International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 3‖ March 2014 ‖ PP.26-32
www.ijpsi.org 26 | P a g e
Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Four
Medicinal Plants Leaves of Different Ages
Md. Mamun Or Rahid1
*, Mohammad Ruhul Amin2
, Mohammed Mehadi
Hassan Chowdhury2
, Md. Arifur Rahman2
, Md. Shamim1
1
(Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh)
2
(Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh)
ABSTRACT: Plants are the richest source of natural antimicrobial agents. The present study was carried out
to evaluate the antibacterial effect of four important plants namely, Rauvolfia serpentina, Tagetes erecta,
Brassica nigra, Ocimum tenuiflorum. Powdered leaf materials of all selected plants were extracted with
methanol. The solvent extracts were evaporated for dryness using rotary evaporator. Dry residue was dissolved
in methanol (1:10 w/v) and different volume of tested sample is applied for antibacterial activity. The
antibacterial screening of the selected crude methanolic extracts were determined according to Kirby-Bauer’s
Disc diffusion method on the following bacteria- Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The experiment showed that R. serpentina exhibited excellent antibacterial activity
against tested bacterial organisms as compared to the standard Norfloxacin. Maximum of 21.60 ±0.40 mm zone
of inhibition was recorded against gram positive bacteria S. aureus for the leaves aged >30 days (100µl) of R.
serpentine and maximum of 18.90 ±0.84 mm was recorded for the leaves of T. erectra aged >30 days (100µg),
whereas the least inhibitory zone was found 7.80± 0.45 mm for the leaves aged 5-15 days (15 µl). Again,
maximum zone of inhibition 28.12±0.40 mm was found for the positive control, Norfloxacin. This result revealed
that due to the increases of ages, antimicrobial activities of leaves also increases. S. typhi showed no sensitivity
for any of the tested plant leaves extracts, whereas other gram-negative bacteria showed some degree of
susceptibility. E. coli showed excellent susceptibility against R. serpentina. P.aeruginosa showed susceptibility
against O.tenuiflorum. Although, it is resistant against the other leaves extracts. B. nigra didn’t show any
antimicrobial activity. Our results demonstrated that methanol extracts of these plants leaves have age and
concentration dependent antibacterial activity against some of the tested organisms. Further studies should be
undertaken to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of antimicrobial effect to identify the active ingredients
which can be used in drug development program.
KEY WORDS: Brassica nigra, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Rauvolfia serpentina, Tagetes erecta, Zone of inhibition.
I. INTRODUCTION
Human infections particularly those involving microorganism i.e. bacteria, fungus, viruses; they
causes serious infections in tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In recent years, multiple drug
resistance in human pathogenic microorganism has been developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial
antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of such diseases [1,2]. Plants are the richest source of
natural antimicrobial agents. Traditional healers claim that some medicinal plants are more efficient to treat
infectious diseases than synthetic antibiotics [3]. Biomolecules of plant origin appear to be one of the
alternatives for the control of these antibiotic resistant human pathogens [4]. Different extracts from traditional
medicinal plants have been tested. Many reports have show the effectiveness of traditional herbs against
microorganisms, as a result, plants are one of the bedrocks for modern medicine to attain new principles [5].
Until natural products have been approved as new antibacterial drugs, there is an urgent need to identify novel
substances active towards highly resistant pathogens [6,7]. The medicinal plants are widely used because of its
easy availability and cost effectiveness. The active principles of many drugs found in plants are secondary
metabolites. The antimicrobial activities of plant extracts may reside in a variety of different components,
including aldehyde and phenolic compounds [8]. Again, Scalbert review revealed that tannins can be toxic to
filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Condensed tannins have been determined to bind cell walls of ruminal
bacteria, preventing growth and protease activity [9]. Alkaloid and its derivatives have activities against
Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus [10].
