table 3]. In detail, the scores on all parts of the questionnaire
(daytime frequency, nighttime frequency, urgency, and urgency
incontinence) significantly improved in the subjects administered
pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima [Table 3].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subject and study design
Forty‑five volunteers (male: female = 25:20; age 41-80 years)
were enrolled in this study. Subjects were excluded if they were
pregnant or had severe or acute diseases (e.g. cancer, infection,
and acute organic failure such as heart or hepatic failure). All
were older than 20 years of age. Ten grams of the pumpkin seed
oil extracted from C. maxima was daily and orally administered
in the subjects for 12 weeks. Analytical results of the composi‑
tion of the pumpkin seed oil with regard to nutrients, vitamins,
fatty acids, and sterols are provided in Table 1. All protocols in
this study were approved by the Ethical Committee of Hokkaido
Information University, and written informed consent was ob‑
tained from all participating subjects. Demographic and medical
data were obtained from the medical records and interviews at
study entry. Blood samples were obtained in the morning after
overnight fasting, and biochemical data concerning lipids were
measured.
DISCUSSION
OAB symptoms are found in more than 15% of humans aged
40 and over, and are thought to increase with advancing age.[1]
OABSS, a self‑assessment of OAB symptoms, is recognized
as a standard tool for diagnosis and evaluation of the severity
Table 1. Component of the pumpkin seed oil extracted from Cucurbita
maxima per 100 g
Nutrition
Calories (kcal)
Fat (g)
Vitamin
β‑carotene (μg)
Vitamin D (μg)
Vitamin E (mg)
α‑ tocopherol (mg)
γ‑ tocopherol (mg)
Vitamin K‑1 (μg)
Fatty acid (g)
C14:0
C16:0
C16:1
C17:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:2
C18:3
C20:0
C22:0
C24:0
Sterol
Sitosterol (mg)
Diagnosis and evaluation of OAB
To diagnose and evaluate OAB, the subjects completed the
OABSS questionnaire for evaluation of daytime frequency,
nighttime frequency, urgency, and urgency incontinence, as
described previously.[4]
Statistical analysis
Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistic
19 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The statistical differences in the
results of OABSS were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed‑rank test, and
those in the biochemical data were analyzed using Tukey’s multiple
comparison test. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Demographic characteristics and physical and biochemical
examination
All males enrolled in this study were not diagnosed as
BPH in the hospital and did not receive the treatment of BPH.
73
900
99.9
500
2
5.7
0.2
5.5
10
0.1
10.9
0.1
0.1
6.0
38.6
37.8
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
150
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Nishimura, et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 4 (2014) 72‑74
us to downsize the test or placebo sample volume good enough
for encapsulation.
Although we demonstrated the beneficial effects of pumpkin
seed oil from C. maxima, our results are limited in several ways.
Ours was not a randomized, double‑blind, and placebo‑controlled
study design. Recently, OABSS has been recognized as the
standard system of evaluation in urinary function,[5] but the system
involves evaluation by self‑assessment. Furthermore, the sample
size in our study was small. Thus, further double‑blind, randomized
controlled study is needed to confirm the effect of pumpkin seed
oil obtained from C. maxima.
Table 2. Clinical characteristics and biochemical data
Day 0
Body mass index
Body weight (kg)
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
HDL‑cholesterol (mg/dl)
LDL‑cholesterol (mg/dl)
Triglyceride (mg/dl)
Urea nitrogen (mg/dl)
Creatinine (mg/dl)
6 weeks
12 weeks
24.73±2.86
62.98±8.24
207.5±29.7
67.9±17.7
127.2±30.6
116.8±58.9
14.7±3.5
0.8±0.2
24.98±2.80
63.62±8.17
211.2±28.9
70.6±18.0
126.9±29.1
114.7±66.5
15.0±2.7
0.8±0.2
24.97±2.76
63.63±8.15
216.4±29.8
71.8±17.9
131.0±27.2
119.9±78.5
14.6±3.4
0.9±0.2
Table 3. Changes in obstructive bladder scoring system (OABSS) in all
subjects given the extract of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita maxima)
Day 0 (0 week)
Total score
Q1 (daytime frequency)
Q2 (nighttime frequency)
Q3 (urgency)
Q4 (urgency incontinence)
6 weeks
12 weeks
4.4±2.2
0.7±0.5
1.6±0.8
1.5±1.2
0.7±0.9
3.5±2.1*
0.6±0.5
1.4±0.9
1.1±1.1*
0.4±0.7
CONCLUSION
2.7±2.2**
0.4±0.5**
1.1±1.0**
0.1±1.3**
0.3±0.6*
Although the results in our study are preliminary and further
study is needed, our results suggest that pumpkin seed oil extracted
from C. maxima has the potential for prevention or treatment of
urinary disorders including OAB.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Values are expressed as means±SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus the level of
OABSS on day 0, OABSS: Obstructive bladder scoring system
We are grateful to Ms. Aiko Tanaka, Rina Kawamura, Tomoko
Mino, and Megumi Shibata for their technical assistance with the
data management, and we thank Mr. Jungo Hayashi for his man‑
agement of the clinical trial. This study was supported, in part, by
Sapporo Innovation program.
of OAB, and has been used in clinical studies.[4] Furthermore,
OABSS is useful for determining the effect of treatment on
urinary disorders.[8,9] In this study, we investigated the effect of
pumpkin seed oil from C. maxima by OABSS. The OABSS was
remarkably reduced in subjects given pumpkin seed oil extracted
from C. maxima. The effect of pumpkin seed oil obtained from
C. pepo has been tested in urinary disorders and this oil is
now being developed for self‑medication in western countries.
Friederich et al. have demonstrated that the pumpkin seed extract
obtained from C. pepo improves abnormal urinary function in
patients with BPH.[5] Oral administration of 500-1000 mg/day of
this extract for 12 weeks caused International Prostate Symptom
Scores to decrease by 41.4%. Moreover, more than 96% of the
patients had no undesired side effect due to treatment with the
oil. In our study, consistent with the results of a previous study,
there was no severe side effect caused by the pumpkin seed oil
from C. maxima (data not shown). These results suggest that
the seed extract from C. maxima is safe and well tolerated in
the treatment of urinary disorders such as OAB and BPH. In
our lab, biochemical analysis has been carried out to identify
the molecules responsible in the pumpkin seed oil to allevi‑
ate urinary tract problems, but it remains to be elucidated to
date. Although the molecular mechanism of the seed oil for
improvement of urinary tract disorders is not well understood
from the current study, based on a previous report, it is specu‑
lated that sitosterols contained in the seed oil are responsible
to alleviate these disorders.[5] As for the study design, it was an
open‑labeled trial because of excessive amount of oil volume
required for encapsulation. To confirm the current results, we
plan to perform a placebo‑controlled, double‑blind clinical trial
when we identify the potential molecules, which would enable
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