In our study, we observed the comparative study on the antibacterial effeicacy of the methanolic
extract of leaves of four medicinal plants; Rauvolfia serpentina belonging to the family of Apocynaceae which
is native to the Indian subcontinent and East Asia [11]; Tagetes erecta belonging to the family of Asteraceae is
2. Comparative Study On The Antibacterial Activity…
www.ijpsi.org 27 | P a g e
native to the America, it is often called African marigold.; Brassica nigra belonging to the family of
Brassicaceae is native to the southern mediterranean region of Europe and possibly South Asia where it has been
cultivated for thousands of years; Ocimum tenuiflorum also known as holy basil, or tulasi, is an aromatic plant in
the family Lamiaceae which is native to South Asia and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Eastern
World tropics [12]. These plants are medicinally important and few of these are used for different purpose
which is already established. For example- Rauvolfia serpentina extract has been used for the treatment of fever,
anxiety, epilepsy, snake bite, rheumatism, insanity, eczema, intestinal disorders, psychiatric disorders,
nervous disorders, cardiovascular disorder, bacterial infections and in the management of hypertension
schizophrenia [13-15]. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potentiality of plant extracts on
standard microorganism strains as well as on the multi-drug resistant bacteria.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Selection of medicinal plants for the study
Four medicinal plants Rauvolfia serpentina, Tagetes erecta, Brassica nigra, Ocimum tenuiflorum
were selected based on ethanomedical importance. Healthy, disease free leaves of the selected plants were
collected according to the leave’s age differences (5-15 days, 15-30 day, > 30 days) from Noakhali district of
Bangladesh and later identified by Professor Dr. Md. Jasim Uddin, Taxonomist, Department of Botany,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2.2 Cold extraction
The collected leaves were washed with distilled water and separated from undesirable
materials. The washed leaves were categorized according to their species and age differences and dried at room
temperature for seven days under shade. After drying the materials were powdered separately by using electric
grinder. 50 grams of each category dried powder was filled in the thimble and extracted with 150 ml of
methanol (80%) successively up to 48h accompanying occasional shaking and stirring [16]. The mixtures were
then undergone a coarse filtration through Whatman filter paper separately. The filtrate obtained were
evaporated by rotary evaporator at 5 to 6 rpm and 65ºC temperature. After complete solvent evaporation,
one gram of each concentrated solvent extracts were dissolved in 9ml of methanol and stored at refrigerator (40
C) for further use.
2.3 Test Microorganisms
Authentic pure cultures of human Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from Department Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology
university, Bangladesh.
2.4 Inoculum preparation
Ten ml of distilled water was taken into the screw cap tube and pure colony of freshly cultured
bacteria of the experimental species were added into the tube and vortex was done. The OD (optical density)
was measured with the colorimeter and microbial population was confirmed to be within 107
ml-1
to 108
ml-1
and
then plated out as inoculums [17].
2.5 Test solution preparation
One gram of each types of selected plant leaf extracts were dissolved in 9ml of methanol. The
sterile nutrient agar medium in petridishes was uniformly smeared with test culture. The test solution is then
stored in refrigerator for next use.
2.6 Kirby-Bauer’s Disc diffusion method
Antibacterial activities of the selected crude extracts were determined according to Kirby-Bauer’s
Disc diffusion method (2006) with slight modifications. The Petri dishes were flooded with Mueller Hinton
Agar and after solidification of agar 0.1 ml of diluted inoculums were spread over Mueller Hinton Agar in the
dishes using sterile L spreader to achieve confluent growth of test organisms and allowed to dry for 10 minutes.
The sterile readymade discs loaded with each extract individually (15 µl/disc, 30 µl/disc, 50 µl/disc, 70
µl/disc and 100 µl/disc) were imposed on the inoculated plates. The plates were then incubated at 370
C for
36 hours. The plates were observed for the zone of inhibition. Zone of inhibition was measured using antibiotic
zone scale. Sterile disc with respective solvent (methanol) of 25 µl was used as negative control and Norfloxacin
used as positive control.
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. In vitro antimicrobial activity of different extracts of experimental plants leaves on the growth of
different micro-organisms according to disc diffusion method test.
R. serpentina, T. erecta, B. nigra, O. tenuiflorum
Control
(Norflox
acin)
Leaves
aged
(5-15
days)
Leaves
aged
(15-30
days)
Leaves
aged
> 30
days
Leaves
aged
(5-15
days)
Leaves
aged
(15-30
days)
Leaves
aged>
30 days
Leaves
aged
(5-15
days)
Leaves
aged
(15-30
days)
Leaves
aged
> 30
days
Leaves
aged
(5-15
days)
Leaves
aged
(15-30
days)
Leaves
aged>
30 days
Zone of Inhibition (mm) for the species of Staphylococcus aureus
15 µl/disc
9.78
±0.32
8.55
±0.75
9.56
±0.64
7.80
±0.45
8.50
±0.78
9.20
±0.50
- - - - - -
16.80
±0.32
30 µl/disc
12.45
±0.64
11.62
±0.35
12.75
±0.34
11.92
±0.60
10.50
±0.86
11.65
±0.25
- - - - - -
18.80
±0.56
50 µl/disc
14.85
±0.12
13.65
±0.48
15.60
±0.30
12.13
±0.32
10.95
±0.48
12.80
±0.75
- - - - - -
20.85
±0.50
70 µl/disc
18.60
±0.40
15.72
±0.44
17.55
±0.58
13.13
±0.30
12.65
±0.64
13.92
±0.78
- - - - - -
25.50
±0.27
100 µl/disc
20.30
±0.15
19.50
±0.58
21.60
±0.40
16.00
±0.22
18.00
±0.55
18. 90
±0.84
- - - - - -
28.12
±0.40
Zone of Inhibition (mm) for the species of Salmonella typhi
15 µl/disc - - - - - - - - - - - -
18.70
±0.50
30 µl/disc - - - - - - - - - - - -
19.12
±0.24
50 µl/disc - - - - - - - - - - - -
20.64
±0.72
70 µl/disc - - - - - - - - - - - -
24.45
±0.70
100 µl/disc - - - - - - - - - - - -
26.46
±0.35
Zone of Inhibition (mm) for the species of Escherichia coli
15 µl/disc
8.60
±0.48
8.14
±0.30
9.66
±0.34
- - - - - - - - -
17.40
±0.35
30 µl/disc
10.52
±0.55
11.55
±0.52
10.95
±0.25
- - - - - - - - -
18.76
±0.45
50 µl/disc
12.64
±0.12
13.40
±0.48
14.78
±0.32
- - - - - - - - -
23.75
±0.80
70 µl/disc
15.40
±0.38
16.85
±0.35
17.48
±0.50
- - - - - - - - -
27.36
±0.22
100 µl/disc
19.52
±0.70
20.38
±0.25
22.70
±0.60
- - - - - - - - -
29.60
±0.64
Zone of Inhibition (mm) for the species of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
15 µl/disc - - - - - - - - -
7.16
±0.56
8.50
±0.92
8.76
±0.25
20.20
±0.64
30 µl/disc - - - - - - - - -
12.52
±0.30
14.12
±0.54
12.80
±0.42
21.80
±0.26
50 µl/disc - - - - - - - - -
14.13
±0.58
15.25
±0.40
16.80
±0.20
24.68
±0.65
70 µl/disc - - - - - - - - -
18.15
±0.20
19.30
±0.30
21.36
±0.72
27.90
±0.70
100 µl/disc - - - - - - - - -
20.50
±0.32
22.50
±0.48
23.75
±0.86
30.50
±0.45
Values are the mean of three replicates ± SD (standard error). P<0.05; - indicates not to found the zone of inhibition.
4. Comparative Study On The Antibacterial Activity…
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Figure 1. Antibacterial activity of methanolic leaves extracts of selected plants against S. aureus.
In vitro antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaves extract of four medicinal plants were
screened individually by the presence or absence of zone of inhibition. Fig 1 represents the antibacterial activity
of selected plants leaves of different age categories against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. The figure showed
that R. serpentine and T. erectra showed antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Although, B. nigra and O.
tenuiflorum did not show antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Maximum of 21.60 ±0.40 mm zone of
inhibition was recorded for the leaves aged >30 days (100µl) of R. serpentina. This result revealed that due to
the increases of ages, antimicrobial activities of leaves also increases. R. serpentina contains good amount of
reserpine and exhibited strong antibacterial activity against most of the tested human pathogenic bacteria [18].
Perhaps, due to the maturation of the leaves, amount of reserpine also increases. Again, maximum of 18.90
±0.84 mm was recorded for the leaves of T. erectra aged >30 days (100µg), whereas the least inhibitory zone
was found 7.80± 0.45 mm for the leaves aged 5-15 days (15 µl). Maximun inhibition 28.12±0.40 mm was found
for the positive control, Norfloxacin.
Figure 2. Antibacterial activity of methanolic leaves extracts of selected plants against S. typhi.
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Fig 2 represents the antibacterial activity of selected plants leaves of different age categories against
gram negative bacteria S. typhi. The figure showed that none of the leaves extracts of these plants showed
antibacterial activities against S. typhi.
Figure 3. Antibacterial activity of methanolic leaves extracts of selected plants against E. coli.
Fig 3 represents the antibacterial activity of selected plants leaves of different age categories against
the gram negative bacteria E. coli.This figure showed that R. serpentine and O. tenuiflorum showed antibacterial
activities against E. coli. Although, T. erectra and B. nigra didn’t show antimicrobial activity against E. coli.
Maximum of 22.70±0.60 mm(100µl) zone of inhibition was recorded for the leaves aged >30 days of R.
serpentine; whereas the least inhibitory zone was found 8.14± 0.30 mm for the leaves aged 15-30 days (15 µl).
Maximun inhibition 29.60±0.64 mm (100µl) and least inhibition 17.40±0.35 (15µl) were found for the positive
control, Norfloxacin.
Figure 4. Antibacterial activity of methanolic leaves extracts of selected plants against P. aeruginosa.
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Fig 4 represents the antibacterial activity of selected plants leaves of different age categories against
the gram negative bacteria P. aeruginosa. This figure showed that only the leaves extracts of O.tenuiflorum
showed antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa. Although R. serpentine, T. erectra and B. nigra didn’t
show antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Maximum of 23.75±0.86mm (100µl) zone of inhibition was
recorded for the leaves aged >30 days of O.tenuiflorum; whereas the least inhibitory zone was found 7.16±0.56
mm for the leaves aged 5-15days (15 µl). Maximun inhibition 30.50±0.45 mm (100µl) and least inhibition
20.20±0.64 (15µl) were found for the positive control, Norfloxacin. The antibacterial activity of methanol
extracts of selected plants leaves against human pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria are presented in Table 1. After analyzing the above results, it is clear that gram positive bacteria S.
aureus is more susceptible than other experimental species of gram negative bacteria- E. coli, S. typhi, P.
aeroginosa. The methanol extracts of R. serpentina exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against tested
bacterial organisms as compared to the standard norfloxacin. This result supports the previous claim of [19]. S.
typhi showed no sensitivity for all tested plant leaves extracts, whereas other Gram-negative bacteria showed
some degree of susceptible for other plants leaves extracts. E. coli showed excellent susceptibility against R.
serpentina. P. aeruginosa showed susceptibility against O. tenuiflorum. Although, it is resistant against the other
leaves extracts.This implied that the gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the extract than the gram-
negative bacteria. Possibly because of the presence of outer membrane that serves as an effective barrier in gram
negative species [20,21].
IV. CONCLUSION
From this study it is concluded that among the leaves of four plants, R. serpentine possess greater
antibacterial activity against tested human pathogenic bacteria than other plant’s leaves. T. erecta, O.
tenuiflorum showed moderate antimicrobial activity; whereas B. nigra didn’t show any antimicrobial activity.
Our results demonstrated that methanol extracts of selected plants leaves have age and concentration dependent
antibacterial activity against some of the tested organisms. The results obtained by this study cannot be directly
extrapolated to human; further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the exact mechanism of action by
which extracts exert their antimicrobial effect to identify the active ingredients which can be used in drug
development program for safe health care services.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors would like to express gratitude to the authority of Noakhali Science and Technology
University (NSTU) for their co-operation and suggestion in this research. We are thankful to the Department of
Microbiology, NSTU for providing lab facilities during this research.
VI. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
All authors have none to declare.
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